Insulin-Glucose as Adjunctive Therapy for Severe Calcium Channel Antagonist Poisoning

REFERENCES

• Crump B J, Holt D W, Vale J A. Lack of response to intravenous calcium in severe verapamil poisoning. Lancet 1982; 2: 939–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz B Z, Rhee K J. Massive verapamil ingestion: A report of two cases and a review of the literature. Am J Emerg Med 1989; 7: 624–631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr G M, Bodansky H J, Dymond D S, Taylor M. Fatal verapamil overdose. Lancet 1982; 2: 1218–1219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meer J, van der Wall E. Fatal acute intoxication with verapamil. Neth J Med 1983; 26: 130–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Smilkstein M, Klein-Schwartz W, et al. 1996 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 1997; 15: 447–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farah A E, Alousi A A. The actions of insulin on cardiac contractility. Life Sci 1981; 29: 975–1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tune J D, Mallet R T, Downey H F. Insulin improves contractile function during moderate ischemia in canine left ventricle. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: H1574–1581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chimienti M, Previtali M, Medici A, et al. Acute verapamil poisoning: Successful treatment with epinephrine. Clin Cardiol 1982; 5: 219–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reikeras O, Gunnes P, Sorlie D, Ekroth R, Mjos O D. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of dopamine and insulin during acute left ventricular failure in dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986; 8: 303–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law W R, McLane M P, Raymond R M. Effect of insulin on myocardial contractility during canine endotoxin shock. Cardiovasc Res 1988; 22: 777–785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman G M, Gradinac S, Taegtmeyer H, Sweeney M, Frazier O H. Efficacy of metabolic support with glucose-insulin-potassium for left ventricular pump failure after aortocoronary bypass surgery. Circulation 1989; 80: I91–I96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohmoto O, Spitzer K W, Movsesian M A, Barry W H. Effects of intracellular acidosis on [Ca2+]i transients, transsarcolemmal Ca2+ fluxes, and contraction in ventricular myocytes. Circ Res 1990; 66: 622–632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fath-Ordoubadi F, Beatt K J. Glucose-insulin-potassium therapy for treatment of acute myocardial infarction: An overview of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Circulation 1997; 96: 1152–1156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reikeras O, Gunnes P, Sorlie D, Ekroth R, Mjos O D. Metabolic effects of low and high doses of insulin during beta-receptor blockade in dogs. Clin Physiol 1985; 5: 469–478
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kline J A, Tomeszewski C A, Schroeder J D, Leonova E D, Raymond R M. Insulin is a superior antidote for cardiovascular toxicity induced by verapamil in the anesthetized canine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 267: 744–750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline J A, Leonova E, Raymond R M. Beneficial myocardial metabolic effects of insulin during verapamil toxicity in the anesthetized canine. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 1251–1263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline J A, Raymond R M, Leonova E, Williams T C, Watts J A. Insulin improves heart function and metabolism during non-ischemic cardiogenic shock in awake canines. Cardiovasc Res 1997; 34: 289–298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline W, 2nd, Schroeder D, Williams C, Tomaszewski C, Raymond R. Insulin improves survival in a canine model of acute beta-blocker toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 29: 748–757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins C M. Serious verapamil poisoning: treatment with intravenous calcium gluconate. Br Med J 1978; 37: 89–94
   Google Scholar
• Whitlow P L, Rogers W J, Smith L R, et al. Enhancement of left ventricular function by lucose-insulin-potassium infusion in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1982; 49: 811–820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline J A, Raymond R M, Schroeder J D, Watts J A. The diabetogenic effects of acute verapamil poisoning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145: 357–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen O M. After insulin binds. Science 1987; 237: 1452–1458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumack B H, Spoerke D G. POISINDEX Information System, Micromedix, Denver, CO 1994
   Google Scholar
• Pollack C V, Jr. Utility of glucagon in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 1993; 11: 195–205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerns W P, Kline J A, Ford M D. Beta blocker and calcium channel blocker toxicity. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, M D Ford, J Olshaker. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1994; 365–389
   Google Scholar
• Zierler K L. Increase in resting membrane potential produced by insulin. Science 1957; 126: 1067–1068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad K, MacLeod D P. Influence of glucose on the transmembrane action potential of guinea-pig papillary muscle. Metabolic inhibitors, ouabain, and calcium chloride, and their interaction with glucose, sympathomimetic amines, and aminophylline. Circ Res 1969; 24: 939–950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kones R J, Phillips J H. Insulin: Fundamental mechanism of action and the heart. Cardiology 1975; 60: 280–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas L J. Increase in labelled calcium uptake in heart muscle during potassium lack. J Gen Physiol 1960; 43: 1193–1206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent M, Tinker J H, Moyer T P. Verapamil worsens rate of development and hemodynamic effects of acute hyperkalemia in halothane-anesthetized dogs: Effects of calcium therapy. Anesthesiology 1984; 60: 435–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolly S R, Keaton N, Movahed A, Rose G, Reeves W C. Effect of hyperkalemia on experimental myocardial depression by verapamil. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 517–523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebler R, McDonald F D, Cadnapaphornchai P. Dynamic changes in serum phosphorus levels in diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Med 1985; 79: 571–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ionescu-Tirgoviste C, Bruckner I, Mihalache N, Ionescu C. Plasma phosphorus and magnesium values during treatment of severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Med Interne 1981; 19: 63–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malcolm N, Callegari P, Goldberg J, et al. Massive diltiazem overdosage: Clinical and pharmacokinetic observations. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1986; 20: 888
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoffstall J M, Spivey W H, Gambone L M, Shaw R P, Sit S P. Effects of calcium channel blocker overdose–induced toxicity in the conscious dog. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20: 1104–1108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramoska E A, Spiller H A, Winter M, Borys D. A one-year evaluation of calcium channel blocker overdoses: Toxicity and treatment. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 196–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quezado Z, Lippmann M, Wertheimer J. Severe cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic complications of massive verapamil overdose. Crit Care Med 1991; 19: 436–438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf L R, Spadafora M P, Otten E J. Use of amrinone and glucagon in a case of calcium channel blocker overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 1225–1228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enyeart J J, Price W A, Hoffman D A, Woods L. Profound hyperglycemia and metabolic acidosis after verapamil overdose. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 2: 1228–1231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neely J R, Morgan H E. Relationship between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and the energy balance of heart muscle. Annu Rev Physiol 1974; 36: 413–459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devis G, Somers G, van Obberghen E, Malaisse W J. Calcium antagonists and islet function. I. Inhibition of insulin release by verapamil. Diabetes 1975; 24: 247–251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rovetto M J, Lamberton W F, Neely J R. Mechanisms of glycolytic inhibition in ischemic rat hearts. Circ Res 1975; 37: 742–751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafael J, Patzelt J. Binding of diltiazem and verapamil to isolated rat heart mitochondria. Basic Res Cardiol 1987; 82: 246–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss W C, Savage D D, Stepanek J, Little S A, McGuffee L J. Effect of calcium channel antagonists on calcium uptake and release by isolated rat cardiac mitochondria. Eur J Pharmacol 1988; 152: 247–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack J G, Crompton M. The role and study of mammalian mitochondrial calcium transport and matrix calcium. Cellular Calcium, J G McCormack, P H Cobbold. Oxford University Press, New York 1991; 345–382
   Google Scholar
• Kline J A, Leonova E, Williams T C, Schroeder J D, Watts J A. Myocardial metabolism during graded intraportal verapamil infusion in awake dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996; 27: 719–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucchesi B R, Medina M, Kniffen F J. Positive inotropic action of insulin in the canine heart. Eur J Pharmacol 1972; 18: 107–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar