6
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Therapeutic Management of Chronic Venous Insufficiency: Microcirculation as a Target

&
Pages S23-S28 | Published online: 10 Jul 2009

References

  • Abu-Own A, Sarin S. (1998). Compression treatment in venous disease. In: Microcirculation in Venous Disease, Second Edition (Coleridge-Smith, PD, Ed.) Landes Bioscience. Austin, TX.
  • Angle N, Bergan JJ. (1997). Chronic venous ulcer. Br Med J 314:1019–1023.
  • Bao X, Lu C, Frangos JA. (1999). Temporal gradient in shear but not steady shear stress induces PDFG-A and MCP-1 expression in endothelial cells: Role of NO, NF kappa B and erg-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:996–1003.
  • Behar A, Lagrue G, Cohen-Boulakia F, Baillet J. (1988). Study of capillary filtration by double labelling I131-albumin and Tc99m red cells. Application to the pharmacodynamic activity of Daflon 500 mg. Int Angiol 7\(suppl 2):35–38.
  • Bergan JJ. (1999). Application of microcirculatory principles in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Microcirculation 23:194–206.
  • Bergan JJ. (1999). Commentary. Patients with combined deep venous incompetence and venous ulceration do not benefit from perforating vein surgery. Vasc Surg Outlook 10,11:1–2.
  • Bergan JJ, Ballard JL. (1997). Pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency. In: Atlas of Endoscopic Perforator Vein Surgery. (Bergan JJ, Gloviczki P, Eds.) Springer-Verlag. London. pp. 45–58.
  • Braide M, Blixt A, Bagge U. (1986). Leukocyte effects on the vascular resistance and glomerular filtration of the isolated rat kidney at normal and low flow rates. Circ Shock 20:71–80.
  • Callam MJ, Ruckley CV, Harper DR, Dale JJ. (1985). Chronic ulceration of the leg: Extent of the problem and provision of care. Br Med J 290:1855–1856.
  • Coleridge Smith PD. (1999). Neutrophil activation and mediators of inflammation in chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Res 36:24–36.
  • Coleridge Smith PD, Thomas P, Scurr JH, Dormandy JA. (1988). Causes of venous ulceration: A new hypothesis. Br Med J 296:1726–1727.
  • Colgan M-P, Dormandy JA, Jones PW, Schraibman IG, Shanik DG. (1990). Oxpentifylline treatment of venous ulcers of the leg. Br Med J 300:972–975.
  • Cotton LT. (1961). Varicose veins: Gross anatomy and development. Br J Surg 48:589–598.
  • Dale JJ, Ruckley CV, Harper DR, Gibson B, Nelson EA, Prescott RJ. (1995). A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oxpentifylline in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Phlebology 10\(suppl 1): 917–918.
  • Davies P. (1995). Flow-mediated endothelial mecha-notransduction. Physiol Rev 75:519–560.
  • Fukuda S, Yasu T, Schmid-Scho�nbein GW. (2000). The regulation of leukocyte response to shear stress by nitric oxide and cGMP. Circ Res 86:E13–E18.
  • Galley P, Thiollet M (1993). A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a new venoactive flavonoid fraction (S 5682) in the treatment of symptomatic capillary fragility. Int Angiol 12,1:69–72.
  • Guilhou JJ, Dereure O, Marzin L, Ouvry P, Zuccarelli F, Dubure C, Van Landuyt H, Gillet-Terver MN, Guillot B, Levesque H, Mignot J, Pillion G, Fe�vrier B, Dubeaux D. (1997). Efficacy of Daflon 500 mg in venous leg ulcer healing: a double-blind, randomized, controlled versus placebo trial in 107 patients. Angi-ology 48:77–85.
  • Glin�ski W, Chodynicka B, Rozkiewicz J, Bogdanowski T, Lecewicz-Torun� B, Kaszuba A, Bowszyc J, Nowak A, Wnorowski J, Wasik F, Glin�ska-Ferenz M, Blaszc-zyk M, Strzyga P, Pachocki R. (1999). The beneficial augmentative effect of micronised purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) on the healing of leg ulcers: an open multicentre, controlled randomised study. Phlebology 14:151–157
  • Hahn J, Ju�nger M, Friedrich B, Zuder D, Steins A, Hahn M, Klyscz T. (1997). Cutaneous inflammation limited to the region of the ulcer in chronic venous insufficiency. VASA 26:277–281.
  • Hahn TL, Unthank JL, Lalka SG. (1999). Increased hindlimb leukocyte concentration in a chronic rodent model of venous hypertension. J Surg Res 81:38–41.
  • Hauer G, Bergan JJ, Werner A, Mitterhusen M, Nas-ralla F. (1999). Development of endoscopic dissection of perforating veins and fasciotomy for treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Ann Vasc Surg 13:357–364.
  • Homans J. (1917). The etiology and treatment of varicose ulcer of the leg. Surg Gynecol Obstet 24: 300–311.
  • Hoshino S, Satakawa H, Iwaya F, Igari T, Ono T, Takase S. (1993). External valvuloplasty under preoperative angioscopic control. Phle�bologie 46:521–529.
  • Ju�nger M, Hahn M, Klyscz T, Steins A. (1999). Role of microangiopathy in the development of venous leg ulcers. Prog Appl Microcirc 23:180–193.
  • Linas DL, Shanley PF, Whittenburg D, Berger E, Repine JE. (1988). Neutrophils accentuate ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated perfused rat kidneys. Am J Physiol 255:F728–F735.
  • Michiels C, Arnould T, Knott I, Dieu M, Remacle J. (1993). Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis by human endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia. Am J Phys-iol 264:C866–C874.
  • Moazzam F, DeLano FA, Zweifach BW, Schmid-Scho�nbein GW. (1997). The leukocyte response to fluid stress. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 94:5338–5343.
  • Moyses C, Cederholm-Williams SA, Michel CC. (1987). Hemoconcentration and the accumulation of white cells in the feet during venous stasis. Int J Mi-crocirc Clin Exp 5:311–320.
  • Ono T, Bergan JJ, Schmid-Scho�nbein GW, Takase S. (1998). Monocyte infiltration into venous valves. J Vasc Surg 27:158–166.
  • Partsch H. (1984). Das offene Bein. Klinische Pathophysiologie Ther Umsch 41:825–833.
  • Peschen M, Lahaye T, Hennig B, Weyl A, Simon JC, Vanscheidt W. (1999). Expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, LFA-1, and VLA-4 in the skin is modulated by progressing stages of chronic venous insufficiency. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 79:27–32.
  • Rudovsky G. (1989). Intravenous prostaglandin E1 in the treatment of venous ulcers: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. VASA (suppl 28):39–43.
  • Sales CM, Rosenthal D, Petrillo KA, Jerivs HS, Mat-suura J, Clark MD, Pontoriero MA, Syracuse DC, Luka NL. (1998). The valvular apparatus in venous insufficiency: a problem of quantity? Ann Vas Surg 12:153–155.
  • Schmeller W, Roszinski S, Tronnier M, Gmelin E. (1992). Combined morphological and physiological examinations in lipodermatosclerosis. In: Phlebologie 92. (Raymond-Martimbeau P, Prescott R, Zummo M, Eds.) John Libbey Eurotext. Paris. pp. 172–174.
  • Shoab SS, Porter J, Scurr JH, Coleridge-Smith PD. (2000). Effect of oral micronized purified flavonoid fraction treatment on leukocyte adhesion molecule expression in patients with chronic disease: a pilot study. J Vasc Surg 31:456–461.
  • Sullivan GW, Carper HT, Novick WJ, Mandell GL. (1988). Inhibition of the inflammatory reaction of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor (alpha) on neutrophil function of pentoxifylline. Infect Immun 56:1722–1729.
  • Takase S, Lerond L, Bergan JJ, Schmid-Scho�nbein GW. (2000). The inflammatory reaction during venous hypertension in the rat. Microcirculation 7:41–52.
  • Takase S, Schmid-Scho�nbein G, Bergan JJ. (1999). Leukocyte activation in patients with venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 30:148–156.
  • Thomas PRS, Nash GB, Dormandy JA. (1988). White cell accumulation in the dependent legs of patients with venous hypertension: A possible mechanism for trophic changes in the skin. Br Med J 296:1693–1695.
  • Topper JN, Cai J, Falb D, Gimbrone MA Jr. (1996). Identification of vascular endothelial genes differentially responsive to fluid mechanical stimuli: Cyclo-oxygenase-2, manganese superoxide dismutase, and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase are selectively upregulated by steady laminar shear stress. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 93:10417–10422.
  • van Bemmelen SP, Hoynck van Papendrecht AA, Hodde KC, Klopper PJ. (1986). A study of valve incompetence that developed in an experimental model of venous hypertension. Arch Surg 121:1048–1052.
  • Van Cleef JF, Hugentobler JP, Desvaux P, Griton P, Cloarec M. (1992). [Endoscopic study of reflux of the saphenous valve]. J Mal Vasc 17(supp B):113–116.
  • Wilson JW. (1972). Leukocyte sequestration and morphologic augmentation in the pulmonary network following hemorrhagic shock and related forms of stress. Adv Microcirc 4:197–232.
  • Yamada T, Tomita S, Mori M, Sasatomi E, Suenaga E, Itoh T. (1996). Increased mast cell infiltration in varicose veins of the lower limbs: A possible role in the development of varices. Surgery 119:494–497.
  • Yamakawa T, Suguyama I, Niimi H. (1984). Behavior of white blood cells in microcirculation of the cat brain cortex during hemorrhagic shock: Intravital microscopic study. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 3:554.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.