Determination of Malic Acid in Real Samples by Using Enzyme Immobilized Reactors and Amperometric Detection

References

• Reyes , F. G.R. , Wrolstad , R. D. and Cornwell , C. J. 1982 . Comparasion of enzyme, gas–liquid chromatographic and high performance liquid chromatographic methods for determining sugars and organic acids in strawberries at 3 stages of maturity . J. Assoc. Off Anal. Chem. , 65 ( 1 ) : 126 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , R. H. , Vansoestbergen , A. W. and Ristow , K. A. 1983 . Evaluation of apple juice authenticity by organic acid analysis . J. Assoc. Off Anal. Chem. , 66 ( 6 ) : 1517 – 1520 .
   Google Scholar
• Robards , K. and Antolovich , M. 1995 . Methods for assessing the authenticity of orange juice . Analyst , 120 ( 1 ) : 1 – 28 . [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz , W. 1975 . “ Fruits and fruit products ” . In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC , 12th Ed. Edited by: Horwitz , W. 403 – 404 . Washington : AOAC . Chapter 22
   Google Scholar
• Cunniff , P. 1995 . “ Fruits and fruit products ” . In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International , 16th Ed. Edited by: Cunniff , P. 11 – 12 . Arlington : AOAC . Chapter 37
   Google Scholar
• Blaedel , W. J. and Engstrom , R. C. 1980 . Reagentless enzyme electrodes for ethanol, lactate and malate . Anal. Chem. , 52 ( 11 ) : 1691 – 1697 .
   Google Scholar
• Mizutani , F. , Yabuki , S. and Asai , M. 1991 . L‐Malate sensing electrode based on malate dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase . Anal. Chim. Acta , 245 ( 2 ) : 145 – 150 . [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Prodromidis , M. I. , Tzouwara‐Karayanni , S. M. , Karayannis , M. I. , Vadgama , P. and Maines , A. 1996 . Amperometric determination of L‐malic acid in a flow injection analysis manifold using packed‐bed enzyme reactors . Analyst , 121 ( 4 ) : 435 – 439 . [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Katrlík , J. , Pizzariello , A. , Mastihuba , V. , Svorc , J. , Stred'anský , M. and Miertus , S. 1999 . Biosensors for L‐malate and L‐lactate based on solid binding matrix . Anal. Chim. Acta , 379 ( 1–2 ) : 193 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Maines , A. , Prodromidis , M. I. , Tzouwara‐Karayanni , S. M. , Karayannis , M. I. , Ashworth , D. and Vadgama , P. 2000 . Reagentless enzyme electrode for malate based on modified polymeric membranes . Anal. Chim. Acta , 408 ( 1–2 ) : 217 – 224 . [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Gajovic , N. , Warsinke , A. and Scheller , F. W. 1997 . Comparison of two enzyme sequences for a novel L‐malate biosensor . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 68 ( 1 ) : 31 – 36 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Messia , M. C. , Compagnone , D. , Esti , M. and Palleschi , G. 1996 . A bienzyme electrode probe for malate . Anal. Chem. , 68 ( 2 ) : 360 – 365 . [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Albareda‐Sivent , M. and Hart , A. L. 2002 . Preliminary estimates of lactic and malic acid in wine using electrodes printed from inks containing sol–gel precursors . Sensor. Actuat. B—Chem. , 87 ( 1 ) : 73 – 81 . [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Arif , M. , Setford , S. J. , Burton , K. S. and Tothill , I. E. 2002 . L‐Malic acid biosensor for field‐based evaluation of apple, potato and tomate horticultural produce . Analyst , 127 ( 1 ) : 104 – 108 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Karyakin , A. A. , Karyakina , E. E. , Schuhmann , W. , Schmidt , H. and Varfolomeyev , S. D. 1994 . New amperometric dehydrogenase electrodes based on electrocatalytic NADH oxidation at poly(metthylene blue) modified electrodes . Electroanalysis , 6 ( 10 ) : 821 – 829 .
   Google Scholar
• Yamanaka , H. and Mascini , M. 1992 . NADH electrochemical sensor coupled with dehydrogenase enzymes . Anal. Lett. , 25 ( 6 ) : 983 – 997 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , A. S. 1934 . A type of silver chloride electrode suitable for use in dilute solutions . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 56 ( 3 ) : 646 – 647 .
   Google Scholar
• Macholán , L. and Chmlíková , B. 1986 . Plant tissue based membrane biosensor for L‐ascorbic acid . Anal. Chim. Acta , 185 : 187 – 193 . [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair , W. B. 1984 . The Biochemistry and Physiology of the Lemon and Others Citrus Fruits 163 Oakland : The Reagents of the University of California .
   Google Scholar