Vitamin E: Focus on Microcirculation

References

• Abadie C, Ben-Baouali A, Maupoil V, Rochette L. (1993). An alpha-tocopherol analogue with antioxy-dant activity improves myocardial function during ischemia reperfusion in isolated working rat hearts. Free Radic Biol Med 1 5 : 209–215.
   Google Scholar
• Amatuni VG, Matevosian RS, Sisakian SA, Arake- li an IG(1989)..The effectofalphatocop herol and Intal on heart cap illarybed and lipid p eroxide oxi- dationin experimental necrosis of the rat myocar-dium. Cor Vasa 31: 500–507.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson TL, Matz J, Ferns GA, Anggard EE. (1994). Vitamin E reverses cholesterol-induced en-dothelial dysfunction in the rabbit coronary circula-tion. Atherosclerosis 1 1 1 :39–45.
   Google Scholar
• Arlashchenko NI. (1995). Disruption of the perme-ability of blood-tissue barriers in mechanisms of pri- mary reaction to irradiation. /zv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 3:361–366.
   Google Scholar
• Axford Gately RA, Wilson GJ. (1993). Myocardial infarct size reduction by single high dose or repeated low dose vitamin E supplementataion in rabbits. Can J Cardiol 9:94–98.
   Google Scholar
• Axford Gatley RA, Wilson GJ. (1991). Reduction of experimental myocardial infarct size by oral admin-istration of alpha-tocopherol. Cardiovasc Res 25:89–92.
   Google Scholar
• Balla J, Belcher JD, Balla G, Jacob HS, Vercellotti GM. (1993). Oxidized low-density lipoproteins and endothelium: oral vitamin E supplementation pre-vents oxidized low-density lipoprotein-mediated vascular injury. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 106: 128–133.
   Google Scholar
• Baluda VP, Lukhoyanova TI, Kozelskaya LV, Zy-ablitsky VM, Iashvili BP, Vakulenko AD, Starosel-skaya AN. (1986). Drug treatment of changes in platelet-vessel wall interactions in burned rats. Burns Incl Therm Inj 12: 176–183.
   Google Scholar
• Bellizzi MC, Franklin MF, Duthie GG, James WP. (1994). Vitamin E and coronary heart disease-the European paradox. Eur J Clin Nutr 48: 822–831.
   Google Scholar
• Block ER. (1991). Hydrogen peroxide alters the physical state and function of the plasma membrane of pulmonary artery endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 146:362–369.
   Google Scholar
• Boogaerts MA, Van de Broeck J, Deckmyn H, Ro-elant C, Vermylen J, Verwilghen RE. (1984). Pro-tective effect of vitamin E on immune-triggered, granulocyte mediated endothelial injury. Thromb Haemost 51:89–92.
   Google Scholar
• Bostick RM, Potter JD, McKenzie DR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH, Steinmetz KA, Folsom AR. (1993). Re-duced risk of colon cancer with high intake of vita-min E: The Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer Res 53: 4230–4237.
   Google Scholar
• Bucala R, Tracey KJ, Cerami A. (1991). Advanced glycosylation products quench nitric oxide and me-diate defective endothelium-dependent vasodilata-tion in experimental diabetes. J Clin Invest 87: 432–438.
   Google Scholar
• Burton GW, Joyce A, Ingold KU. (1982). First proof that vitamin E is a major lipid soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human blood plasma. Lan-cet ii: 327.
   Google Scholar
• Butler AM, Gerrard JM, Peller J, Stoddard SF, Rao GHR, White JG. (1979). Vitamin E inhibits the re-lease of calcium from platelet membrane fraction in vivo. Prostaglandins Med 2: 203–216.
   Google Scholar
• Cao YZ, Karmin O, Choy PC, Chan AC. (1987). Regulation by vitamin E of phosphatidylcholine me-tabolism in rat heart. Biochem J 247: 135–140.
   Google Scholar
• Cavarocchi NC, England MD, O'Brien JF, Solis E, Russo P, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA, Pluth JR, Kaye MP. (1986). Superoxide generation during cardio-pulmonary bypass: is there a role for vitamin E? J Surg Res 40: 519–527.
   Google Scholar
• Chan AC, Tran K, Pyke DD, Powell WS. (1989). Effects of dietary vitamin E on the biosynthesis of 5-lipoxygenase products by rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL). Biochim Biophys Acta 1005: 265–269.
   Google Scholar
• Clavien PA, Harvey PR, Sanabria JR, Cywes R, Levy GA, Strasberg SM. (1993). Lymphocyte adherence in the reperfused rat liver: mechanisms and effects. Hepatology 17: 131–142.
   Google Scholar
• Cox AC, Rao GH, Gerrard JM, White JG. (1980). The influence of vitamin E quinone on platelet struc-ture, function, and biochemistry. Blood 55:907–914.
   Google Scholar
• de Lorgeril M, Boissonnat P. Salen P. Monjaud I, Monnez C, Guidollet J, Ferrera R, Dureau G, Ninet J, Renaud S. (1994). The beneficial effect of dietary antioxidant supplementation on platelet aggregation and cyclosporine treatment in heart transplant re-cipients. Transplantation 58:193–195.
   Google Scholar
• Defraigne JO, Pincemail J, Detry O, Franssen C, Meurisse M, Limet R. (1994). Preservation of corti-cal microcirculation after kidney ischemia-reperfusion: value of an iron chelator. Ann Vasc Surg 8:457–467.
   Google Scholar
• Devaraj S, Li D, Jialal I. (1996). The effects of alpha tocopherol supplementation on monocyte function. Decreased lipid oxidation, interleukin 1 beta secre-tion, and monocyte adhesion to endothelium. J Clin Invest 98:756–763.
   Google Scholar
• Dieber-Rotheneder M, PuhI H, Waeg G, Striegl G, Esterbauer H. (1991). Effect of oral supplementa-tion with D-alpha-tocopherol on the vitamin E con-tent of human low density lipoproteins and resis-tance to oxidation. J Lipid Res 32:1325–1332.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas CE, Chan AC, Choy PC. (1986). Vitamin E inhibits platlet phospholipase A2. Biochim Biophys Acta 876: 639–645.
   Google Scholar
• Dzhavad-zade MD, Selimkhanova KK, Kuliev FA. (1992). Disorders of pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with diabetic nephroangiopathy and its cor-rection with antioxidants. Probl Endokrinol Mosk 38: 20–22
   Google Scholar
• Engibarian AA, Agaian KA. (1989). Changes of the necrotic area and functional indices of the myocar-dial microcirculatory bed during the treatment of experimental myocardial infarct with nitroglycerin, alpha-tocopherol and sodium nucleinate. Patol Fi-ziol Eksp Ter 5:24–26.
   Google Scholar
• Esterbauer H, Gebicki J, PuhI H, Jurgens G. (1992). The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the oxidative modification of LDL. Free Radic Biol Med 13:341–390.
   Google Scholar
• Faruqi R, de la Motte C, DiCorleto PE. (1994). Al-pha tocopherol inhibits agonist-induced monocytic cell adhesion to cultured human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 94:592–600.
   Google Scholar
• Fujimoto S, Mizoi K, Yoshimoto T, Suzuki J. (1984). The protective effect of vitamin E on cere-bral ischemia. Surg Neurol 22:449–454.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuzawa K, Kurotori Y, Tokumura A, Tsukatani H. (1989). Vitamin E deficiency increases the syn-thesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in rat poly-morphonuclear leucocytes. Lipids 24:236–239.
   Google Scholar
• Galley HF, Richardson N, Howdle PD, Walker BE, Webster NR. (1995). Total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation during liver transplantation. Clin Sci Colch 89: 329–332.
   Google Scholar
• Gauduel Y, Duvelleroy MA. (1984). Role of oxygen radicals in cardiac injury due to reoxygenation. J Mol Coll Cardiol 16:459–470.
   Google Scholar
• Gerster H. (1993). Prevention of platelet dysfunc-tion by vitamin E in diabetic atherosclerosis. Z Er-n a- hrungswiss 32:243–261.
   Google Scholar
• Gey KF. (1989). Inverse Correlation of vitamin E and ischemic heart disease. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 30: S224–S231.
