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The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine Volume 11, 2002 - Issue 4
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(RG) Obstetrics and Gynaecology

The umbilical coiling index in normal pregnancy

C. C. van Dijk Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
,
A. Franx Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
,
M. W. M. de Laat Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
,
H. W. Bruinse Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
,
G. H. A. Visser Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
&
P. G. J. Nikkels Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Pages 280-283 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

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  • Lacro RV, Jones KL, Benirschke K. The umbilical cord twist: origin, direction and relevance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157:833–8
  • Malpas P, Symonds EM. Observations on the structure of the human umbilical cord. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1966;123:746–50
  • Strong TH, Elliot JP, Radin TO. Non-coiled umbilical vessels: a new marker for the fetus at risk. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:409–11
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  • Rana J, Ebert GA, Kappy KA. Adverse perinatal outcome in patients with an abnormal umbilical coiling index. Obstet
  • Strong TH, Jarles DL, Vega JS, et al. The umbilical coiling index. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:29–32
  • Machin GA, Ackerman J, Gilbert-Bamess E. Abnormal umbilical cord coiling is associated with adverse perinatal outcome. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2000;3:462–71
  • Ezimokhai M, Rizk DEE, Thomas L. Maternal risk factors for abnormal vascular coiling of the umbilical cord. Am J Perinat 2000;17:441–5
  • Di Naro E, Ghezzi F, Raio L, et al. Umbilical vein blood flow in fetuses with normal and lean umbilical cord. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;17:224–8
  • Kloosterman GJ. On intrauterine growth. Ind Gynaecol Obstet 1970;8:885–912

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