References
- Ferencz C, Rubin JD, McCarter RJ, et al. Congenital heart disease: prevalence at livebirth. The Baltimore-Washington infant study. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:31–6
- Hoffman JIE. Incidence of congenital heart disease: I. Post-natal incidence. Pediatr Cardiol 1995;106:103–13
- Young ID, Clarke M. Lethal malformations and perinatal mortality: a ten year review with comparison of ethnic differ-ences. Br Med J 1987;279:89–91
- Yagel S, Weissmann A, Rotstein Z, et al. Congenital heart defects: natural course and in utero development. Circulation 1997;96:550–5
- Mavrides E, Cobian-Sanchez F, Tekay A, et al. Limitations of using first-trimester nuchal translucency measurement in routine screening for major congenital heart defects. Ultra-sound Obstet Gynecol 2001;17:106–10
- Gembruch U, Knöpfle O, Bald R, et al. Early diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease by transvaginal echocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1993;3:310–17
- Zosmer N, Souter VL, Chan CSY, et al. Early diagnosis of major cardiac defects in chromosomally normal fetuses with increased nuchal translucency. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106:829–33
- Rustico MA, Benettoni A, D' Ottavio O, et al. Early screening for fetal cardiac anomalies by transvaginal echocardiography in an unselected population: the role of operator experience. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;16:614–19
- Carvalho JS. Early prenatal diagnosis of major congenital heart defects. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2001;13:155–9
- Pandya PP, Snijders RJM, Johnson SP, et al. Screening for fetal trisomies by maternal age and fetal nuchal translucency thickness at 10-14 weeks of gestation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:957–62
- Souka AP, Krampl E, Bakalis S, et al. Outcome of pregnancy in chromosomally normal fetuses with increased nuchal translucency in the first trimester. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;18:9–17
- Hyett JA, Moscoso O, Papapanagiotou O, et al. Abnormalities of the heart and great arteries in chromosomally normal fetuses with increased nuchal translucency thickness at 11-13 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;7:245–50
- Hyett JA, Moscoso O, Nicolaides KH. Abnormalities of the heart and great arteries in the first trimester chromosomally abnormal fetuses. Am J Med Genet 1997;69:207–16
- Hyett JA, Perdu M, Sharland OK, et al. Increased nuchal translucency thickness at 10-14 weeks of gestation as a marker for major cardiac defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997; 10:242–6
- Hyett J, Perdu M, Sharland OK, et al. Using fetal nuchal trans-lucency to screen for major congenital cardiac defects at 10-14 weeks of gestation: population based cohort study. Br Med J 1999;318:81–5
- Hiippala A, Eronen M, Taipale P, et al. Fetal nuchal trans-lucency and normal chromosomes: a long-term follow-up study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;18:18–22
- Ghi T, Huggon IC, Zosmer N, et al. Incidence of major structural cardiac defects associated with increased nuchal translucency but normal karyotype. Ultrasound Obstet G yne col 2001;18:610–14
- Brady AF, Pandya PP, Yuksel B, et al. Outcome of chromo-somally normal livebirths with increased fetal nuchal trans-lucency at 10-14 weeks' gestation.J Med Genet 1998;35:222–4
- Comas C, Antolin E, Torrents M, et al. Early screening for chromosomal abnormalities: new strategies combining bio-chemical, sonographic and Doppler parameters. Pr enatNeonat Med 2001;6:95–102
- Hoffman JI, Christianson R. Congenital heart disease in a cohort of 19,502 births with long-term follow-up. Am J Cardiol 1978;42:641–7
- Lazebnik N. In Hess DB, Hess LW, eds. Fetal Echocardiography. Stamford, CT: Appleton &. Lange, 1999:1–408
- Maymon R, Jauniaux E, Cohen O, et al. Pregnancy outcome and infant follow-up of fetuses with abnormally increased first trimester nuchal translucency. Hum Reprod 2000;15:2023–7
- Schwärzler P, Carvalho JS, Senat MV, et al. Screening for fetal aneuploidies and fetal cardiac abnormalities by nuchal trans-lucency thickness measurement at 10–14 weeks of gestation as part of routine antenatal care in an unselected population. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106: 1029–34
- Michailidis OD, Economides DL Nuchal translucency measurement and pregnancy outcome in karyotypically normal fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;17:102–5
- Carvalho JS. Nuchal translucency, ductus venosus and con-genital heart disease: an important association - a cautious analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;14:302–6
- Carvalho JS, Moscoso G, Ville Y. First trimester transabdominal fetal echocardiography.Lancet 1998;351:1023�27
- Comas C, Galindo A, Mart�nez JM, et al. Early prenatal diagnosis of major cardiac anomalies in a high-risk population. Prenat Diagn 2002;22:586�93
- Hyett JA, Moscoso O, Nicolaides KH. Increased nuchal translucency in trisomy 21 fetuses: relationship to narrowing of the aortic isthmus. Hum Reprod 1995;10: 3049–51
- Hyett JA, Brizot ML, von Kaisenberg CS, et al. Cardiac gene expression of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in trisomic fetuses. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:506–10
- Matias A, Huggon I, Areias JC, et al. Cardiac defects in chromosomally normal fetuses with abnormal ductus venosus blood flow at 10-14 weeks. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999; 14:307–10