   Google Scholar
• Gey KF. (1993). Prospects for the prevention of free radical disease, regarding cancer and cardiovascular disease. Br Med Bull 49:679–699.
   Google Scholar
• Giardini O, Taccone-Gallucci M, Lubrano R, Riccia-rdi-Tenore G, Bandino D, Silvi I, Paradisi C, Man-narino O, Citti G, Elli M, Casciani CU. (1984). Ef-fects of alpha-tocopherol administration on red blood cell membrane lipid peroxidation in hemodi-alysis patients. Clin Nephrol 21:174–177.
   Google Scholar
• Giardino I, Edelstein D, Brownlee M. (1994). Non-enzymatic glycosylation in vitro and in bovine endo-thelial cells alters basic fibroblast growth factor ac-tivity. A model for intracellular glycosylation in dia-betes. J Clin Invest 94:110–117.
   Google Scholar
• Giardino I, Edelstein D, Brownlee M. (1996). BCL-2 expression or antioxidants prevent hyperglycemia-induced formation of intracellular advanced glyca-tion endproducts in bovine endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 97:1422–1428.
   Google Scholar
• Gilligan DM, Sack MN, Guetta V, Casino PR, Quyyumi AA, Rader DJ, Panza JA, Cannon RO 3rd. (1994). Effect of antioxidant vitamins on low den-sity lipoprotein oxidation and impaired endothe-IMm-dependent vasodilation in patients with hyper-cholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 24:1611–1617.
   Google Scholar
• Giugliano D, Marfella R, Verrazzo G, Acampora R, Donzella C, Quatraro A, Coppola L, D'Onofrio F. (1995). Abnormal rheologic effects of glyceryl trini-trate in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabe-tes mellitus and reversal by antioxidants. Ann Intern Med 123:338–343.
   Google Scholar
• Goetzl EJ. (1980). Vitamin E modulates the lipoxy-genation of arachidonic acid in leukocytes. Nature 288:183–185.
   Google Scholar
• Goode HF, Webster NR, Howdle PD, Leek JP, Lodge JP, Sadek SA, Walker BE. (1994). Reperfu-sion injury, antioxidants and hemodynamics during orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 19: 354–359
   Google Scholar
• Haeger K. (1973). Walking distance and arterial flow during long term treatment of intermittent claudication with d-alpha tocopherol. J Vasc Dis 2: 280–287.
   Google Scholar
• Haeger K. (1982). Long term study of alpha tocoph-erol in intermittent claudication. Ann NY Acad Sci 393:369–375.
   Google Scholar
• Hall ED, Yonkers PA. (1989). Mechanisms of neu-ronal degeneration secondary to central nervous sys-tem trauma or ischemia. J Neurotrauma 6:227–228.
   Google Scholar
• Hamelin SS, Chan AC. (1983). Modulation of plate-let thromboxane and malonaldehyde by dietary vi-tamin E and linoleate. Lipids 18:267–269.
   Google Scholar
• Haramaki N, Packer L, Assadnazari H, Zimmer G. (1993). Cardiac recovery during post-ischemic reperfusion is improved by combination of vitamin E with dihydrolipoic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Com-mun 196:1101–1107.
   Google Scholar
• Hayden RE, Paniello RC, Yeung CS, Bello SL, Daw-son SM. (1987). The effect of glutathione and vita-mins A, C and E on acute skin flap survival. Laryn-goscope 97:1176–1179.
   Google Scholar
• Hennig B, Boissonneault GA, Fiscus LJ, Marra ME. (1988). Effect of vitamin E on oxysterol- and fatty acid hydroperoxide-induced changes of repair and permeability properties of cultured endothelial cell monolayers. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 58:41–47.
   Google Scholar
• Hennig B, Boissonneault GA, Chow CK, Wang Y, Matulionis DH, Glauert HP. (1990). Effect of vita-min E in linoleic acid-mediated induction of peroxi-somal enzymes in cultured porcine endothelial cells. J Nutr 120:331–337.
   Google Scholar
• Hennig B, Toborek M, Joshi-Barve S, Barger SW, Barve S, Mattson MP, McClain CJ. (1996). Linoleic acid activates nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and induces NF-kappa B-dependent transcription in cultured endothelial cells. Am J Clin Nutr 63:322–328.
