Remodeling in the Microcirculation of Rat Skeletal Muscle During Chronic Ischemia

REFERENCES

• Anderson SI, Hudlicka O, Brown MD. (1997). Cap-illary red blood cell flow and activation of white blood cells in chronic muscle ischemia in the rat. Am J Phys-iol 272:H2757–H2764.
   Google Scholar
• Angersbach D, Jukna JJ, Nicholson CD, Ochlich P. Wilke R. (1987). The effect of short-term and long-term femoral artery ligation on rat calf muscle oxygen tension, blood flow, metabolism and function. Int J Microcirc 7:15–30.
   Google Scholar
• Arras M, Ito WD, Scholz D, Winkler B, Schaper J, Schaper W. (1998). Monocyte activation in angiogen-esis and collateral growth in the rabbit hindlimb. J Clin Invest 101:40–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown MD, Hudlicka O, Verhaeg J, Milkiewicz M. (2002). Expression of VEGF and its receptors in is-chemic rat skeletal muscle: Effect of muscle activity. FASEB J 16:A517.
   Google Scholar
• Cherwek DH, Hopkins MB, Thompson MJ, Annex BH. (2000). Fiber type-specific differential expres-sion of angiogenic factors in response to chronic hind-limb ischemia. Am J Physiol 279:H932–H938.
   Google Scholar
• Cipolla MJ, Lessov N, Hammer ES, Curry AB. (2001). Threshold duration of ischemia for myogenic tone in middle cerebral arteries: effect on vascular smooth muscle actin. Stroke 32:1658–1664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen MV, Baines CP, Downey JM. (2000). Ischemic preconditioning: from adenosine receptor to KATP channel. Annu Rev Physiol 62:79–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couffinhal T, Silver M, Zheng LP, Kearney M, Wit-zenbichler B, Isner JM. (1998). Mouse model of an-giogenesis. Am J Pathol 152:1667–1679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson JM, Hudlicka O. (1990). Changes in the mi-crocirculation in slow and fast skeletal muscles with long-term limitation of blood supply. Cardiovasc Res 24:390–395.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson JM, Okyayuz-Baklouti I, Hudlicka O. (1990). Skeletal muscle microcirculation: the effects of limited blood supply and treatment with torbafyl-line. Int J Microcirc 9:385–400.
   Google Scholar
• Egginton S. (1990). Numerical and areal density es-timates of fibre type composition in a skeletal muscle (rat extensor digitorum longus). J Anat 168:73–80.
   Google Scholar
• Egginton S, Hudlicka O. (1992). Regional capillary perfusion in muscles with limited blood supply: ef-fects of torbafylline. Pflügers Arch 421:336–342.
   Google Scholar
• Fulgenzi G, Graciotti L, Collis MG, Hudlicka O. (1998). The effect of alphai adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin on capillary supply, blood flow and perfor-mance in a rat model of chronic muscle ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 16:71–77.
   Google Scholar
• Graham AM, Baffour R, Burdon T, Devarennes B, Ricci MA, Common A, Lisbona R, Sniderman AD, Symes JF. (1989). A demonstration of vascular pro-liferation in response to arteriovenous reversal in the ischemic canine hind limb. J Surg Res 47:341–347.
   Google Scholar
• Hammarsten J, Bylund-Fellenius AC, Holm J, Scher-sten T. (1980). Capillary supply and muscle fiber types in patients with intermittent claudication. Eur J Clin Invest 10:301–306.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen-Smith F, Egginton S, Hudlicka O. (1998). Growth of arterioles in chronically stimulated adult rat skeletal muscle. Microcirculation 5:49–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henrikkson J, Nyygards J, Andersson J, Eklof B. (1980). Enzyme activities, fibre types and capillar-ization in calf muscles of patients with intermittent claudication. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 40:361–369.
   Google Scholar
• Hogan RD, Hirschmann L. (1984). Arteriolar prolif-eration in the rat cremaster muscle as a long-term autoregulatory response to reduced perfusion. Micro-vasc Res 27:290–296.
   Google Scholar
• Holley JA, Fahim MA. (1983). Scanning electron mi-croscopy of mouse muscle microvasculature. Anat Rec 205:109–117.
   Google Scholar
• Hudlicka O. (1998). Is physiological angiogenesis in skeletal muscle regulated by changes in microcircu-lation? Microcirculation 5:7–23.
