Clinical Toxinology—Where Are We Now?

References

• Meier J. Venomous and poisonous animals—a biologist's view. Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, J Meier, J White. Boca Raton, CRC Press 1995; 1–8
   Google Scholar
• White J. Poisonous and venomous animals—the physician's view. Clinical Toxicology and Animal Venoms and Poisons, J Meier, J White. Boca Raton, CRC Press 1995; 9–26
   Google Scholar
• Lalloo DG, Trevett AJ, Saweri A, Naraqi S, Theakston RD, Warrell DA. The epidemiology of snake bite in Central Province and National Capital District, Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995; 89(2)178–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chippaux J-P. Snake-bites: appraisal of the global situation. Bull World Health Organ 1998; 76(5)515–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laing GD, Lee L, Smith DC, Landon J, Theakston RD. Experimental assessment of a new, low-cost antivenom for treatment of carpet viper (Echis ocellatus) envenoming. Toxicon 1995; 33(3)307–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhetwal BB, Chugh KS, Lalloo DG, Looareesuwan S, Win MM, Sjostrom L, White J. Asian snakes and snakebite. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1999; 30(suppl 1)1–85
   Google Scholar
• Lourenco WR, Cloudsley-Thompson JL. Effects of human activities on the environment and on the distribution of dangerous species of scorpions. Envenomings and Their Treatments, C Bon, M Goyffon. Fondation Marcel Merieux, Paris 1996; 49–60
   Google Scholar
• White J. Why do people still die from brown-snake bites?. Emerg Med 2000; 12(3)204–206
   Google Scholar
• , Melgarejo AR, Aguiar AS. Poisonous snakes, ecological disturbs and public health. 1st International Congress on Envenomations and Their Treatments, Paris, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• , Revault P. Ecology of Echis ocellatus and peri-urban bites in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) [abstr]. 1st International Congress on Envenomations and Their Treatments, Paris, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Southcott RV. Some harmful Australian insects. Med J Aust 1988; 149(11–12)656–662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krifi MN, Amri F, Kharrat H, El Ayeb M. Evaluation of antivenom therapy in children severely envenomed by Androctonus australis garzonii (Aag) and Buthus occitanus tunetanus (Bot) scorpions. Toxicon 1999; 37(11)1627–1634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freire-Maia L, Campos JA, Amaral CFS. Treatment of scorpion envenoming in Brazil. Envenomings and their treatment, C Bon, M Goyffon. Fondation Marcel Merieux, Paris 1996; 301–310
   Google Scholar
• O'Reilly GM, Isbister GK, Lawrie PM, Treston GT, Currie BJ. Prospective study of jellyfish stings from tropical Australia, including the major box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri. Med J Aust 2001; 175(11–12)652–655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little M, Mulcahy RF. A year's experience of Irukandji envenomation in far north Queensland. Med J Aust 1998; 169(11–12)638–641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mebs D. Venomous sea creatures: significance as human health hazards. Envenomings and Their Treatments, C Bon, M Goyffon. Foundation Marcel Merieux. 1996; 31–35
   Google Scholar
• Williamson JA, Fenner PJ, Burnett JW, Rifkin JF. Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals. 1st ed., University of New South Wales Press, Sydney 1996
   Google Scholar
• Brusle J. Ciguatera fish poisoning—a review; sanitary and economic aspects. INSERM, Paris 1992
   Google Scholar
• Koppel C. Clinical symptomatology and management of mushroom poisoning. Toxicon 1993; 31(12)1513–1540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen CS, Lechner M. Jimson-Weed Intoxication. N Engl J Med 1962; 448–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein-Schwartz W, Oderda GM. Jimsonweed intoxication in adolescents and young adults. Am J Dis Child 1984; 138(8)737–739
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eddleston M, Sheriff MHR, Hawton K, Sheriff MH. Deliberate self harm in Sri Lanka: an overlooked tragedy in the developing world. Br Med J 1998; 317: 133–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston M. Patterns and problems of deliberate self-poisoning in the developing world. Q J Med 2000; 93(11)715–731
   Google Scholar
• Isbister GK. Data collection in clinical toxinology: debunking myths and developing diagnostic algorithms. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40(3)231–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looareesuwan S, Viravan C, Warrell DA. Factors contributing to fatal snake bite in the rural tropics: analysis of 46 cases in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1988; 82(6)930–934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland SK, Trinca JC. Survey of 2144 cases of red-back spider bites: Australia and New Zealand, 1963–1976. Med J Aust 1978; 2(14)620–623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isbister GK, Gray MR. A prospective study of 750 definite spider bites, with expert spider identification. Q J Med 2002; 95(11)723–731
   Google Scholar
• Pierini SV, Warrell DA, de Paulo A, Theakston RD. High incidence of bites and stings by snakes and other animals among rubber tappers and Amazonian Indians of the Jurua Valley, Acre State, Brazil. Toxicon 1996; 34(2)225–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrell DA, Arnett C. The importance of bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): epidemiological studies in Nigeria and a review of the world literature. Acta Trop 1976; 33(4)307–341
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer WP, Habib AG, Onayade AA, Yakubu A, Smith DC, Nasidi A, Theakston RD. First clinical experiences with a new ovine Fab Echis ocellatus snake bite antivenom in Nigeria: randomized comparative trial with Institute Pasteur Serum (Ipser) Africa antivenom. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997; 56(3)291–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariaratnam CA, Sjostrom L, Raziek Z, Kularatne SA, Arachchi RW, Sheriff MH, Warrell DA. An open, randomized comparative trial of two antivenoms for the treatment of envenoming by Sri Lankan Russell's viper (Daboia russelii russelii). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95(1)74–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrell DA, Looareesuwan S, Theakston RD, Phillips RE, Chanthavanich P, Viravan C, Hutton RA. Randomized comparative trial of three monospecific antivenoms for bites by the Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) in southern Thailand: clinical and laboratory correlations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986; 35(6)1235–1247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dart RC, Seifert SA, Boyer LV. A randomized multicenter trial of crotalinae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) antivenom for the treatment for crotaline snakebite in the United States. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 2030–2036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abroug F, Elatrous S, Nouira S, Haguiga H, Touzi N, Bouchoucha S. Serotherapy in scorpion envenomation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 354: 906–909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie B. Clinical implications of research on the box-jellyfish Chironex fleckeri. Toxicon 1994; 32(11)1305–1313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach PS. Marine envenomations. N Engl J Med 1991; 325(7)486–493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Rajapakse S, Rajakanthan, Jayalath S, Sjöström L, Santharaj W, Warrell DA. Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 967–971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland SK. Antivenom use in Australia. Premedication, adverse reactions and the use of venom detection kits. Med J Aust 1992; 157(11–12)734–739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrell DA. Snake bite and snake venoms. Q J Med 1993; 86(6)351–353
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hartman LJ, Sutherland SK. Funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) antivenom in the treatment of human envenomation. Med J Aust 1984; 141(12–13)796–799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riviere G, Choumet V, Audebert F, Sabouraud A, Debray M, Scherrmann JM, Bon C. Effect of antivenom on venom pharmacokinetics in experimentally envenomed rabbits: toward an optimization of antivenom therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 281(1)1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krifi MN, Miled K, Abderrazek M, El Ayeb M. Effects of antivenom on Buthus occitanus tunetanus (Bot) scorpion venom pharmacokinetics: towards an optimization of antivenom immunotherapy in a rabbit model. Toxicon 2001; 39(9)1317–1326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laing GD, Theakston RD, Leite RP, Da Silva WD, Warrell DA. Comparison of the potency of three Brazilian Bothrops antivenoms using in vivo rodent and in vitro assays. BIASG (Butantan Institute Antivenom Study Group). Toxicon 1992; 30(10)1219–1225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chippaux JP, Lang J, Eddine SA, Fagot P, Rage V, Peyrieux JC, Le Mener V. Clinical safety of a polyvalent F(ab')2 equine antivenom in 223 African snake envenomations: a field trial in Cameroon. VAO (Venin Afrique de l'Ouest) Investigators. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998; 92(6)657–662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark RF, Wethern-Kestner S, Vance MV, Gerkin R. Clinical presentation and treatment of black widow spider envenomation: a review of 163 cases. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21(7)782–787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail M. The treatment of the scorpion envenoming syndrome: the Saudi experience with serotherapy. Toxicon 1994; 32(9)1019–1026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoVecchio F, Welch S, Klemens J, Curry SC, Thomas R. Incidence of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to Centruroides antivenom. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(5)615–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malasit P, Warrell DA, Chanthavanich P, Viravan C, Mongkolsapaya J, Singhthong B, Supich C. Prediction, prevention, and mechanism of early (anaphylactic) antivenom reactions in victims of snake bites. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292(6512)17–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrell DA, Warrell MJ, Edgar W, Prentice CR, Mathison J. Comparison of Pasteur and Behringwerke antivenoms in envenoming by the carpet viper (Echis carinatus). Br Med J 1980; 280(6214)607–609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips RE, Theakston RD, Warrell DA, Galigedara Y, Abeysekera DT, Dissanayaka P, Aloysius DJ. Paralysis, rhabdomyolysis and haemolysis caused by bites of Russell's viper (Vipera russelli pulchella) in Sri Lanka: failure of Indian (Haffkine) antivenom. Q J Med 1988; 68(257)691–715
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theakston RDG, Warrell DA. Crisis in snake antivenom supply for Africa. Lancet 2000; 356: 2104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalloo DG, Theakston RD, Warrell DA. The African challenge. Lancet 2002; 359(9316)1527
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• , Kiem TX. The production of Calloselasma rhodostoma antivenom (C.R.A.V.) from egg yolk of hens immunized with venom. It's application for treatment of snake bite in Vietnam [abstr]. Proceedings of XIIIth World Congress of the International Society of Toxinology, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng AC, Winkel KD. Snakebite and antivenoms in the Asia-Pacific: wokabaut wantaim, raka hebou (walking together). Med J Aust 2001; 175(11–12)648–651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong RC, Hughes SE, Voorhees JJ. Spider bites. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123(1)98–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White J, Cardoso JL, Hui WP. Clinical toxicology of spider bites. Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, J Meier, J White. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1995; 259–330
   Google Scholar
• Muller GJ. Black and brown widow spider bites in South Africa. A series of 45 cases. S Afr Med J 1993; 83(6)399–405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maretic Z. Latrodectism: variations in clinical manifestations provoked by Latrodectus species of spiders. Toxicon 1983; 21(4)457–466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White J. Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Australia and New Guinea. Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, J Meier, J White. CRC Press, New York 1995; 595–618
   Google Scholar
• White J. CSL Antivenom Handbook. 2nd ed., CSL Ltd, Melbourne 2001
   Google Scholar
• White J. Clinical Toxinology Short Course 2001 Handbook. University of Adelaide, Adelaide 2001
   Google Scholar
• Swaroop S, Grab B. Snakebite mortality in the world. Bull World Health Organ 1954; 10: 35–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meier J, Stocker KP. Biology and distribution of venomous snakes of medical importance and the composition of snake venoms. Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, J Meier, J White. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1995; 367–412
   Google Scholar
• Currie BJ. Snakebite in tropical Australia, Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. Emerg Med 2000; 12: 285–294
   Google Scholar
• Harris J. Phospholipases in snake venoms and their effects on nerve and muscle. Snake Toxins, AL Harvey. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1991
   Google Scholar
• Warrell DA. Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Africa and the Middle East/Arabian Peninsula. Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, J Meier, J White. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1995; 433–492
   Google Scholar
• Ponraj D, Gopalakrishnakone P. Renal lesions in rhabdomyolysis caused by Pseudechis australis snake myotoxin. Kidney Int 1997; 51(6)1956–1969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosing J, Tans G. Structural and functional properties of snake venom prothrombin activators. Toxicon 1992; 30(12)1515–1527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutton RA, Warrell DA. Action of snake venom components on the haemostatic system. Blood Rev 1993; 7(3)176–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas L, Tyburn B, Bucher B, Pecout F, Ketterle J, Rieux D, Plumelle Y. Prevention of thromboses in human patients with Bothrops lanceolatus envenoming in Martinique: failure of anticoagulants and efficacy of a monospecific antivenom. Research group on snake bites in Martinique. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995; 52(5)419–426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson H, Irestedt B. A study of 136 cases of adder bite treated in Swedish hospitals during one year. Acta Med Stand 1981; 210(6)433–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshima G, Sato-Ohmori T, Suzuki T. Proteinase, arginineester hydrolase and a kinin releasing enzyme in snake venoms. Toxicon 1969; 7(3)229–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krifi MN, Kharrat H, Zghal K, Abdouli M, Abroug F, Bouchoucha S, El Ayeb M. Development of an ELISA for the detection of scorpion venoms in sera of humans envenomed by Androctonus australis garzonii (Aag) and Buthus occitanus tunetanus (Bot): correlation with clinical severity of envenoming in Tunisia. Toxicon 1998; 36(6)887–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman NJ. Clinical description of Parabuthus transvaalicus scorpionism in Zimbabwe. Toxicon 1997; 35(5)759–771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groshong TD. Scorpion envenomation in eastern Saudi Arabia. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22(9)1431–1437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghalim N, El-Hafhy B, Sebti F, Heikel J, Lazar N, Moustanir R, Benslimane A. Scorpion envenomation and serotherapy in Morocco. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 62(2)277–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehesa-Davila M, Possani LD. Scorpionism and serotherapy in Mexico. Toxicon 1994; 32(9)1015–1018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Rezende NA, Annual CF, Freire-Maia L. Immunotherapy for scorpion envenoming in Brazil. Toxicon 1998; 36(11)1507–1513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luca SM, Meier J. Biology and distribution of scorpions of medical importance. Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, J Meier, J White. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1995; 205–219
   Google Scholar
• Gueron M, Ilia R. Is antivenom the most successful therapy in scorpion victims?. Toxicon 1999; 37(12)1655–1657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaral CF, Rezende NA. Treatment of scorpion envenoming should include both a potent specific antivenom and support of vital functions. Toxicon 2000; 38(8)1005–1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brignoli PM. Introduction to venomous arthropod systematics. Arthropod Venoms, S Bettini. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1978; 1–12
   Google Scholar
• Futrell JM. Loxoscelism. Am J Med Sci 1992; 304(4)261–267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright SW, Wrenn KD, Murray L, Seger D. Clinical presentation and outcome of brown recluse spider bite. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30(1)28–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucaretchi F, de Deus Reinaldo CR, Hyslop S, Madureira PR, de Capitani EM, Vieira RJ. Accidents caused by Phoneutria (armed spider). EAPCCT XIX International Congress abstract. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999; 37(3)413
   Google Scholar
• , Ho J, White J, Staples A, Hobbs P. An analysis of antivenom use in Australia, based on reports of use, 1995–2000 [abstr]. Proceedings of XIIIth World Congress of the International Society of Toxinology, 2000:202.
   Google Scholar
• Isbister GK. Spider mythology across the world. West J Med 2001; 175(2)86–87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vetter RS. Myth: idiopathic wounds are often due to brown recluse or other spider bites throughout the United States. West J Med 2000; 173(5)357–358
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vetter RS, Visscher PK, Camazine S. Mass envenomations by honey bees and wasps. West J Med 1999; 170(4)223–227
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franca FO, Benvenuti LA, Fan HW, Dos SD, Hain SH, Picchi-Martins FR, Warrell DA. Severe and fatal mass attacks by ‘killer’ bees (Africanized honey bees—Apis mellifera scutellata) in Brazil: clinicopathological studies with measurement of serum venom concentrations. Q J Med 1994; 87(5)269–282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Southcott RV. Lepidopterism in the Australian region. Rec. Adelaide Child Hosp. 1978; 2: 87–173
   Google Scholar
• Sendur N, Savk E, Karaman G. Paederus dermatitis: a report of 46 cases in Aydin, Turkey. Dermatology 1999; 199(4)353–355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd RE, Guthridge SL, Montgomery BL. Evacuation of an Aboriginal community in response to an outbreak of blistering dermatitis induced by a beetle (Paederus australis). Med J Aust 1996; 164(4)238–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuman SH, Caldwell ST. 1990 South Carolina Physician Survey of tick, spider and fire ant morbidity. J S C Med Assoc 1991; 87(8)429–432
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balit CR, Ptolemy HC, Geary MJ, Russell RC, Isbister GK. Outbreak of caterpillar dermatitis caused by airborne hairs of the mistletoe browntail moth (Euproctis edwardsi). Med J Aust 2001; 175: 641–643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everson GW, Chapin JB, Normann SA. Caterpillar envenomations: a prospective study of 112 cases. Veterinary & Human Toxicology 1990; 32(2)114–119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duarte AC, Crusius PS, Pires CA, Schilling MA, Fan HW. Intracerebral haemorrhage after contact with Lonomia caterpillars. Lancet 1996; 348(9033)1033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arocha-Pinango CL, de Bosch NB, Torres A, Goldstein C, Nouel A, Arguello A, Rodriguez A. Six new cases of a caterpillar-induced bleeding syndrome. Thromb Haemostasis 1992; 67(4)402–407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagwireyi D, Ball DE, Loga PJ, Moyo S. Cantharidin poisoning due to Blister beetle ingestion. Toxicon 2000; 38(12)1865–1869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White J. Clinical toxinology of tick bites. Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Toxins, J Meier, J White. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1995; 191–203
   Google Scholar
• Southcott RV. Arachnidism and allied syndromes in the Australian region. Rec Adelaide Child Hosp 1976; 1(1)97–186
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland SK. Treatment of venomous animal bites and stings in Australia. Med J Aust 1976; 2(5)177–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenner PJ, Williamson JA, Myers D. Platypus envenomation—a painful learning experience. Med J Aust 1992; 157(11–12)829–832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krenzelok EP, Jacobsen TD. Plant exposures… a national profile of the most common plant genera. Vet Hum Toxicol 1997; 39(4)248–249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francis PD, Clarke CF. Angel trumpet lily poisoning in five adolescents: clinical findings and management. J Paediatr Child Health 1999; 35(1)93–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauvin P, Dillon JC, Moren A, Talbak S, Barakaev S. Heliotrope poisoning in Tadjikistan. Lancet 1993; 341(8861)1663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamouda C, Amamou M, Thabet H, Yacoub M, Hedhili A, Bescharnia F, El Mekki B. Plant poisonings from herbal medication admitted to a Tunisian toxicologic intensive care unit, 1983–1998. Vet Hum Toxicol 2000; 42(3)137–141
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meda HA, Diallo B, Buchet J-P, Lison D, Barennes H, Ouangré A, et al. Epidemic of fatal encephalopathy in preschool children in Burkina Faso and consumption of unripe ackee (Blighia supida) fruit. Lancet 1999; 353: 536–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez HR, Bermudez MV, Rangel-Guerra RA, de Leon F. Clinical diagnosis in Karwinskia humboldtiana polyneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 1998; 154(1)49–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Ariaratnam CA, Meyer WP, Perera G, Kularatne AM, Attapattu S, et al. Epidemic of self-poisoning with seeds of the yellow oleander tree (Thevetia peruviana) in northern Sri Lanka. Trop Med Int Health 1999; 4(4)266–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas K, Dayal AK, Narasimhan, Ganesh A, Sheshadri MS, Cherian AM, et al. Metabolic and cardiac effects of Clistanthus collinus poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 1991; 39(4)312–314
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baud FJ, Sabouraud A, Vicaut E, Taboulet P, Lang J, Bismuth C, et al. Brief report: treatment of severe colchicine overdose with colchicine-specific Fab fragments. N Engl J Med 1995; 332(10)642–645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackman JR. Clinical approach to toxic mushroom ingestion. J Am Board Fam Pract 1994; 7(1)31–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rumack BH. Symptomatic diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning. Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment, DG Spoerke, BH Rumack. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1994; 149–164
   Google Scholar
• Lampe KF, McCann MA. Differential diagnosis of poisoning by North American mushrooms, with particular emphasis on Amanita phalloides-like intoxication. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16(9)956–962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenner PJ, Williamson JA. Worldwide deaths and severe envenomation from jellyfish stings. Med J Aust 1996; 165(11–12)658–661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett JW, Calton GJ. Jellyfish envenomation syndromes updated. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16(9)1000–1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumley J, Williamson JA, Fenner PJ, Burnett JW, Colquhoun DM. Fatal envenomation by Chironex fleckeri, the north Australian box jellyfish: the continuing search for lethal mechanisms. Med J Aust 1988; 148: 527–534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little M, Mulcahy RF, Wenck DJ. Life-threatening cardiac failure in a healthy young female with Irukandji syndrome. Anaesth Intensive Care 2001; 29(2)178–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett JW, Hepper KP, Aurelian L, Calton GJ, Gardepe SF. Recurrent eruptions following unusual solitary coelenterate envenomations. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 17(1)86–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein MR, Marraccini JV, Rothschild NE, Burnett JW. Fatal Portuguese man-o'-war (Physalia physalis) envenomation. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18(3)312–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson J. Clinical toxicology of venomous scorpaenidae and other selected fish stings. Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, J Meier, J White. CRC Press, New York 1995; 141–158
   Google Scholar
• Isbister GK. Venomous fish stings in tropical northern Australia. Am J Emerg Med 2001; 19(7)561–565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das SK, Johnson MB, Cohly HH. Catfish stings in Mississippi. South Med J 1995; 88(8)809–812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kizer KW, McKinney HE, Auerbach PS. Scorpaenidae envenomation. A five-year poison center experience. J Am Med A 1985; 253(6)807–810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetrodotoxin poisoning associated with eating puffer fish transported from Japan–California, 1996. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep 1996; 45(19)389–391
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellis RM, Jelinek GA. Never eat an ugly fish: three cases of tetrodotoxin poisoning from Western Australia. Emerg Med 1997; 9(4)136–142
   Google Scholar
• Kanchanapongkul J. Puffer fish poisoning: clinical features and management experience in 25 cases. J Med Assoc Thai 2001; 84(3)385–389
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsunenari S, Uchimura Y, Kanda M. Puffer poisoning in Japan–A case report. J Forens Sci 1980; 25(1)240–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearn J. Neurology of ciguatera. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 70(1)4–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart D. Clinical toxicology of shellfish poisoning. Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, J Meier, J White. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1995; 33–57
   Google Scholar
• Fenner PJ, Williamson JA, Skinner RA. Fatal and non-fatal stingray envenomation. Med J Aust 1989; 151(11–12)621–625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelinek GA, Breheny FX. Ten years of snake bites at Fremantle Hospital. Med J Aust 1990; 153(11–12)658–661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie BJ. Clinical toxicology: a tropical Australian perspective. Ther Drug Monit 2000; 22(1)73–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chippaux J-P, Goyffon M. Venoms, antivenoms and immunotherapy. Toxicon 1998; 36(6)823–846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar