References
- Alroy J, Goyal V, Skutelsky E. (1987). Lectin histo-chemistry of mammalian endothelium. Histochem 86: 603–607.
- Baluk P, Bolton P, Hirata A, Thurston G, McDonald DM. (1998). Endothelial gaps and adherent leuko-cytes in allergen-induced early- and late-phase plasma leakage in rat airways. Am J Pathol 152:463–1476.
- Baluk P, Fine NW, Thomas HA, Wei ET, McDonald DM. (1998). Anti-inflammatory mystixin peptides in-hibit plasma leakage without blocking endothelial gap formation. J Pharm Exp Therap 284:693–699.
- Baluk P, Hirata A, Thurston G, Fujiwara T, Neal CR, Michel CC, McDonald DM. (1997). Endothelial gaps: Time course of formation and closure in inflamed ve-nules of rats. Am J Physiol 272:L155–L170.
- Baluk P, McDonald DM. (1994). The 132-adrenergic receptor agonist formoterol reduces microvascular leakage by inhibiting endothelial gap formation. Am J Physiol 266:L461–L468.
- Bankston PW, Porter GA, Milici AJ, Palade GE. (1991). Differential and specific labelling of epithelial and vascular endothelial cells of the rat lung by Ly-copersicon esculentum and Griffonia simplicifolia I lectins Eur J Cell Biol 54:87–195.
- Barbera-Guillem E, Rocha M, Alvarez A, Vidal-Vanaclocha F. (1991). Differences in the lectin-binding patterns of the periportal and perivenous en-dothelial domains in the liver sinusoids. Hepatol 14: 31–139.
- Braverman IM, Keh-Yen A. (1986). Three-dimensional reconstruction of endothelial cell gaps in psoriatic vessels and their morphologic identity with gaps produced by the intradermal injection of hista-mine. J Invest Dermatol 86:577–581.
- Claudio L, Martiney JA, Brosnan CF. (1994). Ultra-structural studies of the blood-retina barrier after ex-posure to interleukin-1 beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Lab Invest 70:850–861.
- Clough G, Michel CC, Phillips ME. (1988). Inflam-matory changes in permeability and the ultrastruc-tare of single vessels in the frog mesenteric circula-tion. J Physiol 395:99–114.
- Cotran RS, Remensnyder JP. (1968). The structural basis of increased vascular permeability after graded thermal injury-Light and electron microscopic stud-ies. Ann NY Acad Sci 150:495–509.
- Dvorak AM, Kohn S, Morgan ES, Fox P, Nagy JA, Dvorak HF. (1996). The vesiculo-vacuolar organelle (VV0): A distinct endothelial cell structure that pro-vides a transcellular pathway for macromolecular ex-travasation. J Leuk Biol 59:100–115.
- Feng D, Nagy JA, Hipp J, Dvorak HF, Dvorak AM. (1996). Vesiculo-vacuolar organelles and the regula-tion of venule permeability to macromolecules by vas-cular permeability factor, histamine, and serotonin. J Exp Med 183:1981–1986.
- Feng D, Nagy JA, Hipp J, Pyne K, Dvorak HF, Dvorak AM. (1997). Reinterpretation of endothelial cell gaps induced by vasoactive mediators in guinea-pig, mouse and rat: Many are transcellular pores. J Physiol 504:747–761.
- Fox J, Galey F, Wayland H. (1980). Action of hista-mine on the mesenteric microvasculature. Micro vasc Res 19:108–126.
- Hirata A, Baluk P, Fujiwara T, McDonald DM. (1995). Location of focal silver staining at endothelial gaps in inflamed venules examined by scanning elec-tron microscopy. Am J Physiol 269:L403–L418.
- Hirata A, Baluk P, McDonald DM. (1994). Relation-ship between doses of substance P and number and size of endothelial gaps in inflamed venules. FASER J 8:A70.
- Hobbs SK, Monsky WL, Yuan F, Roberts WG, Grif-fith L, Torchilin VP, Jain RK. (1998). Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: role of tumor type and microenvironrnent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:4607–4612.
- Hulstrom D, Svensjö E. (1979). Intravital and elec-tron microscopic study of bradykinin-induced vascu-lar permeability changes using FITC-dextran as a tracer. J Pathol 129:125–133.
- Hurley W, Ham KN, Ryan GB. (1967). The mecha-nism of the delayed prolonged phase of increased vas-cular permeability in mild thermal injury in the rat. J Pathol Bacteriol 94:1–12.
- Joris I, DeGirolarni U, Wortharn K, Majno G. (1982). Vascular labelling with Monastral blue B. Stain Tech-nol 57:177–183.
- Joris I, Majno G, Ryan GB. (1972). Endothelial con-traction in vivo: A study in the rat mesentery. Vir-chows Arch (Cell Pathol) 12:73–83.
- Kurnakiri M, Hashimoto K, Willis I. (1977). Biologic changes due to long-wave ultraviolet irradiation on human skin: ultrastructural study. J Invest Dermatol 69:392–400.
- Laitinen A, Laitinen LA. (1994). Pathology of asthma. Allergy Proc 15:323–328.
- Ludatscher RM. (1986). Ultrastructure of the irnrne-diate, histamine-mediated microvascular response in human skin with urticaria pigmentosa. Micro vasc Res 31:345–355.
- Majno G, Palade GE. (1961). Studies on inflamma-tion. I. The effect of histamine and serotonin on vas-cular permeability: An electron microscopic study. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 11:571–605.
- Majno G, Palade GE, Schoefl GI. (1961). Studies on inflammation. II. The site of action of histamine and serotonin along the vascular tree: A topographic study. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 11:607–625.
- McDonald DM. (1988). Neurogenic inflammation in the rat trachea. I. Changes in venules, leucocytes and epithelial cells. J Neurocytol 17:583–603.
- McDonald DM. (1994). The concept of neurogenic inflammation in the respiratory tract. In: Neuropep- tides in the Respiratory Medicine (MA Kaliner, PJ Barnes, GIII I Kunkel, and JN Baraniuk, Eds.) MarcelDekker. New York. 321–349.
- McDonald DM. (1994). Endothelial gaps and perme-ability of venules in rat tracheas exposed to inflam-matory stimuli. Am J Physiol 266:L61–L83.
- McDonald DM. (1997). Neurogenic inflammation in the airways. In: Autonomic Control of the Respiratory System. (PJ Barnes, Eds.) Harwood Academic. Amsterdam.249�289.
- McDonald DM, Mitchell RA, Gabella G, Haskell A. (1988). Neurogenic inflammation in the rat trachea. II. Identity and distribution of nerves mediating the increase in vascular permeability. J Neurocytol 17: 605�628.
- Michel CC, Neal CR. (1999). Openings through en-dothelial cells associated with increased microvascu-lar permeability. Microcirculation 6:45–54.
- Neal CR, Michel CC. (1992). Transcellular openings through microvascular walls in acutely inflamed frog mesentery. Exp Physiol 77:917–920.
- Neal CR, Michel CC. (1995). Transcellular gaps in microvascular walls of frog and rat when permeabil-ity is increased by perfusion with the ionophore A23187. J Physiol 488:427–437.
- Neal CR, Michel CC. (1996). Openings in frog micro-vascular endothelium induced by high intravascular pressures. J Physiol 492:39–52.
- Papadirnitrou JM, Woods AE. (1975). Structural and functional characteristics of the microcirculation in
- Qu H, Nagy JA, Senger DR, Dvorak HF, Dvorak AM. (1995). Ultrastructural localization of vascular per-meability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF) to the ablurninal plasma membrane and vesiculovacuolar organelles of tumor microvas-cular endothelium. J Histochem Cytochem 43:381–389.
- Roberts WG, Delaat J, Nagane M, Huang S, Cavenee WK, Palade GE. (1998). Host microvasculature in-fluence on tumor vascular morphology and endothe-lial gene expression. Am J Pathol 153:1239–1248.
- Rous P, Gilding HP, Smith F. (1930). The gradient of vascular permeability. J Exp Med 51:807–830.
- Schumacher HR, Jr. (1975). Synovial membrane and fluid morphologic alterations in early rheumatoid ar-thritis: microvascular injury and virus-like particles. Ann N Y Acad Sci 256:39–64.
- Sirnionescu M, Sirnionescu N, Palade GE. (1982). Differentiated micro domains on the lurninal surface of capillary endothelium: Distribution of lectin recep-tors. J Cell Biol 94:406–413.
- Sirnionescu N, Simionescu M, Palade GE. (1978). Open junctions in the endothelium of the postcapil-lary venules of the diaphragm. J Cell Biol 79:27–44.
- Thurston G, Baluk P, Hirata A, McDonald DM. (1996). Permeability-related changes revealed at en-dothelial cell borders in inflamed venules by lectin binding. Am J Physiol 271:H2547–H2562.
- Thurston G, Murphy TJ, Baluk P, Lindsey JR, Mc-Donald DM. (1998). Angiogenesis in mice with chronic airway inflammation: Strain-dependent dif-ferences. Am J Pathol 153:1099–1112.
- Volkl KP, Dierichs R. (1986). Effect of intravenously injected collagenase on the concentration of circulat-ing platelets in rats. Thromb Res 42:11–20.
- Wu NZ, Baldwin AL. (1992). Possible mechanism(s) for permeability recovery of venules during histamine application. Microvasc Res 44:334–352.
- Wu NZ, Baldwin AL. (1992). Transient venular per-meability increase and endothelial gap formation in-duced by histamine. Am J Physiol 262:H1238–H1247.