   Google Scholar
• Hudlicka O, Brown MD, Egginton S, Dawson JM. (1994). Effect of long-term electrical stimulation on vascular supply and fatigue in chronically ischemic muscles. J App/ Physiol 77:1317–1324.
   Google Scholar
• Hudlicka O, Brown MD, Silgram H. (2000). Inhibi-tion of capillary growth in chronically stimulated rat muscles by NG-nitro-L-arginine, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Microvasc Res 59:45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudlicka O, Price S. (1990). Effects of torbafylline, pentoxifylline and buflomedil on vascularisation and fibre type of rat skeletal muscles subjected to limited blood supply. Br J Pharmacol 99:786–790.
   Google Scholar
• Hudlicka O, Torres SH. (1990). Collateral circulation in skeletal muscles: Effect of pentoxifylline and tor-bafylline. J Med 21:165–180.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes RA, Hudlicka O. (1992). Changes in capil-lary ultrastructure, blood flow and muscle perfor-mance during development of collateral circulation in rat fast muscles. J Physiol 452:115P.
   Google Scholar
• Ito WD, Arras M, Scholz D, Winkler B, Htun P. Schaper W. (1997). Angiogenesis but not collateral growth is associated with ischemia after femoral ar-tery occlusion. Am J Physiol 273:H11255–H1265.
   Google Scholar
• Ito WD, Arras M, Winkler B, Scholz D, Schaper J, Schaper W. (1997). Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 increases collateral and peripheral conductance after femoral artery occlusion. Circ Res 80:829–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janda J, Linhart J, Kasalicky J. (1974). Experimental chronic ischaemia of the skeletal muscle in the rat. Physiol Bohemoslov 23:521–526.
   Google Scholar
• Jasperse JL, Woodman CR, Price EM, Hasser EM, Laughlin MH. (1999). Hindlimb unweighting de-creases ecNOS gene expression and endothelium-dependent dilation in rat soleus feed arteries. J Appl Physiol 87:1476–1482.
   Google Scholar
• Kelsall CJ, Brown MD, Kloehn M, Silgram H, Hudlicka 0. (2001). Chronic electrical stimulation improves endothelial dysfunction in ischaemic rat skeletal muscle arterioles (abstract). J Physiol 531.P: 18P.
   Google Scholar
• Kelsall CJ, Brown MD, Hudlicka 0. (2001). Alter-ations in reactivity of small arterioles in rat skeletal muscle as a result of chronic ischaemia. J Vasc Res 38:212–218.
   Google Scholar
• Langille BL, O'Donnell F. (1986). Reductions in ar-terial diameter produced by chronic decreases in blood flow are endothelium-dependent. Science 231 : 405–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messier RH Jr, Bass BL, Domkowski PW, Hopkins RA. (1999). Interstitial cellular and matrix restora-tion of cardiac valves after cryopreservation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 118:36–49.
   Google Scholar
• Milkiewicz M, Brown MD, Egginton SO. (2001). As-sociation between shear stress, angiogenesis and VEGF in skeletal muscle in vivo. Microcirculation 8: 229–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehls V, Drenckhahn D. (1991). Heterogeneity of microvascular pericytes for smooth muscle type al-pha-actin. J Cell Biol 113:147–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesselroth SM, Willis Al, Fuse S, Olson ET, Lawler J, Sumpio BE, Gahtan V. (2001). The C-terminal do-main of thrombospondin-1 induces vascular smooth muscle cell chemotaxis. J Vasc Surg 33:595–600.
   Google Scholar
• Owens GK. (1998). Molecular control of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. Acta Physiol Scand 164:623–635.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owens GK, Vernon SM, Madsen CS. (1996). Molecu-lar regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation. J Hypertens 14:555–563.
   Google Scholar
• Pourageaud F, De Mey J. (1997). Structural proper-ties of rat mesenteric small arteries after 4-wk expo-sure to elevated or reduced blood flow. Am J Physiol 273:H1699–H1706.
   Google Scholar
• Pouregeaud F, De Mey J. (1998). Vasomotor re-sponses in chronically hyperperfused and hypoper-fused rat mesenteric arteries. Am J Physiol 274: H1301–H1307.
   Google Scholar
• Powell SR, Gurzenda EM, Wahezi SE. (2001). Actin is oxidized during myocardial ischemia. Free Radic Biol Med 30:1171–1176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price RJ, Owens GK, Skalak TC. (1994). Immuno-histochemical identification of arteriolar development using markers of smooth muscle differentiation. Circ Res 75:520–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price RJ, Skalak TC. (1994). Circumferential wall stress as a mechanism for arteriolar rarefaction and proliferation in a network model. Microvasc Res 47: 188–202.
   Google Scholar
• Price RJ, Skalak TC. (1996). Chronic al -adrenergic blockade stimulates terminal and arcade arteriolar development. Am J Physiol 271:H752–H759.
   Google Scholar
• Price RJ, Skalak TC. (1998). Distribution of cellular proliferation in skeletal muscle transverse arterioles during maturation. Microcirculation 5:39–47.
   Google Scholar
• Price RJ, Skalak TC. (1998). Prazosin administration enhances proliferation of arteriolar adventitial fibro-blasts. Microvasc Res 55:138–145.
   Google Scholar
• Price RJ, Skalak TC. (1998). Arteriolar remodeling in skeletal muscle of rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. J Vasc Res 35:238–244.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts KC, Nixon C, Unthank JL, Lash JM. (1997). Femoral artery ligation stimulates capillary growth and limits training-induced increases in oxidative ca-pacity in rats. Microcirculation 4:253–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochester JR, Brown NJ, Reed MWR. (1994). Char-acterisation of an experimental model of chronic lower limb ischaemia in the anaesthetized rat. Int J Microcirc 14:27–33.
   Google Scholar
• Rochester JR, Clarke KA. (1994). Gait analysis in the rat as a model for the study of peripheral vascular disease. Physiol Behav 55:723–726.
   Google Scholar
• Rudic RD, Bucci M, Fulton D, Segal SS, Sessa WC. (2000). Temporal events underlying arterial remod-eling after chronic flow reduction in mice. Circ Res 86:1160–1166.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar R, Meinberg EG, Stanley JC, Gordon D, Webb RC. (1996). Nitric oxide reversibly inhibits the mi-gration of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 78:225–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz D, Ito WD, Fleming I, Deindl E, Sauer A, Wiesnet M, Busse R, Schaper J, Schaper W. (2000). Ultrastructure and molecular histology of rabbit hind-limb collateral artery growth (arteriogenesis). Virchows Arch 436:257–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal SS, Brett SE, Sessa WC. (1999). Codistribution of NOS and caveolin throughout peripheral vascula-ture and skeletal muscle of hamsters. Am J Physiol 277:H1167–H1177.
   Google Scholar
• Skalak TC, Price RJ, Zeller PJ. (1998). Where do new arterioles come from?: Mechanical forces and mi-croves sel adaptation. Microcirculation 5:91–100.
   Google Scholar
• Tuttle JL, Nachreiner RD, Bhuller AS, Condict KW, Connors BA, Herring BP, Dalsing MC, Unthank JL. (2001). Shear level influences resistance artery re-modeling: Wall dimensions, cell density, and eNOS expression. Am J Physiol 281:H1380–H1389.
   Google Scholar
• Walpola PL, Gotlieb Al, Langille BL. (1993). Mono-cyte adhesion and changes in endothelial cell num-ber, morphology and F-actin distribution elicited by low shear stress in vivo. Am J Pathol 142:1392–1400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang DH, Prewitt RL. (1993). Alterations of mature arterioles associated with chronically reduced blood flow. Am J Physiol 264:H40—H44.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf C, Vosschulte R, Koltai S, Mousavipour D, Scholz D, Afsah-Hedjri A, Schaper W, Schaper J. (1998). Vascular remodeling and altered protein ex-pression during growth of coronary collateral arteries. J Mol Cell Cardiol 30:2291–2305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodman CR, Schrage WG, Rush JW, Ray CA, Price EM, Hasser EM, Laughlin MH. (2001). Hindlimb un-weighting decreases endothelium-dependent dilation and eNOS expression in soleus not gastrocnemius. J Appl Physiol 91:1091–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi A, Maeda J, Okumoto T, Katsuta S. (1994). Increased capillary density due to atrophy of ischaemic soleus muscle of the rat. Eur JAppl Physiol 69:387–391.
   Google Scholar
• Yang HT, Ogilvie RW, Terjung RL. (1991). Low-intensity training produces muscle adaptations in rats with femoral artery steno sis. J Appl Physiol 71:1822–1829.
   Google Scholar
• Ziada AMAR, Hudlicka O, Tyler KR, Wright AJ. (1984). The effect of long-term vasodilatation on capillary growth and performance in rabbit heart and skeletal muscle. Cardiovasc Res 18:724–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar