183
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Mechanism of Respiratory Insufficiency in Pure or Mixed Drug-Induced Coma Involving Benzodiazepines

, , , , , & show all
Pages 35-47 | Published online: 29 Apr 2002

REFERENCES

  • Litovitz T.L., Klein-Schwartz W., Caravati E.M., Youniss J., Crouch B., Lee S. 1998 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 1999; 17(5)435–487
  • Montravers P., Dureuil B., Desmonts J.M. Effects of I.V. Midazolam on Upper Airway Resistance. Br. J. Anaesth. 1992; 68(1)27–31
  • Leiter J.C., Knuth S.L., Krol R.C., Bartlett D., Jr. The Effect of Diazepam on Genioglossal Muscle Activity in Normal Human Subjects. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1985; 132(2)216–219
  • Horner R.L., Innes J.A., Murphy K., Guz A. Evidence for Reflex Upper Airway Dilator Muscle Activation by Sudden Negative Airway Pressure in Man. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1991; 436: 15–29
  • Sybrecht G.W., Taubner E.M., Bohm M.M., Fabel H. Mechanical Properties of the Respiratory System and Mouth-Occlusion Pressure in Patients Acutely Intoxicated With Hypnotics. Lung 1979; 156(1)49–61
  • Gautier H., Offenstadt G., Kaczmarek R., Bonora M., Pinta P., Hericord P. Pattern of Respiration in Patients Recovering from Barbiturate Overdose. Br. J. Anaesth. 1982; 54(10)1041–1045
  • Launois S., Similowski T., Fleury B., Aubier M., Murciano D., Housset B., Pariente R., Derenne J.P. The Transition Between Apnoea and Spontaneous Ventilation in Patients with Coma Due to Voluntary Intoxication with Barbiturates and Carbamates. Eur. Respir. J. 1990; 3(5)573–578
  • Launois S., Fleury B., Similowski T., Aubier M., Murciano D., Housset B., Pariente R., Derenne J.P. The Respiratory Response to CO2 and O2 in Patients with Coma Due to Voluntary Intoxication with Barbiturates and Carbamates. Eur. Respir. J. 1990; 3(5)566–572
  • Gueye P.N., Hoffman J.R., Taboulet P., Vicaut E., Baud F.J. Empiric Use of Flumazenil in Comatose Patients: Limited Applicability of Criteria to Define Low Risk. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1996; 27(6)730–735
  • Baydur A., Behrakis P.K., Zin W.A., Jaeger M., Milic-Emili J. A Simple Method for Assessing the Validity of the Esophageal Balloon Technique. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1982; 126(5)788–791
  • Jeffries B., Brouillette R.T., Hunt C.E. Electromyographic Study of Some Accessory Muscles of Respiration in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1984; 129(5)696–702
  • Schneider H., Grote L., Peter J.H., Cassel W., Guilleminault C. The Effect of Triazolam and Flunitrazepam—Two Benzodiazepines with Different Half-Lives—on Breathing During Sleep. Chest 1996; 109(4)909–915
  • Gould G.A., Whyte K.F., Rhind G.B., Airlie M.A., Catterall J.R., Shapiro C.M., Douglas N.J. The Sleep Hypopnea Syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988; 137(4)895–898
  • Liistro G., Stanescu D.C., Veriter C., Rodenstein D.O., Aubert-Tulkens G. Pattern of Snoring in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients and in Heavy Snorers. Sleep 1991; 14(6)517–525
  • Campbell E.J.M. The Respiratory Muscles and the Mechanics of Breathing. 1958
  • Haluszka J., Chartrand D.A., Grassino A.E., Milic-Emili J. Intrinsic PEEP and Arterial Pco2 in Stable Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1990; 141(5 Pt 1)1194–1197
  • Mead J., Whittenberg J.L. Physical Properties of the Human Lung Measured During Spontaneous Respiration. J. Appl. Physiol. 1953; 5: 779–796
  • Lofaso F., Brochard L., Hang T., Lorino H., Harf A., Isabey D. Home Versus Intensive Care Pressure Support Devices. Experimental and Clinical Comparison. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 153(5)1591–1599
  • Ellenhorn M., Schonwald S., Ordog G., Wasserberger J. Sedative–Hypnotic Drugs. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology. Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning, M. Ellenhorn, S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1997; 684–711
  • Osborn H.H. Sedative–Hypnotic Agents. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, L.R. Goldfrank, N.E. Flomenbaum, N.A. Lewin, R.S. Weisman, M.A. Howland, R.S. Hoffman. 5th Ed., Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1998; 1001–1022
  • Spivey W.H. Flumazenil and Seizures: Analysis of 43 Cases. Clin. Ther. 1992; 14(2)292–305
  • Robinson R.W., White D.P., Zwillich C.W. Moderate Alcohol Ingestion Increases Upper Airway Resistance in Normal Subjects. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1985; 132(6)1238–1241
  • Berry R.B., McCasland C.R., Light R.W. The Effect of Triazolam on the Arousal Response to Airway Occlusion During Sleep in Normal Subjects. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1992; 146(5 Pt 1)1256–1260
  • Berry R.B., Kouchi K., Bower J., Prosise G., Light R.W. Triazolam in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 151(2 Pt 1)450–454
  • Forster A., Gardaz J.P., Suter P.M., Gemperle M. Respiratory Depression by Midazolam and Diazepam. Anesthesiology 1980; 53(6)494–497
  • Suratt P.M., McTier R.F., Wilhoit S.C. Upper Airway Muscle Activation Is Augmented in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Compared with That in Normal Subjects. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988; 137(4)889–894
  • Jan M.A., Marshall I., Douglas N.J. Effect of Posture on Upper Airway Dimensions in Normal Human. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994; 149(1)145–148
  • Adnet F., Borron S.W., Finot M.A., Minadeo J., Baud F.J. Relation of Body Position at the Time of Discovery with Suspected Aspiration Pneumonia in Poisoned Comatose Patients. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 27(4)745–748, see comments
  • Spann R.W., Hyatt R.E. Factors Affecting Upper Airway Resistance in Conscious Man. J. Appl. Physiol. 1971; 31(5)708–712
  • Otis A.B. The Work of Breathing. Handbook of Physiology: A Critical Comprehensive Presentation of Physiology Knowledge and Concepts. Section 3: Respiration, W.O. Fenn, H. Rahn. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC 1964; 463–760
  • Hunkeler W., Mohler H., Pieri L., Polc P., Bonetti E.P., Cumin R., Schaffner R., Haefely W. Selective Antagonists of Benzodiazepines. Nature 1981; 290(5806)514–516
  • Scollo-Lavizzari G. First Clinical Investigation of the Benzodiazepine Antagonist Ro 15-1788 in Comatose Patients. Eur. Neurol. 1983; 22(1)7–11
  • Bonora M., Shields G.I., Knuth S.L., Bartlett D., Jr, St. John W.M. Selective Depression by Ethanol of Upper Airway Respiratory Motor Activity in Cats. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1984; 130(2)156–161

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.