The Use of Algae Chlorella vulgaris Immobilized on Cellex‐T Support for Separation/Preconcentration of Trace Amounts of Platinum and Palladium before GFAAS Determination

References

• 1991 . Vol. 125 , Geneva Platinum. Environmental Health Criteria. World Health Organization (WHO), WHO
   Google Scholar
• Ravindra , K. , Bencs , L. and van Grieken , R. 2004 . Platinum group elements in the environment and their health risk . Sci. Total Environ. , 318 : 1 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Lustig , S. and Schramel , P. 1999 . “ Platinum bioaccumulation in plants and overview of the situation for palladium and rhodium ” . In Anthropogenic Platinum Group Element Emission: Their Impact on Man and Environment Edited by: Zereini , F. and Alt , F. 95 – 104 . Berlin Heidelberg : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Barefoot , R. R. and van Loon , J. C. 1996 . Determination of Pt and gold in anticancer and antiarthritic drugs and metabolites . Anal. Chim. Acta , 334 : 5 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• van Loon , J. C. and Barefoot , R. R. 1991 . Determination of the Precious Metals, Selected Instrumental Methods Chichester : John Wiley and Sons Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Begerow , J. , Turfeld , M. and Dunemann , L. 1997 . Determination of physiological noble metals in human urine using liquid–liquid extraction and Zeeman electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry . Anal. Chim. Acta , 340 : 277 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Godlewska‐Żyłkiewicz , B. , Leśniewska , B. , Gąsiewska , U. and Hulanicki , A. 2000 . Ion exchange preconcentration and separation of trace amounts of platinum and palladium . Anal. Lett. , 33 : 2805 – 2820 .
   Google Scholar
• Pyrzyńska , K. 1998 . Recent advances in solid‐phase extraction of platinum and palladium . Talanta , 47 : 841 – 848 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M. L. , Tölg , G. , Beinrohr , E. and Tschöpel , P. 1993 . Pre‐concentration of Pd, Pt and rhodium by on‐line sorbent extraction for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry . Anal. Chim. Acta , 272 : 193 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Schuster , M. and Schwarzer , M. 1996 . Selective determination of palladium by on‐line pre‐concentration and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry . Anal. Chim. Acta , 328 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Coedo , A. G. , Dorada , M. T. , Padilla , I. and Alguacil , F. 1997 . Pre‐concentration and matrix separation of precious metals in geological and related materials using metalfix‐chelamine resin prior to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry . Anal. Chim. Acta , 240 : 31 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , S. , Pu , Q. , Liu , P. , Sun , Q. and Su , Z. 2002 . Synthesis of amidinothioureido‐silica gel and its application to flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of silver, gold and palladium with on‐line pre‐concentration and separation . Anal. Chim. Acta , 452 : 223 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuyucak , N. and Volesky , B. 1990 . “ Biosorption by algal biomass ” . In Biosorption of Heavy Metals Edited by: Volesky , B. 173 – 198 . CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Godlewska‐Żyłkiewicz , B. 2001 . Analytical application of living organisms for pre‐concentration of trace metals and their speciation . Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 31 : 175 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Veglio , F. and Beolchini , F. 1997 . Removal of metals by biosorption: a review . Hydrometallurgy , 44 : 301 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• Pappas , C. P. , Randall , S. T. and Sneddon , J. 1990 . An atomic‐emission study of the removal and recovery of chromium from solution by an algal biomass (Chlorella vulgaris) . Talanta , 37 : 707 – 710 .
   Google Scholar
• Stark , P. C. , Rayson , G. D. and Darnall , D. W. 1999 . Survey of nonviable biosorbents for toxic metal removal . Adv. Environ. Res. , 3 : 74 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Shengjun , M. and Holcombe , J. A. 1991 . Preconcentration of nickel and cobalt on algae and determination by slurry graphite‐furnace atomic absorption spectrometry . Talanta , 38 : 503 – 510 .
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , J. G. , Gardea‐Torrescey , J. L. , Tiemann , K. J. and Gamez , G. 2003 . Investigation of trace level binding of PtCl6 and PtCl4 to alfalfa biomass (Medicago sativa) using Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry . Anal. Chim. Acta , 478 : 139 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Majidi , V. and Holcombe , J. A. 1988 . Separation and preconcentration of cadmium by biological organisms and analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption . Spectrochim. Acta Part B , 43 : 1423 – 1429 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , Shunxin , Qian , Shahua , Huang , Ganquan and He , Fei . 1999 . Separation and preconcentration of Se(IV)/Se(VI) speciation on algae and determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in sediment and water . Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. , 365 : 469 – 471 .
   Google Scholar
• Valdman , E. and Leite , S. G.F. 2000 . Biosorption of Cd, Zn and Cu by Saragassum sp. Waste biomass . Bioprocess Engin. , 22 : 171 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Mahan , C. A. and Holcombe , J. A. 1992 . Immobilization of algae cells on silica gel and their characterization for trace metals preconcentration . Anal. Chem. , 64 : 1933 – 1939 .
   Google Scholar
• Carrilho , E. N.V.M. , Nobrega , J. A. and Gilbert , T. R. 2003 . The use of silica‐immobilized brown alga (Pilayella littoralis) for metal preconcentration and determination by inductively coupled plasma opyical emission spectrometry . Talanta , 60 : 1131 – 1140 .
   Google Scholar
• Elmahadi , H. A.M. and Greenway , G. M. 1991 . Immobilized alga as a reagent for preconcentration in trace element atomic absorption spectrometry . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 6 : 643 – 646 .
   Google Scholar
• Godlewska‐Żyłkiewicz , B. 2003 . Biosorption of platinum and palladium for their separation/pre‐concentration prior to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric determination . Spectrochim. Acta Part B , 58 : 1531 – 1540 .
   Google Scholar
• Godlewska‐Żyłkiewicz , B. 2002 . Hazards of errors in the palladium storage in determination by GFAAS . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 372 : 593 – 596 .
   Google Scholar
• Bajguz , A. 2000 . Blockade of heavy metals accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris cells by 24‐epibrassinolide . Plant Physiol. Biochem. , 38 : 797 – 801 .
   Google Scholar
• Bencs , L. , Ravindra , K. and van Grieken , R. 2003 . Methods for the determination of platinum group elements originating from the abrasion of automotive catalytic converters . Spectrochim. Acta Part B , 58 : 1723 – 1755 .
   Google Scholar
• Leśniewska , B. , Messerschmidt , J. , Jakubowski , N. and Hulanicki , A. 2004 . Bioaccumulation of Pt group elements and characterization of their species in Lolium multiflorum by size‐exclusion chromatography coupled with ICP‐MS . Sci. Total Environ. , 322 : 95 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Kümmerer , K. , Helmers , E. , Hubner , P. , Mascart , G. , Milandri , M. , Reinthaler , F. and Zwakenberg , M. 1999 . European hospitals as a source for platinum in the environment in comparison with other sources . Sci. Total Environ. , 225 : 155 – 165 .
   Google Scholar