Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Microvascular Permeability

References

• Abedi H, Zachary I. (1997). Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment to new focal adhesions of focal ad-hesion kinase and paxillin in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 272:15442–15451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achen MG, Jeltsch M, Kukk E, Makinen T, Vitali A, Wilks AF, Alitalo K, Stacker SA. (1998). Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) is a ligand for the tyrosine kinases VEGF receptor 2 (F1k1) and VEGF receptor 3 (F1t4). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:548–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adarnis AP, Shirna DT, Tolentino MJ, Gragoudas ES Ferrara N Folkman J, D'Amore PA, Miller JW. (1996) Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor prevents retinal ischemia-Associated iris neo-vascularization in a nonhuman primate. Arch Oph-thalmol 114:66–71.
   Google Scholar
• Aiello LP, Bursell SE, Clermont A, Duh E, Ishii H, Takagi, C, Mori, F, Ciulla TA, Ways K, Jirousek M, Smith LE, King GL (1997)Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced retinal permeability is medi-ated by protein kinase C in vivo and suppressed by an orally effective beta-isoform-selective inhibitor. Diabetes 46:1473–1480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates DO. (1998).The chronic effect of vascular en-dothelial growth factor (VEGF) on individually per-fused frog mesenteric microvessels. J Physiol 513: 225–233.
   Google Scholar
• Bates DO. (1998). Chronically increased hydraulic conductivity (Lp) by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is attenuated by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. J Vasc Res (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Bates DO. (1998).Vascular endothelial growth fac-tor (VEGF) chronically increases microvascular hy-draulic conductivity (Lp) without affecting oncotic reflection coefficient (s). FASER J 12:A22 (Abstr).
   Google Scholar
• Bates DO, Curry FE. (1996).Vascular endothelial growth factor increases hydraulic conductivity of isolated perfused microvessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circul Physiol 271:H2520–H2528.
   Google Scholar
• Bates DO, Curry FE. (1997).Vascular endothelial growth factor increases microvascular permeability via a Ca(2+) -dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circul Physiol 273: H687–H694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner I, Pieczek A, Manor 0, Blair R, Kear-ney M, Walsh K, Isner IM. (1998). Constitutive ex-pression of phVEGF165 after intramuscular gene transfer promotes collateral vessel development in patients with critical limb ischemia. Circulation 97: 1114–1123.
   Google Scholar
• Berridge MJ. (1993). Inositol trisphosphate and cal-cium signalling. Nature 361:315–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock TA, Dvorak HF, Senger DR. (1991).Turnor-secreted vascular permeability factor increases cyto-solic Ca2+ and von Willebrand factor release in hu-man endothelial cells. Am J Pathol 138:213–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown LF, Berse B, Jackman RW, Tognazzi K, Guidi AJ, Dvorak HF, Senger DR, Connolly JL, Sch-nitt SJ. (1995). Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in breast cancer. Hum Pathol 26:86–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown LF, Harrist TJ, Yeo KT, Stahle-Backdahl M, Jackman RW, Berse B, Tognazzi K, Dvorak HF, Detrnar M. (1995). Increased expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) in bullous pemphigoid dermatitis herpetifor-mis and erythema multiforme. J Invest Dermatol 104:744–749.
   Google Scholar
• Brown LF, Yeo KT, Berse B, Yeo TK, Senger DR, Dvorak HF, van de Water L. (1992). Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) by epidermal keratinocytes during wound healing. J Exp Med 176:1375–1379.
   Google Scholar
• Brown MA, Wang MX, Buddle ML, Carlton MA, Cario GM, Zamrnit VC, Whitworth JA. (1994). Al-bumin excretory rate in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Clin Sci 86:251–255.
   Google Scholar
• Bull RH, Bates DO, Mortimer PS. (1992). Intravital video-capillaroscopy for the study of the microcir-culation in psoriasis. Brit J Dermatol 126:436–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang PT, Cheng HJ, Lin SJ, Jan KIM, Lee 1VIVI, Chien S. (1990). Macromolecular transport across arterial and venous endothelium in rats. Studies with Evans blue-albumin and horseradish peroxi-dase. Arteriosclerosis 10:188–197.
   Google Scholar
• Collins PD, Connolly DT, Williams TJ. (1993). Characterization of the increase in vascular perme-ability induced by vascular permeability factor in vivo. Br J Pharm 109:195–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly DT, Heuvelrnan DM, Nelson R, Olander W, Eppley BL, Delfino JJ, Siegel NR, Leirngruber RM, Feder J. (1989).Turnor vascular permeability factor stimulates endothelial cell growth and angio-genesis J Clin Inv 84:1470–1478.
   Google Scholar
• Criscuolo GR, Lelkes PI, Rotrosen D, Oldfield EH. (1989). Cytosolic calcium changes in endothelial cells induced by a protein product of human gliomas containing vascular permeability factor activity. J Neurosurg 71:884–891.
   Google Scholar
• Criscuolo GR, Merrill MJ, Oldfield EHJN. (1988). Further characterization of malignant glioma-derived vascular permeability factor. J Neurosurg 69:254–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cullinan-Bove K, Koos RD. (1993). Vascular endo-thelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor expression in the rat uterus: rapid stimulation by estrogen correlates with estrogen-induced increases in uterine capillary permeability and growth. Endo-crinol 133:829–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry FE. (1984). Mechanics and thermodynamics of transcapillary exchange. In: Handbook of Physi-ology. The Cardiovascular System. Microcircula-tion, 2nd edition (CC Michel and EM Renkin, Eds.). Bethesda. American Physiological Society. 309–373.
   Google Scholar
• de Vries C, Escobedo JA, Ueno H, Houck K, Ferrara N, Williams LT. (1992). The fms-like tyrosine ki-nase a receptor for vascular endothelial growth fac-tor. Science 255:989–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detrnar M, Brown LF, Claffey KP, Yeo KT, Kocher 0, Jackman RW, Berse B, Dvorak HF. (1994). Over-expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in pso-riasis. J Exp Med 180:1141–1146.
   Google Scholar
• DiSalvo J, Bayne ML, Conn G, Kwok PW, Trivedi PG, Soderman DD, Palisi TM, Sullivan KA, Thomas KA. (1995). Purification and characterization of a naturally occurring vascular endothelial growth fac-tor/placenta growth factor heterodirner. J Biol Chem 270:7717–7723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorak HF, Brown LF, Detrnar M, Dvorak AM. (1995). Vascular permeability factor/vascular en-dothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperperme-ability and angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 146:1029–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagrell B. (1984). Microcirculation of the skin. In: The Physiology and Pharmacology of the Microcir-culation (Mortillaro NA, Ed.). Orlando, FL. Aca-demic Press. 133–180.
   Google Scholar
• Fava RA, Olsen NJ, Spencer-Green G, Yeo KT, Yeo TK, Berse B, Jackman RW, Senger DR, Dvorak HF, Brown LF. (1994). Vascular permeability factor/ endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF): Accumula-tion and expression in human synovial fluids and rheumatoid synovial tissue J Exp Med 180:341–346.
   Google Scholar
• Favard C, Moukadiri H, Dorey C, Praloran V, Plouet J. (1991). Purification and biological prop-erties of vasculotropin a new angiogenic cytokine. Biol Cell 73:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng D, Nagy JA, Hipp J, Pyne K, Dvorak HF, Dvorak AM. (1997). Reinterpretation of endothelial cell gaps induced by vasoactive mediators in guinea pig mouse and rat: Many are transcellular pores. J Physiol 504:747–761.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrara N, Bunting S. (1996). Vascular endothelial growth factor, a specific regulator of angiogenesis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 5:35–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrara N, Henze' WJ. (1989). Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Bio-phys Res Comm 161:851–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara N, Houck KA, Jakeman LB, Winer J, Leung DW. (1991). The vascular endothelial growth factor family of polypeptides. J Cell Biochem 47:211–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnerty H, Kelleher K, Morris GE, Bean K, Merberg DM, Kriz R, Morris JC, Sookdeo H, Turner KJ, Wood CR. (1993). Molecular cloning of murine FLT and FLT4. Oncogene 8:2293–2298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman J, Shing Y. (1992). Angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 267:10931–10934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo D, Jia Q, Song HY, Warren RS, Donner DB. (1995). Vascular endothelial cell growth factor pro-motes tyrosine phosphorylation of mediators of sig-nal transduction that contain 5H2 domains. Asso-ciation with endothelial cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 270:6729–6733.
   Google Scholar
• Hariawala MD, Horowitz JJ, Esakof D, Sheriff DD, Walter DH, Keyt B, Isner JM, Symes JF. (1996). VEGF improves myocardial blood flow but pro-duces EDRF-mediated hypotension in porcine hearts. J Surg Res 63: 77–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He P, Liu B, Curry FE. (1997). Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on endothelial [Ca2+] and mi-crovessel permeability. Am J Physiol Heart Circul Physiol 272:H176–H185.
   Google Scholar
• Hood J, Granger HJ. (1998). Protein Kinase G me-diates VEGF-induced raf-1 activation and prolifera-tion in human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 273:23504–23508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz JR, Rivard A, van der Zee R, Hariawala M, Sheriff DD, Esakof DD, Chaudhry GM, Symes JF, Isner JM. (1997)Vascular endothelial growth factor/ vascular permeability factor produces nitric oxide-dependent hypotension. Evidence for a maintenance role in quiescent adult endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:2793–2800.
   Google Scholar
• Isner ym, Walsh K, Symes J, Pieczek A, Takeshita S, Lowry J, Rossow S, Rosenfield K, Weir L, Brogi E et al. (1995). Arterial gene therapy for therapeutic an-giogenesis in patients with peripheral artery disease. Circulation 91:2687–2692.
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaka C, Tanaka K, Abe M, Sato Y. (1996). Ets-1 regulates angiogenesis by inducing the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase-1 and the migration of vascular endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 169:522–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joukov V, Kaipainen A, Jeltsch M, Pajusola K, Olofsson B, Kumar V, Eriksson U, Alitalo K. (1997). Vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-B and VEGF-C. J Cell Physiol 173:211–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joukov V, Kumar V, Sorsa T, Arighi E, Weich H, Saksela 0, Alitalo K. (1998). A recombinant mutant vascular endothelial growth factor-C that has lost vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 bind-ing activation and vascular permeability activities. J Biol Chem 273:6599–6602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joukov V, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, Chilov D, Lahtinen I, Kukk E, Saksela 0, Kalkkinen N, Alitalo K. (1996). A novel vascular endothelial growth fac-tor VEGF-C is a ligand for the F1t4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases. Embo J 15:290–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaipainen A, Korhonen J, Pajusola K, Aprelikova 0, Persico MG, Terman BI, Alitalo K. (1993). The re-lated FLT4 FLT1 and KDR receptor tyrosine ki-nases show distinct expression patterns in human fetal endothelial cells. J Exp Med 178:2077–2088.
   Google Scholar
• Keck PJ, Hauser S D, Krivi G, Sanzo K, Warren T, Feder J, Connolly DT. (1989). Vascular permeabil-ity factor an endothelial cell mitogen related to PDGF. Science 246:1309–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall RL, Thomas KA. (1993). Inhibition of vas-cular endothelial cell growth factor activity by an endogenously encoded soluble receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:10705–10709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall RL, Wang G, Thomas KA. (1996). Identi-fication of a natural soluble form of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor FLT-1 and its heterodirnerization with KDR. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 226:324–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kevil CG, Payne D K, Mire E, Alexander JS. (1998). Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial cell growth factor-mediated permeability occurs through disorganization of endothelial junctional proteins. J Biol Chem 273:15099–15103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitarnoto Y, Tokunaga H, Tomita K. (1997) Vas-cular endothelial growth factor is an essential mol-ecule for mouse kidney development: Glomerulo-genesis and nephrogenesis. J Clin Investig 99:2351–2357.
   Google Scholar
• Klanke B, Simon M, Rockl W, Weich HA, H, Grone HJ. (1998). Effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular permeability factor (VPF) on haemodynarnics and permselectivity of the iso-lated perfused rat kidney. Nephrol Dials Transpl 13:875–885.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohn S, Nagy JA, Dvorak HF, Dvorak AM. (1992). Pathways of macromolecular tracer transport across venules and small veins. Structural basis for the hy-perpermeability of tumor blood vessels. Lab Invest 67:596–607.
   Google Scholar
• Kroll J, Waltenberger J. (1997). The vascular endo-thelial growth factor receptor KDR activates mul-tiple signal transduction pathways in porcine aortic endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 272:32521–32527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku DD, Zaleski JK, Liu S, Brock TA. (1993). Vas-cular endothelial growth factor induces EDRF-dependent relaxation in coronary arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circul Physiol 265:H586–H592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Gray A, Yuan J, Luoh SM, Avraharn H, Wood WI. (1996). Vascular endothelial growth factor-related protein: A ligand and specific activator of the tyrosine kinase receptor F1t4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:1988–1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung DW, Cachianes G, Kuang WJ, Goeddel DV, Ferrara N. (1989). Vascular endothelial growth fac-tor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science 246: 1306–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lev S, Moreno H, Martinez R, Canoll P, Peles E, Musacchio ym, Plowman GD, Rudy B, Schlessinger J. (1995) Protein tyrosine kinase PYK2 involved in Ca(2+)-induced regulation of ion channel and MAP kinase functions. Nature 376:737–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levick JR. (1991). An Introduction to Cardiovascu-lar Physiology. Butterworths. London.
   Google Scholar
• Levy AP, Levy NS, Loscalzo J, Calderone A, Taka-hashi N, Yeo KT, Koren G, Colucci WS, Goldberg MA. (1995). Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 76:758–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin SJ, Hong CY, Chang MS, Chiang BN, Chien S. (1993). Increased aortic endothelial death and en-hanced transendothelial macromolecular transport in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia 36: 926–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin SJ, Jan KM, Schuessler G, Weinbaurn S, Chien S. (1988). Enhanced macromolecular permeability of aortic endothelial cells in association with mitosis. Atherosclerosis 73:223–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maglione D, Guerriero V, Viglietto G, Delli-Bovi P, Persico MG. (1991) Isolation of a human placenta cDNA coding for a protein related to the vascular permeability factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 9267–9271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malavaud B, Tack I, Jonca F, Praddaude F, Moro F, Ader JL, Plouet J. (1997). Activation of Flk-1/KDR mediates angiogenesis but not hypotension. Cardio-vasc Res 36:276–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel CC. (1980). Filtration coefficients and os-motic reflexion coefficients of the walls of single frog mesenteric capillaries. J Physiol 309:341–355.
   Google Scholar
• Michel CC. (1984). Fluid movements through cap-illary walls. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Car-diovascular system. Microcirculation, 2nd edition (CC Michel and EM Renkin, Eds.) American Physi-ological Society. Bethesda, MD. 375–409.
   Google Scholar
• Michel CC. (1997). Starling: The formulation of his hypothesis of microvascular fluid exchange and its significance after 100 years. Exp Physiol 82:1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Michel CC. (1996). Transport of macromolecules through microvascular walls. Cardiovasc Res 32: 644–653.
   Google Scholar
• Michel CC, Mason JC, Curry FE, Tooke JE, Hunter PJ. (1974). A development of the Landis technique for measuring the filtration coefficient of individual capillaries in the frog mesentery. Qrt J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 59:283–309.
   Google Scholar
• Michel CC, Phillips ME. (1987). Steady-state fluid filtration at different capillary pressures in perfused frog mesenteric capillaries. J Physiol 388:421–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles A, Miles E. (1952). Vascular reactions to his-tamine histamine-liberator and leukotaxine in the skin of guinea pigs. J Physiol 118:228–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay D, Nagy JA, Manseau EJ, Dvorak HF. (1998). Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated signaling in mouse mesentery vascular endothelium. Canc Res 58:1278–1284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natarajan R, Bai W, Lanting L, Gonzales N, Nadler J. (1997). Effects of high glucose on vascular endo-thelial growth factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 273:H2224–H2231.
   Google Scholar
• Neal CR, Michel CC. (1998). Differing effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the ultrastructure of microvascular endothelium of mes-enteric microvessels of frog and rat. J Physiol 506P:24P–25P.
   Google Scholar
• Neal CR, Michel CC. (1997)Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increases permeability by in-ducing openings through endothelial cells. Intl J Mi-crocirc: Clin Exp 17:198(Abstr).
   Google Scholar
• Olofsson B, Korpelainen E, Mandriota S, Pepper MS, Aase K, Kumar V, Gunji Y, Jeltsch MM, Shibuya M, Alitalo K, Eriksson U. (1998).VEGF-B binds to VEGFR-1 and regulates plasminogen acti-vator activity in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Olofsson B, Pajusola K,Kaipainen A, Von Euler G, Joukov V, Saksela 0, Orpana A, Pettersson RF, Ali-talo K, Eriksson U. (1996). Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothe-lial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:2576–2581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa S, Oku A, Sawano A, Yamaguchi S, Yazaki Y, Shibuya M. (1998). A novel type of vascular en-dothelial growth factor, VEGF-E (NZ-7 VEGF), preferentially utilizes KDR/Flk-1 receptor and car-ries a potent mitotic activity without heparin-binding domain. J Biol Chem 273:31273–31282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlandini M, Marconcini L, Ferruzzi R, Oliviero S. (1996). Identification of a c-fos-induced gene that is related to the platelet-derived growth factor/ vascular endothelial growth factor family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11675–11680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajusola K, Aprelikova 0, Korhonen J, Kaipainen A, Pertovaara L, Alitalo R, Alitalo K. (1992). FLT4 receptor tyrosine kinase contains seven irnmuno-globulin-like loops and is expressed in multiple hu-man tissues and cell lines. Canc Res 52:5738–5743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappenheirner JR, Soto-Rivera A. (1948). Effective osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins and other quantities associated with the capillary circulation in the hindlirnbs of cats and dogs. Am J Physiol 152: 471–491.
   Google Scholar
• Park JE, Chen MI, Winer J, Houck KA, Ferrara N. (1994). Placenta growth factor. Potentiation of vas-cular endothelial growth factor bioactivity in vitro and in vivo and high affinity binding to Flt-1 but not to Flk-1/KDR. J Biol Chem 269:25646–25654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn TP, Peters KG, De Vries C, Ferrara N, Willi-ams LT. (1993). Fetal liver kinase 1 is a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor and is selectively expressed in vascular endothelium Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7533–7537.
   Google Scholar
• Renkin EM. (1986). Some consequences of capillary permeability to macromolecules: Starling's hypoth-esis reconsidered. Am J Physiol 250:H706–H710.
   Google Scholar
• Rippe B, Haraldsson B. (1994).Transport of macro-molecules across microvascular walls: the two-pore theory. Physiol Rev 74:163–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risau W. (1997). Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Na-ture 386:671–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts WG, Palade GE. (1995). Increased micro-vascular permeability and endothelial fenestration induced by vascular endothelial growth factor. J Cell Sci 108:2369–2379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts WG, Palade GE. (1997). Neovasculature in-duced by vascular endothelial growth factor is fe-nestrated. Canc Res 57:765–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross R. (1993). The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A perspective for the 1990s. Nature 362:801–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawano A, Takahashi T, Yamaguchi S, Shibuya M. (1997). The phosphorylated 1169-tyrosine contain-ing region of flt-1 kinase (VEGFR-1) is a major binding site for PLCgarnrna. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 238:487–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senger DR, Connolly DT, Van de Water L, Feder J, Dvorak HF. (1990). Purification and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of guinea pig tumor-secreted vascular permeability factor. Canc Res 50:1774–1778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senger DR, Galli SJ, Dvorak AM, Perruzzi CA, Har-vey VS, Dvorak HF. (1983). Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumu-lation of ascites fluid. Science 219:983–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senger DR, Perruzzi CA, Feder J, Dvorak HF. (1986). A highly conserved vascular permeability factor secreted by a variety of human and rodent tumor cell lines. Canc Res 46:5629–5632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon M, Grone HJ, Johren 0, Kullrner J, Plate KH, Risau W, Fuchs E. (1995). Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in human renal ontogenesis and in adult kidney. Am J Physiol 268:F240–F250.
   Google Scholar
• Sirois MG, Edelman ER. (1997).VEGF effect on vascular permeability is mediated by synthesis of platelet-activating factor. Am J Physiol Heart Circul Physiol 272:H2746–H2756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strawn LM, McMahon G, App H, Schreck R, Kuchler WR, Longhi MP, Hui TH, Tang C, Levitzki A, Gazit A, Chen I, Ken i G, Orfi L, Risau W, Flamrne I, Ullrich A, Hirth KP, Shawver LK. (1996). Flk-1 as a target for tumor growth inhibition. Canc Res 56:3540–3545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi T, Shibuya M. (1997). The 230 kDa ma-ture form of KDR/Flk-1 (VEGF receptor-2) acti-vates the PLC-gamma pathway and partially in-duces mitotic signals in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Onco-gene 14:2079–2089.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor AE, Granger DN. (1984). Exchange of mac- romolecules across the microcirculation. In: Hand-book of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System. Mi-crocirculation (CC Michel and EM Renkin, Eds.) American Physiological Society. Bethesda, MD. 467-520.
   Google Scholar
• Terman BI, Dougher-Vermazen M, Carrion ME, Dimitrov D, Armellino DC, Gospodarowicz D, Bohlen P. (1992). Identification of the KDR tyrosine kinase as a receptor for vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 187: 1579–1586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieme H, Aiello LP, Takagi H, Ferrara N, King GL. (1995). Comparative analysis of vascular endo-thelial growth factor receptors on retinal and aortic vascular endothelial cells. Diabetes 44:98–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilton RG, Kawamura T, Chang KC, Ido Y, Bjercke RJ, Stephan CC, Brock TA, Williamson JR. (1997). Vascular dysfunction induced by elevated glucose levels in rats is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor. J Clin Investig 99: 2192–2202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai JC, Goldman CK, Gillespie GY. (1995).Vascu-lar endothelial growth factor in human glioma cell lines: Induced secretion by EGF PDGF-BB and bFGF. J Neurosurg 82:864–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsururni Y, Kearney M, Chen D, Silver M, Takeshita S, Yang J, Symes JF, Isner ym. (1997). Treatment of acute limb ischemia by intramuscular injection of vascular endothelial growth factor gene. Circulation 96:11–382–388.
   Google Scholar
• Tsururni Y, Murohara T, Krasinski K, Chen D, Wit-zenbichler B, Kearney M, Couffinhal T, Isner ym. (1997). Reciprocal relation between VEGF and NO in the regulation of endothelial integrity. Nature Med 3:879–886.
   Google Scholar
• Waltenberger J, ClaessonWelsh L, Siegbahn A, Shibuya M, Heldin CH. (1994). Different signal transduction properties of KDR and Flt1 two recep-tors for vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol Chem 269:26988–26995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler-Jones C, Abu-Ghazaleh R, Cospedal R, Houliston RA, Martin J, Zachary I. (1997). Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates prostacyclin production and activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in endothelial cells via p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase. FERS Lett 420:28–32.
   Google Scholar
• Whittle C, Mathieson P, Harper SJ. (1998). Vascu-lar permeability factor mRNA isoform and receptor expression by isolated single human glomeruli. Proc Brit Renal Assoc March: 38.
   Google Scholar
• Williams B. (1998). Angiotensin II VEGF and dia-betic retinopathy. Lancet 351:837–838.
   Google Scholar
• Williams B. (1997). Factors regulating the expres-sion of vascular permeability/ vascular endothelial growth factor by human vascular tissues. Diabeto-logia 40:S118–5120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams B. (1998). A potential role for angiotensin II induced vascular endothelial growth factor ex-pression in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropa-thy. Minutes in Electrolyte Metabolism (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Wu HM, Huang Q, Yuan Y, Granger HJ. (1996). VEGF induces NO-dependent hyperpermeability in coronary venules. Am J Physiol Heart Circul Physiol 271:H2735–H2739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia P, Aiello L P, Ishii H, Jiang Z Y, Park D J, Robinson G S, Takagi H, Newsome W P, Jirousek M R, King GL. (1996). Characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor's effect on the activation of protein kinase C its isoforms and endothelial cell growth. J Clin Investig 98:2018–2026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada Y, Nezu J I, Shirnane M, Hirata Y. (1997). Molecular cloning of a novel vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-D. Genomics 42:483–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang R, Bunting S, Ko A, Keyt BA, Mod i NB, Zion-check TF, Ferrara N, Jin H. (1998). Substantially attenuated hemodynamic responses to Escherichia coli- derived vascular endothelial growth factor given by intravenous infusion compared with bolus injection. J Pharm Exp Therap 284:103–110.
   Google Scholar