Yeast identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory: phenotypical methods

References

• Anaissie E. Opportunistic mycoses in the immunocompromised host: experience at a cancer center and review. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: (Suppl. 1): S43–S51.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman D, Rinaldi MG, Haynes KA, et aL Importance of Candida species other than C. albicans as opportunistic pathogens. Med Mycol 1998; 36: (Suppl. 1): S156–S165.
   Google Scholar
• Crist AE Jr, Johnson LM, Burke PJ. Evaluation of the microbial identification system for identification of clinically isolated yeasts. J Gun Microbiol 1996; 34: 2408–2410.
   Google Scholar
• Hazen KC. New and emerging yeast pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8: 462–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odds FC. Resistance of yeasts to azole derivative antifungals. JAntimicrob Chemother 1993; 31: 463–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinet R, Chanas J, Goullier A, Bonnefoy G, Ambroise-Thomas P. Fatal septicemia due to Candida lusitaniae resistant to amphotericin B. J Gun Microbiol 1983; 18: 442–444.
   Google Scholar
• Guinet R, Manlier H. Sensibilite comparee des levures au ketoconazole, itraconazole et fluconazole en milieu liquide. Abstracts of the Symposium Behring, Paris, November 9–11, 1989. Abstract 370.
   Google Scholar
• Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, Johnson TR, Karp JE, Saral R. Increase in C. krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophy-lactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1274–1277.
   Google Scholar
• Rowen JL, Tate JM, Nordoff N, Passarell L, McGinnis MR. Candida isolates from neonates: frequency of misidentification and reduced fluconazole susceptibility. J Gun Microbiol 1999; 37: 3735–3537.
   Google Scholar
• Dealler SF. Candida albicans colony identification in 5 minutes in a general microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbio/ 1991; 29: 1081–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry JL, Miller GR. Umbelliferyl labeled galactosaminide as an aid in identification of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25: 2424–2425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polacheck L, Melamed M, Bercovier H, Salkin IF. 13-Glucosidase in Candida albicans and its application in yeast identification. J Gun Microbiol 1987; 25: 907–910.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smitka CM, Jackson SJ. Rapid fluorogenic assay for differ-entiation of Candida parapsilosis group from other Candida spp. J Gun Microbiol 1989; 27: 203–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley RW. Rapid identification of Candida albicans. 86th Annual meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, March 23–28,1986. Washington DC: Amer-ican Society for Microbiology, 1986: Abstract C 327.
   Google Scholar
• Frampton EW, Restaino L, Blaszko N. Evaluation of the 13-glucuronidase substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxy1-13-D-glu-curonide (X-GLUC) in a 24 h direct plating method for E. coli. J Food Protect 1988; 51: 402–404.
   Google Scholar
• Manafi M, Willinger B. Rapid identification of Candida albicans by Fluoroplate candida agar. J Microbiol Methods 1991; 14: 103–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousselle P, Freydiere AM, Couillerot PJ, de Montclos H, Gille Y. Rapid identification of Candida albicans by using Albicans ID and Fluoroplate agar plates. J C1M Microbio11994; 32:3034–3036.
   Google Scholar
• Willinger B, Manafi M, Rotter ML. Comparison of rapid methods using fluorogenic-chromogenic assays for detecting Candida albicans. Lett Appl Microbiol 1994; 18: 47–49.
   Google Scholar
• Freydere AM, Rousselle P, Gille Y. Apport des milieux d'identification rapide de C. albicans: Fluoroplate et Albicans ID. J Mycol Med 1995; 5: 190–191.
   Google Scholar
• Lipperheide V, Andraka L, Ponton J, Quindos G. Evaluation of the Albicans ID plate method for the rapid identification of Candida albicans. Mycoses 1993; 36: 417–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Champs C, Lebeau B, Grillot R, Ambroise-Thomas P. Evaluation of Albicans ID plates. J C1M Microbiol 1995; 33: 2227–2228.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumgartner C, Freydiere AM, Gille Y. Direct identification and recognition of yeast species from clinical material by using Albicans ID and CHROMagar Candida plates. J Clin Micro-biol 1996; 34: 454–456.
   Google Scholar
• Contreras I, San-Milan R, Agustin-Barrasa A, Ponton J, Quindos G. Utility of Albicans ID plate for rapid identification of Candida albicans in clinical samples. Mycopathologia 1996; 136: 17–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freydlere AM, Buchaille L, Gille Y. Comparison of three media for direct identification and discrimination of Candida species in clinical specimens. Eur J Gun Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16: 464–467.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell CK, Holmes AD, Davey KG, Szekely A, Warnock DW. Comparison of a new chromogenic agar with the germ tube method for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. Eur J C1M Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 367–368.
   Google Scholar
• Odds FC, Bemaerts R. CHROMagar Candida, a new differential isolation medium for presumptive identification of clinically important Candida species. J Gun Microbio11994; 32 1923–1929.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San-Millan R, Ribacoba L, Ponton J, Quindos G. Evaluation of a commercial medium for identification of Candida species. Eur J Gun Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 15: 153–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freydlere AM. Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida plates. J C1M Microbiol 1996; 34: 20–48.
   Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Houston A, Coffmann S. Application of CHROM-agar Candida for rapid screening of clinical specimens for Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata. J Gun Microbiol 1996; 34: 58–61.
   Google Scholar
• Bernal S, Mazuelos EM, Garcia M, Aller AL, Martinez MA, Gutierrez MJ. Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida medium for isolation and presumptive identification of species of Candida of clinical importance. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 24: 201–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell HL, Sand CA, Rennie RP. Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida for presumptive identification of clinically important Candida species. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 32:201–204.
   Google Scholar
• Houang ETS, Chu KC, Koehler AP, Cheng AFB. Use of CHROMagar Candida for genital specimens in the diagnostic laboratory. J Gun Pathol1997; 50: 563–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anson JJ, Allen KD. Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida medium for the isolation and direct identification of yeast species from female genital tract. Br J Thorned Sci 1997; 54: 237–239.
   Google Scholar
• Beighton D, Ludford R, Clark DT, et al. Use of CHROMagar Candida medium for isolation of yeasts from dental samples. J C1M Microbiol 1995; 33: 3025–3027.
   Google Scholar
• Bouchara JP, Declerck P, Cimon B, Planchenault C, de Gentile L, Chabasse D. Routine use of CHROMagar Candida medium for presumptive identification of Candida yeast species and detection of mixed fungal populations. C1M Microbiol Infect 1996; 2: 202–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoppe JE, Frey P. Evaluation of six commercial tests and the germ-tube test for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. Eur J C1M Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18: 188–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willinger B, Manafi M. Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida for rapid screening of clinical specimens for Candida species. Mycoses 1999; 42: 61–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freydlere AM, Guinet R. Rapid methods for identification of the most frequent clinical yeasts. Rev Iberoam Micol 1997; 14: 85–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sullivan D, Coleman D. C dubliniensis: characteristics and identification. J Gun Microbiol 1998; 36: 329–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan D, Henman M, Moran G, et aL Molecular genetic approaches to identification, epidemiology and taxonomy of non-albicans Candida species. J Med Microbiol 1996; 44: 399–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan DJ, Haynes K, Bille J, et al. Widespread geographic distribution of oral Candida dubliniensis strains in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. J C1M Microbiol 1997; 35: 960–964.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan DJ, Westemeng TJ, Haynes KA, Bennett DE, Coleman DC. Candida dubliniensis sp nov.: phenotypic and molecular characterization of a novel species associated with oral candidosis in HIV-infected individuals. Microbiology 1995; 141: 1507–1521.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman D, Sullivan D, Haynes K, et al. Molecular and phenotypic analysis of Candida dubliniensig a recently identi-fied species linked with oral candidosis in HIV-infected and AIDS patients. Oral Dis 1997; 3 (Suppl. 1): S96–S101.
   Google Scholar
• Schoofs A, Odds FC, Colebunders R, Ieven M, Goosens H. Use of specialized isolation media for recognition and identification of C. dubliniensis isolates from HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16: 296–300.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick WR, Revankar SG, McAtee RK, etal. Detection of Candida dubliniensis in oropharyngeal samples from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in North America by primary CHROMagar Candida screening and susceptibility testing of isolates. J C1M Microbiol 1998; 36: 3007–3012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tintelnot K, Haase G, Seibold M, et al. Evaluation of phenotypic markers for selection and identification of Candida dubliniensis. J C1M Microbiol 2000; 38: 1599–1608.
   Google Scholar
• Brandt ME, Harrison LH, Pass M, et al. Candida dubliniensis fungemia: the first four cases in North America. Emerg Infect Dis 2000; 6: 46–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus DH, Coleman DC, Pruitt WR, etal. Rapid identification of Candida dubliniensis with commercial yeast identification systems. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 3533–3539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marot-Leblond A, Grimaud L, Nail S, et al. New monoclonal antibody specific for Candida albicans germ tube. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 61–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crist AE Jr, Dietz TJ, Kampschroer K. Comparison of the MUREX C. albicans, Albicans-Sure, and BactiCard Candida test kits with the Germ Tube test for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2616–2618.
   Google Scholar
• Molina V, Pizzocaro P, Gregotti S, Ghiglietti A, Carozzi F. Rapid identification of C. albicans on a primary isolation medium by a new fluorogenic method: MUAG Candi Test. XXVIII AMCLI Congress, Rome, November 8–11, 1989. Abstract 58.
   Google Scholar
• Perry JP, Miller GR, Can DL. Rapid colorimetric identifica-tion of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 614–615.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenn JP, Segal H, Blevins L, Fawson S, Newcomb-Gayman P, Carroll KC. Comparison of the MUREX Candida albicans CA 50 test with germ tube production for identification of C. albicans. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 24: 31–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauters TG, Peleman R, Moerman M, et al. Membrane filtration test for rapid presumptive differentiation of four Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1498–1502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinoda T, Kaufman L, Padhye AA. Comparison of the IATRON serological Candida check-kit and the API 20C kit for identification of medically important Candida species. J C1M Microbiol 1981; 13: 513–518.
   Google Scholar
• Freydlere AM, Buchaille L, Guinet R, Gille Y. Evaluation of latex reagents for rapid identification of Candida albicans and Candida krusei colonies. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 877–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quindos G, San Milan R, Robert R, Bernard C, Ponton J. Evaluation of Bichro-latex Albicans, a new method for rapid identification of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1263–1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert R, Sentandreu R, Bernard C, Senet JM. Evaluation du reactif Bichrolatex Albicans pour l'identification de colonies de Candida albicans. J Mycol Med 1994; 4: 226–229.
   Google Scholar
• Laurent F, Cahen P, Honderlick P. Utilisation du reactif Bichrolatex Albicans pour l'identification rapide de Candida albicans dans les flacons d'hemoculture: Resultats prelimi-naires. J Mycol Med 1996; 6: 19–21.
   Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Messer SA, Edmond MB, Wenzel RP, the SCOPE Participant Group. National surveillance of nosocomial blood stream infection due to species of Candida other than Candida albicans frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 30: 121–129.
   Google Scholar
• Knoke M, Schulz K, Bernhardt H. Dynamics of Candida isolations from humans from 1992-1995 in Greifswald, Ger-many. Mycoses 1997; 40: 105–110.
   Google Scholar
• Quindos G, Lipperheide V, Ponton J. Evaluation of two commercialized systems for the rapid identification of medi-cally important yeasts. Mycoses 1993; 36: 299–303.
   Google Scholar
• Fricker-Hidalgo H, Lebeau B, Lacassagne V, Kervroedan P, Ambroise-Thomas P, Grillot R. Identification rapide de Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Cryp-tococcus neoformans par Fongiscreen 4HR. Evaluation sur 191 souches de levures. J Mycol Med 1993; 3: 103–106.
   Google Scholar
• Buesching WJ, Kurek K, Roberts GD. Evaluation of the modified API 20C system for identification of clinically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 9: 565–569.
   Google Scholar
• Land GA, Harrison BA, Hulme KL, Cooper BH, Byrd JC. Evaluation of the new API 20C strip for yeast identification against a conventional method. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 10:357–364.
   Google Scholar
• De Louvois J, Mulhall A, Hurley R. Biochemical identification of clinically important yeasts. J Clin Pathol1979; 32: 715–718.
   Google Scholar
• Schuffenecker I, Freydiere AM, De Montclos H, Gille Y. Evaluation of four commercial systems for identification of medically important yeasts Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis 1993; 12: 255–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergan T, Hollum AB Vangdal M. Evaluation of four commercial biochemical test systems for identification of yeasts. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1982; 1: 217–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sand C, Rennie RP. Comparison of three commercial systems for the identification of germ-tube negative yeast species @ 2001 ISHAM, Medical Mycology, 39, 9-33 isolated from clinical specimens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 33: 223–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadlin JK, Hanko G, Stewart R, Pape J, Nachamkin J. Comparison of three commercial systems for identification of yeasts commonly isolated in the clinical microbiology labora-tory. J C1M Microbiol 1999; 37: 1967–1970.
   Google Scholar
• Shankland GS, Hopwood V, Forster RA, Evans EGV, Richardson MD, Warnock DW. Multicenter evaluation of Microring YT, a new method of yeast identification. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 2808–2810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan KL, Mortensen JE. Identification of clinical yeast isolates by using the Microring YT. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 185–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman PI, Ahearn DG. Evaluation of the Uni-Yeast-Tek Kit for the identification of medically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1975; 2: 354–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman PI, Ahearn DG. Evaluation of commercial systems for the identification of medically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1976; 4: 49–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngui Yen JH, Smith JA. Use of Autobac 1 for rapid assimilation testing of Candida and Torulopsis species. J Clin Microbiol 1978; 7: 118–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper BH, Johnson JB, Thaxton ES. Clinical evaluation of the Uni-Yeast-Tek system for rapid presumptive identification of medically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1978; 7: 349–355.
   Google Scholar
• Salldn IF, Land GA, Hurd NJ, Goldson PR, McGinnis MR Evaluation of YeastIdent and Uni-Yeast-Tek yeast identifica-tion systems. J C1M Microbiol 1987; 25: 624–627.
   Google Scholar
• Fricker-Hidalgo H, Lebeau B, Kervroedan P, Faure 0, Ambroise-Thomas P, Grillot R. Auxacolor, a new commercial system for yeast identification: evaluation of 182 strains comparatively with ID 32 C. Ann Biol C1M 1995; 53: 221–225.
   Google Scholar
• Waller J, Contant G, Crouzier C, Debruyne M, Koenig H. Evaluation of a new yeast identification system: Fungichrom I based on chromogenic substrate hydrolysis and carbohydrate assimilation. J Mycol Med 1995; 5: 92–97.
   Google Scholar
• Buchaille L, Freydiere AM, Guinet R, Gille Y. Evaluation of six commercial systems for identification of medically impor-tant yeasts. Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 479–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppard DC, de Souza E, Hashmi Z, Robson HG, Rene P. Evaluation of the Auxacolor system for biochemical identifica-tion of medically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 3726–3727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paugam A, Benchetrit M, Fiacre A, Tourte-Schaefer C, Dupouy-Camet J. Comparison of four commercialized bio-chemical systems for clinical yeast identification by colour-processing reactions. Med Mycol 1999; 37: 11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell CK, Davey KG, Holmes AD, Szekely A, Warnock DW. Comparison of the API Candida system with the auxacolor system for identification of common yeast pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 821–823.
   Google Scholar
• Michel Nguyen A, Darde ML, Penaud A, Bouteille B. Evaluation de la galerie colorimetrique Fungifast I Twin identifiant 10 especes de levures d'interet medical. J Mycol Med 1997; 7: 81–86.
   Google Scholar
• Fricker-Hidalgo H, Vandapel 0, Duchesne MA, et al. Comparison of the new API Candida System to the ID 32 C system for identification of clinically important yeast species. J C1M Microbiol 1996; 34: 1846–1848.
   Google Scholar
• Bernal S, Mazuelo EM, Chavez M, Coronilla J, Valverde A. Evaluation of the new API Candida system for identification of the most clinically important yeast species. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 32: 217–221.
   Google Scholar
• Grillot R. Les Mycoses Humaines: Démarche Diagnostique Paris: Elsevier, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Stockman L, Roberts G. Rapid screening method for the identification of C. glabrata. 85th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Las Vegas CA, March 3–7, 1985. Washington DC: American Society for Micro-biology, 1985: Abstract F80.
   Google Scholar
• Land G, Burke J, Shelby C, et al. Screening protocol for Torulopsis (Candida) glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:2300–2303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenn JP, Billetdeaux E, Segal H, et al. Comparison of four methodologies for rapid and cost-effective identification of Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 3387–3389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltroche-Llacsahuanga H, Schnitzler N, Lutticken R, Haase G. Rapid identification of C. glabrata by using a dipstick to detect trehalose-generated glucose. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 202–205.
   Google Scholar
• Elder BL, Roberts GD. Rapid methods for the diagnosis of fungal infections. Laboratory Medicine 1986; 17: 591–596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiska DL, Orkiszeweski DR, Howell D, Gilligan PH. Evalua-tion of new monoclonal antibody-based latex agglutination test for detection of cryptococcal polysaccharide antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 2309–2311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner DC, Weinstein MP, Fedorciw B, Joho KL, Thorpe JJ, Barth Reller L. Comparison of commercial kits for detection of cryptococcal antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 3/ 1680-1684.
   Google Scholar
• Blevins LB, Fenn J, Segal H, Newcomb-Gayman P, Carroll KC.False-positive cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination caused by disinfectants and soaps J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1674–1675.
   Google Scholar
• Smith MB, Dunklee D, Vu H, Woods GL. Comparative performance of the RapID Yeast Plus system and the API 20C AUX clinical yeast system. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2697–2698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitch TT, Jacobs MR, McGinnis MR, Appelbaum PC. Ability of RapID Yeast Plus System to identify 304 clinically significant yeasts within 5 h. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1069–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNulty C, Beavis KJ. An evaluation of RapID Yeast Ident Plus System. 97th Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Miami FL, May 4–8, 1997. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1997: Abstract C242.
   Google Scholar
• Espinel-Ingroff A, Stockman L, Roberts G, Pincus D, Pollack J, Marlier J. Comparison of RapID Yeast Plus system with API 20C system for identification of common, new, and emerging yeast pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 883–886.
   Google Scholar
• Heelan JS, Sotomayor E, Coon K, D'Arezzo JB. Comparison of RapID Yeast Plus panel with API 20C system for identification of clinically significant isolates of Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 1443–1445.
   Google Scholar
• Land GA, Salkin IF, El-Zaatari M, McGinnis MR, Hashem G. Evaluation of the Baxter MicroScan 4-hour enzyme-based yeast identification system. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:718–722.
   Google Scholar
• St-Germain G, Beauchesne D. Evaluation of the MicroScan rapid yeast identification panel J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 2296–2299.
   Google Scholar
• Riddle DL, Giger 0, Miller L, Hall GS, Woods GL. Clinical comparison of the Baxter MicroScan yeast identification panel and the Vitek yeast biochemical card. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 101: 438–442.
   Google Scholar
• Gutierrez J, Martin E, Lozano C, Coronilla J, Nogales C. Evaluation of the ATB 32C, Automicrobic system and API 20C using clinical yeast isolates. Ann Biol Clin 1994; 50: 443–446.
   Google Scholar
• Doucet M, Caniaux I, Monget D. ATB 32C: A new yeast identification system. 88th Meeting of the American Society, Miami FL, May 8–13, 1988. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1988: Abstract C–303.
   Google Scholar
• El-Zaatari M, Pasarell L, McGinnis MR, Buckner J, Land GA, Salkin IF. Evaluation of the updated Vitek yeast identification data base. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1938–1941.
   Google Scholar
• Fenn JP, Segal H, Barland B, et al. Comparison of updated Vitek Yeast Biochemical Card and API 20C yeast identifica-tion system. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 1184–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dooley DP, Beckius ML, Jeffrey BS. Misidentification of clinical yeast isolates by using the updated Vitek Yeast Biochemical Card. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 2889–2892.
   Google Scholar
• Bossy G, Cagnes S, Coquil F, et al. Identification of yeasts and yeast-like organisms with the Vitek 2 System. 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Toronto, September 1997. 1997: Abstract D–56.
   Google Scholar
• McGinnis MR, Molina TC, Pierson DL, Mishra SK. Evaluation of the Biolog MicroStation System for yeast identification. J Med Vet Mycol 1996; 34: 349–352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romagnoli M, Osterhout J, Merz WG. Evaluation of the Biolog system for the identification of medically important yeasts. 95th Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, May 21–25, 1995. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1995: Abstract F 116.
   Google Scholar
• Kellogg JA, Bankert DA, Chaturvedi V. Limitations of the current Microbial Identification System for identification of clinical yeast isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 1197–1200.
   Google Scholar
• Manafi M, Kneifel W, Bascomb S. Fluorogenic and chromo-genic substrates used in bacterial diagnostics. Microbiol Rev 1991; 55: 335–348.
   Google Scholar
• Odds FC. Sabouraud('s) agar. J Med Vet Mycol 1991; 29: 355–359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuchs PC, Dolan CT. Performance of yeast identification systems. An analysis of the College of American pathologists special mycology survey data. Am J Clin Pathol 1982; 78: 664–667.
   Google Scholar
• Latouche GN, Daniel H-M, Lee OC, Mitchell TG, Sorrell TC, Meyer W. Comparison of use of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics for identification of species of anamorph genus Candida and related yeast species. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 3171–3180.
   Google Scholar
• Ramani R, Gromadzki S, Pincus DH, Salkin IF, Chaturvedi V. Efficacy of API 20C and ID 32 C systems for identification of common and rare clinical yeast isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 3396–3398.
   Google Scholar
• Stager CE, Davis JR. Automated systems for identification of microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992; 5: 302–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Preston T, Bale M, Koontz FP, Body BA. Comparison of the Quantum II, API Yeast Ident, and AutoMicrobic systems for identification of clinical yeast isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 2054–2058.
   Google Scholar
• Warren NG, Hazen KC. Candida, Cryptococcus, and other yeasts of medical importance. In: Murray PR, Baron El, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th edn. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1995: 723–737.
   Google Scholar
• Kellogg JA, Bankert DA. Variation in Microbial Identification System accuracy in identifying clinical isolates of yeasts depending on commercial source of Sabouraud dextrose agar, Atlanta GA, May 17–21, 1998. 98th Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1998: Abstract C 293.
   Google Scholar
• Helm DH, Labischinski H, Schallehn G, Naumann D. Classification and identification of bacteria by Fourier trans-form infraded spectroscopy. J Gen Microbiol 1991; 137: 69–79
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naumann D, Helm D, Labischinski H, Giesbrecht P. The characterization of microorganisms by Fourier-transform in-fraded spectroscopy (FT-IR). In: Nelson WH, ed. Modern Techniques for Rapid Microbiological Analysis. New York: VCH Publishers, 1991: 43–96.
   Google Scholar
• Irwin WJ. Analytical Pyrolysis: A Comprehensive Guide. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Goodacre R, Kell DB. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry and its applications in biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1996; 7: 20–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutteridge CS. Characterization of microorganisms by pyr-olysis mass spectrometry. Methods Microbiol 1987; 19:227–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee if, Brazier JS, Hosein IK, et al. An investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. J Med Microbiol 1993; 39: 345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kummerle M, Scherer S, Seiler H. Rapid and reliable identification of food-borne yeasts by Fourier-transform infraded spectroscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64: 2207–2214.
   Google Scholar
• Schmalreck AF, Trankle P, Vanca E, Blasckle-Hellmessen R. Differentiation and characterization of yeasts pathogenic for humans (Candida albicans, Exophiala dermatitidis) and algae pathogenic for animals (Prototheca spp.) using Fourier trans-form infraded spectroscopy (FTIR) in comparison with conventional methods. Mycoses 1998; 41: 71–77.
   Google Scholar
• Timmins EM, Howell BK, Alsberg BK, Noble WC, Goodacre R. Rapid differentiation of closely related Candida species and strains by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform-infraded spectroscopy. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 367–374.
   Google Scholar
• Miller JM. Evaluating biochemical identification systems. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 1559–1561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar