Distributions of Wall Shear Stress in Venular Convergences of Mouse Cremaster Muscle

REFERENCES

• Erythrocyte and Hemoglobin Values. (1971). Verte-brates other than man. In: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (P Altman and D Dittmer, Eds.) Respiration and Circulation. Bethesda, MD:.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop JJ, Nance PR, Popel AS, Intaglietta M, Johnson PC. (2001). Effect of erythrocyte aggrega-tion on velocity profiles in venules. Am J Physiol 280:H222—H236.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks DE, Goodwin JW, Seaman GV. (1970). Inter-actions among erythrocytes under shear. JAppl Phys-iol 28:172–177.
   Google Scholar
• Caro CG, Pedley TJ, Schroter RC, Seed WA. (1978). The Mechanisms of the Circulation. New York: Ox-ford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chappell DC, Varner SE, Nerem RM, Medford RM, Alexander RW. (1998). Oscillatory shear stress stimulates adhesion molecule expression in cultured human endothelium. Circ Res 82:532–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen KD, Li YS, Kim M, Li S, Yuan S, Chien S, Shyy JY. (1999). Mechanotransduction in response to shear stress. Roles of receptor tyrosine kinases, inte-grins, and Shc. J Biol Chem 274:18393–18400.
   Google Scholar
• Chien S, Shyy JY. (1998). Effects of hemodynamic forces on gene expression and signal transduction in endothelial cells. Biol Bull 194:390–391.
   Google Scholar
• Chien S, Usami S, Taylor HM, Lundberg JL, Gregersen MI. (1966). Effects of hematocrit and plasma proteins on human blood rheology at low shear rates. J Appl Physiol 21:81–87.
   Google Scholar
• Cokelet GR. (1974). Experimental determination of the average hematocrit of blood flowing in a vessel. Microvasc Res 7:382–384.
   Google Scholar
• Cokelet GR, Goldsmith HL. (1991). Decreased hy-drodynamic resistance in the two-phase flow of blood through small vertical tubes at low flow rates. Circ Res 68:1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies PF, Mundel T, Barbee KA. (1995). A mecha-nism for heterogeneous endothelial responses to flow in vivo and in vitro. JBiomech 28:1553–1560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desjardins C, Duling BR. (1987). Microvessel hemat-ocrit: measurement and implications for capillary oxygen transport. Am J Physiol 252:H494–H503.
   Google Scholar
• Finger EB, Puri KD, Alon R, Lawrence MB, von An-drian UH, Springer TA. (1996). Adhesion through L-selectin requires a threshold hydrodynamic shear. Nature 379:266–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frame MD, Sarelius IH. (1996). Endothelial cell dila-tory pathways link flow and wall shear stress in an intact arteriolar network. J Appl Physiol 81:2105–2114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldsmith HL, Cokelet GR, Gaehtgens P. (1989). Robin Fahraeus: Evolution of his concepts in cardio-vascular physiology. Am J Physiol 257:H1005–H1015.
   Google Scholar
• He X, Ku DN. (1996). Pulsatile flow in the human left coronary artery bifurcation: Average conditions. J Biomech Eng 118:74–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiani MF, Pries AR, Hsu LL, Sarelius I, Cokelet G. (1994). Fluctuations in microvascular blood flow pa-rameters caused by hemodynamic mechanisms. Am J Physiol 266:H1822–H1828.
   Google Scholar
• Kunkel EJ, Chomas JE, Ley K. (1998). Role of pri-mary and secondary capture for leukocyte accumula-tion in vivo. Circ Res 82:30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence MB, Kansas GS, Kunkel EJ, Ley K. (1997). Threshold levels of fluid shear promote leukocyte ad-hesion through selectins (CD62L,P,E). J Cell Biol 136:717–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence MB, McIntire LV, Eskin SG. (1987). Effect of flow on polymorphonuclear leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion. Blood 70:1284–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence MB, Smith CW, Eskin SG, McIntire LV. (1990). Effect of venous shear stress on CD18-mediated neutrophil adhesion to cultured endothe-IMm. Blood 75:227–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence MB, Springer TA. (1991). Leukocytes roll on a selectin at physiologic flow rates: Distinction from and prerequisite for adhesion through integrins. Cell 65:859–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CS, Tarbell JM. (1998). Influence of vasoactive drugs on wall shear stress distribution in the abdomi-nal aortic bifurcation: An in vitro study. Ann Biomed Eng 26:200–212.
   Google Scholar
• Morigi M, Zoja C, Figliuzzi M, Foppolo M, Micheletti G, Bontempelli M, Saronni M, Remuzzi G, Remuzzi A. (1995). Fluid shear stress modulates surface expres-sion of adhesion molecules by endothelial cells. Blood 85:1696–1703.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parthasarathi AA, Japee SA, Pittman RN. (1999). Determination of red blood cell velocity by video shuttering and image analysis. Ann Biomed Eng 27: 313–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pries AR, Schonfeld D, Gaehtgens P. Kiani MF, Coke-let GR. (1997). Diameter variability and microvascu-lar flow resistance. Am J Physiol 272:H2716–H2725.
   Google Scholar
• Pries AR, Secomb TW, Gaehtgens P, Gross JF. (1990). Blood flow in microvascular networks: Ex-periments and simulation. Circ Res 67:826–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pries AR, Secomb TW, Gessner T, Sperandio MB, Gross JF, Gaehtgens P. (1994). Resistance to blood flow in microvessels in vivo. Circ Res 75:904–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinke W, Gaehtgens P, Johnson PC. (1987). Blood viscosity in small tubes: Effect of shear rate, aggre-gation, and sedimentation. Am J Physiol 253:H540–H547.
   Google Scholar
• Reneman RS, Woldhuis B. oude Egbrink MG, Slaaf DW, Tangelder GJ. (1992). Concentration and veloc-ity profiles of blood cells in the microcirculation. In: Hwang NHC, editor. Advances in Cardiovascular En-gineering. New York: Plenum Press, p. 25–40.
   Google Scholar
• Sampath R, Kukielka GL, Smith CW, Eskin SG, McIntire LV. (1995). Shear stress-mediated changes in the expression of leukocyte adhesion receptors on human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. Ann Biomed Eng 23:247–256.
   Google Scholar
• Sarelius IH. (1986). Cell flow path influences transit time through striated muscle capillaries. Am J Physiol 250:H899–H907.
   Google Scholar
• Sarelius IH, Damon DN, Duling BR. (1981). Micro-vascular adaptations during maturation of striated muscle. Am J Physiol 241:H317–H324.
   Google Scholar
• Sarelius IH, Duling BR. (1982). Direct measurement of microvessel hematocrit, red cell flux, velocity, and transit time. Am J Physiol 243:H1018–H1026.
   Google Scholar
• Tangelder GJ, Slaaf DW, Muijtjens AM, Arts T, oude Egbrink MG, Reneman RS. (1986). Velocity profiles of blood platelets and red blood cells flowing in arte-rioles of the rabbit mesentery. Circ Res 59:505–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangelder GJ, Teirlinck HC, Slaaf DW, Reneman RS. (1985). Distribution of blood platelets flowing in ar-terioles. Am J Physiol 248:H318–23.
   Google Scholar