   Google Scholar
• Herbaczynska-Cedro K, Wartanowicz M, Pane-zenko-Kresowska B, Cedro K, Klosiewicz-Wasek B, Wasek W. (1994). Inhibitory effect of vitamins C and E on the oxygen free radical production in hu-man polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Eur J Clin In-vest 24:316–319.
   Google Scholar
• Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, Cashin-Hemphill L, Sevanian A, Johnson R, Azen SP. (1995). Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vi-tamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. JAMA 273:1849–1854.
   Google Scholar
• Hosoi Y, Yamamoto M, Ono T, Sakamoto K. (1993). Prostacyclin production in cultured endo-thelial cells is highly sensitive to low doses of ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 63:631–638.
   Google Scholar
• Igarashi T, Nakajima Y, Kobajashi M, Ohtake S. (1979). Antihypertensive action of d,l-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 25:159–173.
   Google Scholar
• Ikezawa T. (1989). An experimental study of tissue injury associated with reperfusion in ischemic limbs. J Jap Surg Soc 90:1799–1805.
   Google Scholar
• Ito H, Okafuji T, Suzuki T. (1995). Vitamin E pre-vents endothelial injury associated with cisplatin in-jection into the superior mesenteric artery of rats. Heart Vessels 10:178–184.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson JM, Michael JR, Jafri MH Jr, Gurtner GH. (1990). Antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes pro-tect against pulmonary oxygen toxicity in the rabbit. J Appl Physiol 68:1252–1259.
   Google Scholar
• Jandak J, Steiner M, Richardson PD. (1988). Reduc-tion of platelet adhesiveness by vitamin E supple-mentation in humans. Thromb Res 49:393–404.
   Google Scholar
• Jialal I, Grundy SM. (1993). Effect of combined supplementation with alpha-tocopherol, ascorbate, and beta-carotene on low-density lipoprotein oxida-tion. Circulation 88:2780–2786.
   Google Scholar
• Jorge PA, Osaki MR, deAlmeida E, Credidio-Neto L, Metze K. (1996). Effects of vitamin E on endothe-lium-dependent coronary flow in hypercholesterol-emic dogs. Atherosclerosis 126:43–51.
   Google Scholar
• Kakishita E, Suehiro A, Oura Y, Nagai K. (1990). Inhibitory effect of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) on spontaneous platlet aggregation in whole blood. Thrombosis Res 60:489–499.
   Google Scholar
• Kaneko T, Nakano S, Matsuo M. (1991). Protective effect of vitamin E on linoleic acid hydroperoxide-induced injury to human endothelial cells. Lipids 26:345–348.
   Google Scholar
• Karpen CW, Pritchard KA, Arnold JH, Cornwell DG, Panganamala RV. (1982). Restoration of pros-tacyclin/thromboxane A2 balance in the diabetic rat-influence of dietary vitamin E. Diabetes 31: 947–951.
   Google Scholar
• Kashiwado I, Hattori Y, Qiao Y. (1994). Functional and morphological changes in the cochlea of choles-terol fed guinea pigs. Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi 61: 321–329.
   Google Scholar
• Keaney JF, Gaziano JM, Xu A, Frei B, Curran-Celentano J, Shwaery GT, Loscalzo J, Vita JA. (1993). Dietary antioxidants preserve endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation in cholesterol-fed rab-bits. Proc Nall Acad Sci USA 90:11880–11884.
   Google Scholar
• Keegan A, Walbank H, Cotter MA, Cameron NE. (1995). Chronic vitamin E treatment prevents de-fective endothelium-dependent relaxation in dia-betic rat aorta. Diabetologia 38:1475–1478.
   Google Scholar
• Kilinc C, Ozcan O, Karaoz E, Sunguroglu K, Kut-luay T, Karaca L. (1993). Vitamin E reduces bleo-mycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice: biochemical and morphological studies. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 4:249–269.
   Google Scholar
• Knight JA, Blaylock RC, Searles DA. (1993). The effect of vitamins C and E on lipid peroxidation in stored erythrocytes. Ann Clin Lab Sci 23:51–56.
   Google Scholar
• Koide T, Gotoh O, Asano T, Takakura K. (1985). Alterations of the eicosanoid synthetic capacity of rat brain microvessels following ischemia: relevance to ischemic brain edema. J Neurochem 44:85–93
   Google Scholar
• Kunisaki M, Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Ishii H, Bal-las LM, Jirousek MR, Umeda F, Nawata H, King GL. (1995). Vitamin E prevents diabetes-induced ab-normal retinal blood flow via the diacylglycerol-protein kinase C pathway. Am J Physiol 269:E239–E246.
   Google Scholar
• Kurose I, Anderson DC, Miyasaka M, Tamatani T, Paulson JC, Todd RF, Rusche JR, Granger DN. (1994). Molecular determinants of reperfusion-induced leukocyte adhesion and vascular protein leakage. Circ Res 74:336–343.
   Google Scholar
• Kurose I, Fukumura D, Miura S, Suematsu M, Su-zuki M, Sekizuka E, Nagata H, Morishita T, Tsuchiya M. (1993). Fluorographic study on the oxi-dative stress in the process of gastric mucosal injury: attenuating effect of vitamin E. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:254–258
   Google Scholar
• Kuzuya M, Naito M, Funaki C, Hayashi T, Asai K, Kuzuya F. (1991). Probucol prevents oxidative in-jury to endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 32:197–204.
   Google Scholar
• Lafuze JE, Weisman SJ, Alpert LA, Baehner RE. (1984). Vitamin E attenuates the effect of FMLP on rabbit circulating granulocytes. Pediatr Res 18:536–540.
   Google Scholar
• Lee KC, Hamel DW, Kunbel S. (1993). Rodent model of renal ischemia and reperfusion injury: in-fluence of body temperature, seasonal variation, tu-mor necrosis factor, endogenous and exogenous an-tioxidants. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 15: 153–159.
   Google Scholar
• Lee SM, Clemens MG. (1992). Effect of alpha-tocopherol on hepatic mixed function oxidases in he-patic ischemia/reperfusion. Hepatology 15:276–281.
   Google Scholar
• Lehr HA, Frei B, Arfors KE. (1994). Vitamin C pre-vents cigarette smoke-induced leukocyte aggrega-tion and adhesion to endothelium in vivo. Proc Nall Acad Sci USA 91:7688–7692
   Google Scholar
• Lehr HA, Guhlmann A, Nolte D, Keppler D, MeBmer K. (1991). Leukotrienes as mediators in ischemia-reperfusion injury in a microcirculation model in the hamster. J Clin Invest 87:2036–2041.
   Google Scholar
• Lehr HA, Hu bner C, Nolte D, Kohlschu- tter A, MeBmer K. (1991). Dietary fish oil blocks the mi-crocirculatory manifestations of ischemia-reperfu-sion injury in striated muscle in hamsters. Proc Nall Acad Sci USA 88:6726–6730.
   Google Scholar
• Lehr HA, Menger MD, Messmer K. (1993). Impact of leukocyte adhesion on myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion injury-conceivable mechanisms and proven facts. J Lab Clin Med 121:539–545.
   Google Scholar
• Lehr HA, Messmer K. (1996). Rationale for the use of antioxidant vitamins in clinical organ transplan-tation. Transplantation 62:1197–1199.
   Google Scholar
• Lu U. (1993). Ultrastructural changes in endothe-lial cells in rabbits with multiple organ failure (MOE). Chung Hua Ping Li Hsueh Tsa Chih 22: 169–171.
   Google Scholar
• Luostarinen R, Siegbahn A, Saldeen T. (1991). Ef-fects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E on human neutrophil chemotaxis and generation of LTB4. Ups J Med Sci 96:103–111.
   Google Scholar
• Mahoney CW, Azzi A. (1988). Vitamin E inhibits protein kinase C activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 154:694–697.
   Google Scholar
• Marubayashi S, Dohi K, Ochi K, Kawasaki T. (1986). Role of free radicals in ischemic rat liver cell injury: prevention of damage by alpha-tocopherol administration. Surgery 99:184–192.
   Google Scholar
• Massey KD, Burton KP. (1989). Alpha-tocopherol attenuates myocardial membrane-related alterations resulting from ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Phys-iol 256:H1192–H1199.
   Google Scholar
• Matz J, Andersson TL, Ferns GA, Anggard EE. (1994). Dietary vitamin E increases the resistance to lipoprotein oxidation and attenuates endothelial dysfunction in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. Atheroscle-rosis110:241–249.
   Google Scholar
• Menger MD, Pelikan S, Steiner D, Messmer K. (1992). Microvascular ischemia-reperfusion injury in striated muscle: significance of "reflow paradox." Am J Physiol 263:H1901–H1906.
   Google Scholar
• Menger MD, Steiner D, Messmer K. (1992). Micro-vascular ischemia-reperfusion injury in striated muscle: significance of "no reflow." Am J Physiol. 263:H1892– H1900.
   Google Scholar
• Messmer K, Kreimeier U, Hammersen F. (1988). Multiple organ failure: clinical implications to macro- and microcirculation. In: Microcirculation in Clinical Disorders (H Manabe, BZ Zweifach, K Messmer, Eds.) Springer, Tokyo. 147–153.
   Google Scholar
• Michiels C, Toussaint O, Remade J. (1990). Com-parative study of oxygen toxicity in human fibro-blasts and endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 144:295–302.
   Google Scholar
• Mitsui Y. (1991). Study on measurement and sig-nificance of erythrocyte deformability by electon spin resonance (ESR) method. Nippon Sanka Fu-jinka Gakkai Zasshi 43:157–164
   Google Scholar
• Ndombi 10, Kinoti SN. (1990). Serum vitamin E and the sickling status in children with sickle cell anemia. East. Afr Med J 67:720–725.
   Google Scholar
• Ochi H, Morita I, Murota S. (1992). Mechanism for endothelial cell injury induced by 15-hydroperox-yeicosatetraenoic acid, an arachidonate lipoxygenase product. Biochim Biophys Acta 1136:247–252.
   Google Scholar
• Oda T, Nakai I, Mituo M, Yamagishi H, Oka T, Yoshikawa T. (1992). Role of oxygen radicals and synergistic effect of superoxide dismutase and cata-lase on ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat pan-creas. Transplant Proc 24:797–798
   Google Scholar
• Parks DA, Bulkley GB, Granger DN. (1983). Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in digestive tract dis-eases. Surgery 94:415–422.
   Google Scholar
• Polette A, Blache D. (1992). Effect of vitamin E on acute iron load-potentiated aggregation, secretion, calcium uptake and thromboxane biosynthesis in rat platelets. Atherosclerosis 96:171–179.
   Google Scholar
• Pyke DD, Chan AC. (1990). Effects of vitamin E on prostacyclin release and lipid composition of the ischemic rat heart. Arch Biochem Biophys 277: 429–433.
   Google Scholar
• Qiao Y, Yokoyama M, Kameyama K, Asano G. (1993). Effect of vitamin E on vascular integrity in cholesterol-fed guinea pigs. Arterioscler Thromb 13: 1885–1892.
   Google Scholar
• Rabl H, Khoschsorur G, Colombo T, Petritsch P. Rauchenwald M, Ko-ltringer P. Tatzber F, Ester-bauer H. (1993). A multivitamin infusion prevents lipid peroxidation and improves transplantation per-formance. Kidney Int 43:912–917.
   Google Scholar
• Rao PN, Walsh TR, Makowka L, Liu T, Demetris AJ, Rubin RS, Snyder JT, Mischinger HJ, Starzl TE. (1990). Inhibition of free radical generation and im-proved survival by protection of the hepatic micro-vascular endothelium by targeted erythrocytes in or-thotopic rat liver transplantation. Transplantation 49:1055–1059
   Google Scholar
• Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Willett WC. (1993). Vitamin E con-sumption and the risk of coronary heart diesease in men. N Engl J Med 328:1450–1456.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen P. Ballhausen T, Bloch W, Addicks K. (1995). Endothelial relaxation is disturbed by oxidative stress in the diabetic rat heart: influence of tocoph-erolasantioxidant.Diabeto/ogia38:1157–1168.
   Google Scholar
• Rubino A, Burnstock G. (1994). Recovery after di-etary vitamin E supplementation of impaired endo-thelial function in vitamin E-deficient rats. Br J Pharmacol 112:515–518.
   Google Scholar
• Sakamoto W, Fujie K, Handa H, Ogihara T, Mino M. (1990). In vivo inhibition of superoxide produc-tion and protein kinase C activity in macrophages from vitamin E-treated rats. Int J Nutr Res 60:338–342.
   Google Scholar
• Salonen JT, Salonen R, Seppa-nen K, Rinta-Kiikka S, Kuukka M, Korpela H, Alfthan G, Kantola M, Schalch W. (1991). Effects of antioxidant supple-mentation on platelet function: a randomized pair-matched, placebo-controlled double-blind trial in men with low antioxidant status. Am J Clin Nutr 53:1222–1229.
   Google Scholar
• Sata T, Kubota E, Misra HP, Mojarad M, Pakbaz H, Said SI. (1992). Paraquat-induced lung injury: pre-vention by N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone, a free-radical spin-trapping agent. Am J Physiol 262: L147–L152.
   Google Scholar
• Shirahata A. (1993). Clinical application of fat soluble vitamins to retinopathy of prematurity and intracranial hemorrhage. Nippon Rinsho 51:1029–1036.
   Google Scholar
• Srivasatava KC. (1986). Vitamin E exerts antiag-gregatory effects without inhibiting the enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade in platelets. Prosta-gland Leukotr Med 21:177–185.
   Google Scholar
• Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC. (1993). Vitamin E con-sumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med 328:1444–1449.
   Google Scholar
• Steiner M, Mower R. (1982). Mechanism of action of vitamin E on platelet function. Ann NY Acad Sci 393:289–299.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, Kelly F, Cheeseman K, Michinson MJ, Brown MJ. (1996). Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 347:781–786.
   Google Scholar
• Steward RJ, Moore T, Bennett B, Easton M, Newton GW, Yamaguchi KT. (1994). Effect of free-radical scavengers and hyperbaric oxygen on random-pattern skin flaps. Arch Surg 129:982–988.
   Google Scholar
• Suntres ZE, Hepworth SR, Shek PN. (1992). Pro-tective effect of liposome-associated alpha-tocopherol against paraquat-induced acute lung tox-icity. Biochem Pharmacol 9:1811–1818.
   Google Scholar
• Szczeklik A, Gryglewski RJ, Domagala B, Dworski R, Basista M. (1985). Dietary supplementation with vitamin E in hyperlipoproteinemias: effects on plasma lipid peroxides, antioxidant activity, prosta-cyclin generation and platelet aggregability. Thromb Haemostas 54:425–430.
   Google Scholar
• Takenaka M, Tatsukawa Y, Dohi K, Ezaki H, Mat-sukawa K, Kawasaki T. (1981). Protective effects of alpha-tocopherol and coenzyme Q10 on warm isch-emic damgers of the rat kidney. Transplantation 32: 137–141.
   Google Scholar
• Tanabe M, Kito G. (1989). Effects of CV-3611, a new free radical scavenger, on ischemic heart failure in conscious beagle dogs. Jpn J Pharmacol 50:467–476.
   Google Scholar
• Taoka Y, Ikata T, Fukuzawa K. (1990). Influence of dietary vitamin E deficiency on compression injury of rat spinal cord. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol Tokyo 36: 217–226.
   Google Scholar
• Teoh MK, Chong MK, Jamaludin M. (1992). Effects of tocotrienol-rich vitamin E on patients with pe-ripheral vascular disease. Lipid-Soluble Antioxid 606–21.
   Google Scholar
• Tesfamariam B. (1994). Free radicals in diabetic endothelial cell dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 16: 383–391.
   Google Scholar
• Toborek M, Barger SW, Mattson MP, Barve S, Mc-Clain CJ, Hennig B. (1996). Linoleic acid and TNF-alpha cross-amplify oxidative injury and dysfunc-tion of endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 37:123–135.
   Google Scholar
• Tran K, Proulx PR, Chan AC. (1994). Vitamin E suppresses diacylglycerol (DAG) level in thrombin-stimulated endothelial cells through an increase of DAG kinase activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1212: 193–202.
   Google Scholar
• Trevithick JR, Shum DT, Redae S, Mitton KP, Nor-ley C, Karlik SJ, Groom AC, Schmidt EE. (1993). Reduction of sunburn damage to skin by topical ap-plication of vitamin E acetate following exposure to ultraviolet B radiation: effect of delaying application or of reducing concentration of vitamin E acetate applied. Scanning Microsc 7:1269–1281.
   Google Scholar
• Umeda F, Kunisaki M, Inoguchi T, Nawata H. (1990). Vitamin E enhances prostacyclin production by cultured aortic endothelial cells. J Clin Biochem Nutr8:175–183.
   Google Scholar
• Vajkoczy P. Lehr HA, Hubner C, Arfors KE, Menger MD. (1997). Prevention of pancreatic islet xenograft rejection by dietary vitamin E. Am J Pathol 150: 1487–1495.
   Google Scholar
• Van Jaarsveld H, Kuyl JM, Alberts DW. (1992). An-tioxdant vitamin supplementation of smoke-exposed rats partially protects against myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. Free Radic Res Commun 17:263–269.
   Google Scholar
• Villa S, Colotta F, de Gaetano G, Semeraro N. (1984). Arachidonic acid and leukotriene B4 induce aggregation of human peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes in vitro. Br J Haematol 58:137–146.
   Google Scholar
• Villa S, Lorico A, Morazzoni G, de Gaetano G, Se-meraro N. (1986). Vitamin E and vitamin C inhibit arachidonate-induced aggregation of human periph-eral blood leukocytes in vitro. Agents Actions 19: 127–131.
   Google Scholar
• Washio M, Nanishi F, Okuda S, Onoyama K, Fu-jishima M. (1994). Alpha-tocopherol improves focal glomerulosclerosis in rats with adriamycin-induced progressive renal failure. Nephron 68:347–352.
   Google Scholar
• Wautier JL, Zoukourian C, Chappey O, Wautier MP,Guillausseau PJ, Cao R, Hon i O, Stern D,Schmidt AM. (1996). Receptor-mediated endotheli-al cell dysfunction in diabetic vasculopathy. Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products blocks hyperpermeability in diabetic rats. J Clin Invest 97: 238–243.
   Google Scholar
• Willy C, Thiery J, Menger MD, Messmer K, Arfors KE, Lehr HA. (1995). Impact of vitamin E supple-ments in standard laboratory animal diet on micro-vascular manifestation of ischemia/reperfusion in-jury. Free Radic Biol Med 19:919–926.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf HRD, Seeger HW. (1982). Experimental and clinical results in shock lung treatment with vitamin E. Ann. NY Acad Sci 393:392–410.
   Google Scholar
• Wu D, Martin KR, Meydani SN, Meydani M. (1997). Effect of vitamin E on expression of cell surface ad-hesion molecules and PGI2. FASEB Meeting Ab-stract 2595, A449.
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M, Shima T, Uozumi T, Sogabe T, Ya-mada K, Kawasaki T. (1983). A possible role of lipid peroxidation in cellular damages caused by cerebral ischemia and the protective effect of alpha-tocopherol administration. Stroke 14:977–982.
   Google Scholar
• Yan SD, Schmidt AM, Anderson GM, ZhangJ,Brett J, Zou YS, Pinsky D, Stern D. (1994). Enhanced cellular oxidant stress by the interaction of advanced glycation end products with their receptors/binding proteins. J Biol Chem 269:9889–9897.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshikawa T, Yasuda M, Ueda S, Naito Y, Tani-gawa T, Oyamada H, Kondo M. (1991). Vitamin E in gastric mucosal injury Induced by ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Clin Nutr 53:210S–214S.
   Google Scholar
• Zadkova GF, Avakian TIu, Markov KhM. (1993). Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the development of diabetic angiopathy, platelet aggregation and status of the prostacyclin-thromboxane system in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. Probl Endokrinol Mosk 39: 40–43.
   Google Scholar
• Lehr HA, Vajkoczy P. Menger MD, Arfors KE. (1998). Do vitamin E supplements in diets for labo-ratory animals jeopardize findings in animal models of disease? Free Radic Biol Med (in press).
   Google Scholar