ISCHAEMIC PENUMBRA: HIGHLIGHTS

REFERENCES

• Astrup J., Symon L., Branston N. M., Lassen N. A. Cortical Evoked Potential and Extracellular K+ and H+ at Critical Levels of Brain Ischemia. Stroke 1977; 8(1)51–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrup J., Siesjo B. K., Symon L. Thresholds in Cerebral Ischemia -- The Ischemic Penumbra. Stroke 1981; 12(6)723–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassen N. A. Pathophysiology of Brain Ischemia as it Relates to the Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 1990; 13 (Suppl. 3): S1–S8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symon L., Lassen N. A., Astrup J., Branston N. M. Thresholds of Ischaemia in Brain Cortex. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 4–7 (94); 775–782
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hossmann K. A. Viability Thresholds and the Penumbra of Focal Ischemia. Ann. Neurol. 1994; 36: 557–565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touzani O., Roussel S., MacKenzie E. T. The Ischaemic Penumbra. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2001; 14: 83–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones T. H., Morawetz R. B., Crowell R. M., Marcoux F. W., FitzGibbon S. J., DeGirolami U., Ojemann R. G. Thresholds of Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Awake Monkeys. J. Neurosurg. 1981; 54(6)773–782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcoux F. W., Morawetz R. B., Crowell R. M., DeGirolami U., Halsey J. H. Differential Regional Vulnerability in Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 1982; 13(3)339–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia J. H., Liu K. F., Yoshida Y., Chen S., Lian J. Brain Microvessels: Factors Altering Their Patency After the Occlusion of a Middle Cerebral Artery (Wistar Rat). Am. J. Pathol. 1994; 145(3)728–740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron J. C. Mapping the Ischemic Penumbra with PET: Implication for Acute Stroke Treatment. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 1999; 9: 193–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman B. L., Devous M. D. Functional Brain SPECT: The Emergence of a Powerful Clinical Method. J. Nucl. Med. 1992; 33: 1888–1904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neirinckx R. D., Canning L. R., Piper E. M. Technetium-99m d,I-HMPAO: A New Radiopharmaceutical for SPECT Imaging of Regional Cerebral Blood Perfusion. J. Nucl. Med. 1987; 28: 191–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giubilei F., Lenzi G. L., Di Piero V., Pozzilli C., Pantano P., Bastianello S., Argentino C., Fieschi C. Predictive Value of Brain Perfusion Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 1990; 21(6)895–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler J. V., Wade J.P. H., Jones B. E., Nijran K., Steiner T. J. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Using Hexa-Methyl-Propylene-Amine-Oxime in the Prognosis of Acute Cerebral Infarction. Stroke 1996; 27: 82–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchal G., Bouvard G., Iglesias S., Sebastien B., Benali K., Defer G., Viader F., Baron J. C. Predictive Value of 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT for Neurological Outcome/Recovery at the Acute Stage of Stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2000; 10: 8–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgensen H. S., Sperling B., Nakayama H., Raashou H. O., Olsen T. S. Spontaneous Reperfusion of Cerebral Infarcts in Patients with Acute Stroke. Arch. Neurol. 1994; 51: 865–873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheesman E. H., Blanchette M. A., Ganey M. V., Maheu L. J., Miller S. J., Watson A. D. Technetium-99m ECD: Ester-Derivatized Diaminedithiol Technethium Complexes for Imaging Brain Perfusion. J. Nucl. Med. 1988; 29: 788
   Google Scholar
• Shishido F., Uemura K., Inugami A. Discrepant 99mTC-ECD Images of CBF in Patients with Subacute Cerebral Infarction: A Comparison of CBF, CMRO2 and 99mTc-HMPAO Imaging. Ann. Nucl. Med. 1995; 9: 161–166
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogasawara K., Ogawa A., Ezura M., Konno H., Suzuki M., Yoshimoto T. Brain Single-Photon Emission CT Studies Using 99mTc-HMPAO and 99mTc-ECD Early After Recanalization by Local Intraarterial Thrombolysis in Patients with Acute Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Am. J. Neuroradiol., 22: 48–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shishido F., Uemura K., Murakami M. Cerebral Uptake of Tc-Bicisate in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease in Comparison with CBF and CMRO2 Measured by Positron Emission Tomography. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1994; 14: s66–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahagne M. H., Darcourt J., Migneco O., Fournier J. P., Thiercelin D., Ducoeur S., Bertrand F., Bussiere F., Chatel M., Baron J. C. Early (99m) Tc-Ethylcysteinate Dimer Brain SPECT Patterns in the Acute Phase of Stroke as Predictors of Neurological Recovery. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2000; 10(5)364–373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimosegawa E., Hatazawa J., Aisawa Y., Hachiya T., Murakami M. Technetium-99m-ECD Brain SPECT in Misery Perfusion. J. Nucl. Med. 1997; 38: 791–796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karonen J. O., Vanninen R. L., Liu Y., Ostergaard L., Kuikka J. T., Nuutinen J., Vanninen E. J., Partanen P. L., Vainio P. A., Korhonen K., Perkio J., Roivainen R., Sivenius J., Aronen H. J. Combined Diffusion and Perfusion MRI with Correlation to Single-Photon Emission CT in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Ischemic Penumbra Predicts Infarct Growth. Stroke 1999; 30(8)1583–1590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron J. C., Bousser M. G., Comar D., Kellershon C. Human Hemispheric Infarction Studied by Positron Emission Tomography and the 15O Continuous Inhalation Technique. Computerized Tomography 1980; 231–237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baron J. C., Bousser M. G., Rey A., Guillard A., Comar D., Castaigne P. Reversal of Focal “Misery-Perfusion Syndrome” by Extra-Intracranial Arterial Bypass in Hemodynamic Cerebral Ischemia: A Case Study with 150 Positron Emission Tomography. Stroke 1981; 12: 454–459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman R. H., Correia J. A., Alpert N. M., Baron J. C., Gouliamos A., Grotta J. C., Bronwell G. L., Taveras J. M. Positron Imaging in Ischemic Stroke Disease Using Compounds Labelled with Oxygen-15. Arch. Neurol. 1981; 38: 537–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenzi G. L., Frackowiak R.S. J., Jones T. Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism and Blood Flow in Human Ischemic Infarction. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1982; 2: 231–235
   Google Scholar
• Heiss W. D., Huber M., Fink G. R., Herholz K., Piertzyk U., Wagner R., Wienhard K. Progressive Derangement of Periinfarct Viable Tissue in Ischemic Stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1992; 12: 193–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiss W. D., Graf R., Wienhard K., Lottgen J., Saito R., Fujita R., Rosner G., Wagner R. Dynamic Penumbra Demonstrated by Sequential Multitracer PET After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Cats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1994; 14: 892–902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touzani O., Young A. R., Derlon J. M., Beaudoin V., Marchal G., Rioux P., Mèzenge F., Baron J. C., Mackenzie E. T. Sequential Studies of Severely Hypometabolic Tissue After Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion: A Positron Emission Tomographic Investigation in Anesthetized Baboons. Stroke 1995; 26: 2112–2119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchal G., Beaudoin V., Rioux P., de la Sayette V., Le Doze F., Viader F., Derlon J. M., Baron J. C. Prolonged Persistence of Substantial Volumes of Potentially Viable Brain Tissue After Stroke. A Correlative PET-CT Study with Voxel-Based Data Analysis. Stroke 1996; 27: 599–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touzani O., Young A. R., Derlon J. M., Baron J. C., MacKenzie E. T. Progressive Impairment of Brain Oxidative Metabolism Reversed by Reperfusion Following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Anaesthetized Baboons. Brain Res. 1997; 767(1)17–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiss W. D., Graf R., Lottgen J., Ohta K., Fujita T., Wagner R., Grond M., Weinhard K. Repeat Positron Emission Tomographic Studies in Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Cats: Residual Perfusion and Efficacy of Postischaemic Reperfusion. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1997; 17(4)388–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiss W. D., Kracht L. W., Thiel A., Grond M., Pawlik G. Penumbral Probability Thresholds of Cortical Flumazenil Binding and Blood Flow Predicting Tissue Outcome in Patients with Cerebral Ischemia. Brain 2001; 24(1)20–29
   Google Scholar
• Furlan M., Marchal G., Viader F., Derlon J. M., Baron J. C. Spontaneous Neurological Recovery After Stroke and the Fate of the Ischemic Penumbra. Ann. Neurol. 1996; 40: 216–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read S. J., Hirano T., Abbott D. F., Sachinidis J. I., Tochon-Danguy H. J., Chan J. G., Egan G. F., Scott A. M., Bladin C. F., McKay W. J., Donnan G. A. Identifying Hypoxic Tissue After Acute Ischemic Stroke Using PET and 18F-Fluoromisonidazole. Neurology 1998; 51(6)1617–1621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read S. J., Hirano T., Abbott D. F., Markus R., Sachinidis J. I., Tochon-Danguy H. J., Chan J. G., Egan G. F., Scott A. M., Bladin C. F., McKay W. J., Donnan G. A. The Fate of Hypoxic Tissue On 18F-Fluoromisonidazole Positron Emission Tomography After Ischemic Stroke. Ann. Neurol. 2000; 48(2)228–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn A., Linder K., Strauss H. W. Nitroimidazoles and Imaging Hypoxia. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1995; 22(3)265–280
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sette G., Baron J. C., Young A. R., Miyazawa H., Tillet I., Barre L., Travere J. M., Derlon J. M., MacKenzie E. T. In Vivo Mapping of Brain Benzodiazepine Receptor Changes by Positron Emission Tomography After Focal Ischemia in the Anesthetized Baboon. Stroke 1993; 24(12)2046–2057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warach S., Chien D., Li W., Ronthal M., Edelmann R. R. Fast Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of Acute Human Stroke. Neurology. 1992; 42(9)1717–1723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupset H. L., Albers G. W., DeCrespigny A., Kamat G. N., Marks M. P., Moseley M. E. Clinical Utility of Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Assessment of Ischemic Stroke. Ann. Neurol. 1997; 41(5)574–580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley M. E., Kucharczyk J., Mintorovitch J., Cohen Y., Kurhanewicz J., Derugin N., Asgari H., Norman D. Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging of Acute Stroke: Correlation with T2-Weighted and Magnetic Susceptibility-Enhanced MR Imaging in Cats. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 1990; 11(3)423–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce A. R., Lo E. H., Mandeville J. B., Gonzalez R. G., Rosen B. R., Wolf G. L. MRI Measurements of Water Diffusion and Cerebral Perfusion: Their Relationship in a Rat Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1997; 17(2)183–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird A. E., Warach S. Diffusion and Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 1998; 18(6)583–609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minematsu K., Li L., Fisher M., Sotak C. H., Davis M. A., Fiandaca M. S. Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Focal Brain Ischemia. Neurology 1992; 42(1)235–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minematsu K., Fisher M., Li L., Sotak C. H. Diffusion and Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies to Evaluate a Non Competitive N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Antagonist and Reperfusion in Experimental Stroke in Rats. Stroke 1993; 24(12)2074–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird A. E., Benfield A., Schlaug G., Siewert B., Lovblad K. O., Edelman R. R., Warach S. Enlargement of Human Cerebral Ischemic Lesion Volumes Measured by Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Ann. Neurol. 1997; 41(5)581–589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaulieu C., de Crespigny A., Tong D. C., Moseley M. E., Albers G. W., Marks M. P. Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Perfusion and Diffusion in Stroke: Evolution of Lesion Volume and Correlation with Clinical Outcome. Ann. Neurol. 1999; 46(4)568–578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reith W., Fisher M. Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Vasc. Med. Rev. 1994; 5: 307–317
   Google Scholar
• Jansen O., Schellinger P., Fiebach J., Hacke W., Sartor K. Early Recanalization in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Saves Tissue at Risk Defined by MRI. Lancet. 1999; 12, 353(9169)2036–2037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong D. C., Albers G. W. Diffusion and Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Evaluation of Acute Stroke: Potential Use in Guiding Thrombolytic Therapy. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2000; 13(1)45–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiss W. D., Forsting M., Diener H. C. Imaging in Cerebrovascular Disease. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2001; 14: 67–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher M. Characterizing the Target of Acute Stroke Therapy. Stroke 1997; 28(4)866–872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiss W. D., Thiel A., Grond M., Graf R. Which Targets are Relevant for Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke?. Stroke 1999; 30(7)1486–1489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young A. R., Touzani O., Derlon J. M., Sette G., MacKenzie E. T., Baron J. C. Early Reperfusion in the Anesthetized Baboon Reduces Brain Damage Following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion: A Quantitative Analysis of Infarction Volume. Stroke 1997; 28(3)632–638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. The New England Journal of Medicine 1995; 333(24)1581–1587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmulling S., Grond M., Rudolf J., Heiss W. D. One-Year Follow-Up in Acute Stroke Patients Treated with rt-PA in Clinical Routine. Stroke 2000; 31(7)1552–1554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson D. A., Sugano H., McCarron R. M., Hallenbeck J. M., Spatz M. Endothelin Receptor Antagonist Preserves Microvascular Perfusion and Reduces Ischemic Brain Damage Following Permanent Focal Ischemia. Neurochem. Res. 1999; 24(12)1499–1505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laufs U., Endres M., Stagliano N., Amin-Hanjani S., Chui D. S., Yang S. X., Simoncini T., Yamada M., Rabkin E., Allen P. G., Huang P. L., Bohm M., Schoen F. J., Moskowitz M. A., Liao J. K. Neuroprotection Mediated by Changes in the Endothelial Actin Cytoskeleton. J. Clin. Invest. 2000; 106(1)15–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhmann H. J., Mudrick-Donnon L. A., Mittmann T., Heinemann U. Ischaemia-Induced Long-Term Hyperexcitability in Rat Neocortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1995; 7(2)180–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann-Haefelin T., Bosse F., Redecker C., Muller H. W., Witte O. W. Upregulation of GABAA-Receptor Alpha1- and Alpha2-Subunit mRNAs Following Ischemic Cortical Lesions in Rats. Brain Res. 1999; 16, 816(1)234–237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park C. K., Nehls D. G., Graham D. I., Teasdale G. M., McCulloch J. The Glutamate Antagonist MK-801 Reduces Focal Ischemic Brain Damage in the Rat. Ann. Neurol. 1988; 24(4)543–551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schielke G. P., Kupina N. C., Boxer P. A., Bigge C. F., Welty D. F., Iadecola C. The Neuroprotective Effect of the Novel Ampa Receptor Antagonist PD152247 (PNQX) in Temporary Focal Ischemia in the Rat. Stroke 1999; 30(7)1472–1477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nozaki K., Finklestein S. P., Beal M. F. Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Protects Against Hypoxia-Ischemia and NMDA Neurotoxicity in Neonatal Rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1993; 13(2)221–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun A., Appel E., Baruch R., Herz U., Botchkarev V., Paus R., Brodi C., Renz H. Role of Nerve Growth Factor in a Mouse Model of Allergic Airway Inflammation and Asthma. Eur. J. Immunol. 1998; 28(10)3240–3251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun A., Lommatzsch M., Mannsfeldt A., Neuhaus-Steinmetz U., Fischer A., Schnoy N., Lewin G. R., Renz H. Cellular Sources Of Enhanced Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Production in a Mouse Model of Allergic Inflammation. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1999; 21(4)537–546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endres M., Namura S., Shimizu-Sasamata M., Waeber C., Zhang L., Gomez-Isla T., Hyman B. T., Moskowitz M. A. Attenuation of Delayed Neuronal Death After Mild Focal Ischemia in Mice by Inhibition of the Caspase Family. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1998; 18(3)238–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Y., Deshmukh M., D'Costa A., Demaro J. A., Gidday J. M., Shah A., Sun Y., Jacquin M. F., Johnson E. M., Holtzman D. M. Caspase Inhibitor Affords Neuroprotection with Delayed Administration in a Rat Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101(9)1992–1999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuroda S., Tsuchidat R., Smith M. L., Maples K. R., Siesjo B. K. Neuroprotective Effects of a Novel Nitrone, NXY-059, After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in the Rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1999; 19(7)778–787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGraba T. J., Pettigrew L. C. Why Do Neuroprotective Drugs Work in Animals but Not Humans?. Neurol. Clin. 2000; 18(2)475–493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR). Reccomandation for Standards Regarding Preclinical Neuroprotective and Restorative Drug Development. Stroke. 1999; 30(12)2752–2758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagaya M., Liu K. F., Copeland B., Seiffert D., Engler R., Garcia J. H., del Zoppo G. J. DNA Scission After Focal Brain Ischemia. Temporal Differences in Two Species. Stroke 1997; 28(6)1245–1254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar