Effects of Envenoming by Comb‐Footed Spiders of the Genera Steatoda and Achaearanea (Family Theridiidae: Araneae) in Australia

References

• Isbister G. K. Failure of intramuscular antivenom in redback spider envenomation. Emerg Med 2002; 14(4)436–439
   Google Scholar
• Jelinek G. A., Banham N. G., Dunjey S. J. Red‐back spider‐bites at Fremantle Hospital, 1982–1987. Med J Aust 1989; 150(12)693–695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark R. F., Wethern‐Kestner S., Vance M. V., Gerkin R. Clinical presentation and treatment of black widow spider envenomation: a review of 163 cases. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21(7)782–787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pneumatikos I. A., Galiatsou E., Goe D., Kitsakos A., Nakos G., Vougiouklakis T. G. Acute fatal toxic myocarditis after black widow spider envenomation. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 41(1)158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland S. K., Tibballs J. Spiders. Australian Animal Toxins: The Creatures, Their Toxins and Care of the Poisoned Patient, S. K. Sutherland, J. Tibballs. Oxford University Press, Melbourne 2001; 343–382
   Google Scholar
• South M., Wirth P., Winkel K. D. Redback spider antivenom used to treat envenomation by a juvenile Steatoda spider. Med J Aust 1998; 169(11–12)642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graudins A., Gunja N., Broady K. W., Nicholson G. M. Clinical and in vitro evidence for the efficacy of Australian red‐back spider (Latrodectus hasselti) antivenom in the treatment of envenomation by a Cupboard spider (Steatoda grossa). Toxicon 2002; 40(6)767–775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford A. M., Sutherland S. K. Large blister formation after a bite by the common cupboard spider, genus Steatoda. Med J Aust 1989; 151: 542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrell D. A., Shaheen J., Hillyard P. D., Jones D. Neurotoxic envenoming by an immigrant spider (Steatoda nobilis) in southern England. Toxicon 1991; 29(10)1263–1265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White J., Hirst D., Hender E. 36 cases of bites by spiders, including the white‐tailed spider, Lampona cylindrata. Med J Aust 1989; 150(7)401–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson G. M., Graudins A. Spiders of medical importance in the Asia‐Pacific: atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2002; 29(9)785–794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maretic Z. Venoms of theridiidae, genus Steatoda. Arthropod Venoms, S. Bettini. Springer‐Verlag, Berlin 1978; 213–216
   Google Scholar
• Maretic Z., Levi H. W., Levi L. R. The theridiid spider Steatoda paykullinana, poisonous to mammals. Toxicon 1964; 2: 149–154
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavalieri M., D'Urso D., Lassa A., Pierdominici E., Robello M., Grasso A. Characterization and some properties of the venom gland extract of a theridiid spider (Steatoda paykulliana) frequently mistaken for black widow spider (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus). Toxicon 1987; 25(9)965–974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi H. W. The spider genera Steatoda and Enoplognatha in America (Araneae, Theridiidae). Psyche 1962; 69: 11–36
   Google Scholar
• Levi H. W. The spider genera Crustulina and Steatoda in North America, Central America and the West Indies (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool 1957; 117: 367–424
   Google Scholar
• Raven R. J., Gallon J. An easy guide to common spiders of the northeast and their allies. Toxic Plants and Animals: A Guide for Australia, J. Covacevich, P. Davie, J. Pearn. Queensland Museum, Brisbane 1987; 285–305
   Google Scholar
• Platnick N. I. World spider catalog, P. Merrett, H. D. Cameron. American Museum of Natural History. 2003, http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog81–87/index.html [Version 3.5]
   Google Scholar
• Isbister G. K., Gray M. R. A prospective study of 750 definite spider bites, with expert spider identification. QJM 2002; 95(11)723–731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isbister G. K. Data collection in clinical toxinology: debunking myths and developing diagnostic algorithms. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40(3)231–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isbister G. K., Gray M. R. Latrodectism: a prospective cohort study of bites by formally identified redback spiders. Med J Aust 2003; 179(2)88–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mironov S. L., Sokolov Y., Chanturiya A. N., Lishko V. K. Channels produced by spider venoms in bilayer lipid membrane: mechanisms of ion transport and toxic action. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1986; 862(1)185–198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mead H. J., Jelinek G. A. Red‐back spider bites to Perth children, 1979–1988. J Paediatr Child Health 1993; 29(4)305–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollison L., Liew D., McDermott R., Hatch F. Red‐back spider envenomation in the red centre of Australia. Med J Aust 1994; 161(11–12)701–705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland S. K., Trinca J. C. Survey of 2144 cases of red‐back spider bites: Australia and New Zealand, 1963–1976. Med J Aust 1978; 2(14)620–623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener S. Redback spider bite in Australia: an analysis of 167 cases. Med J Aust 1961; II: 44–49
   Google Scholar
• Heuts B. A., Brunt T. M. Transitive predatory relationships of spider species (Arachnida, Araneae) in laboratory tests. Behav Processes 2001; 53(1–2)57–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graudins A., Padula M., Broady K., Nicholson G. M. Red‐back spider (Latrodectus hasselti) antivenom prevents the toxicity of widow spider venoms. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37(2)154–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly F. F., Hill R. E., Bogdan G. M., Dart R. C. Neutralization of Latrodectus mactans and L. Hesperus venom by redback spider (L. hasseltii) antivenom. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001; 39(2)119–123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korszniak N. V., Story D. F. Effects of the venom of the theridiid spider, Steatoda capensis Hann, on autonomic transmission in rat isolated atria and caudal artery. Toxicon 1994; 32(1)85–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijur P. E., Latimer C. T., Gallagher E. J. Validation of a verbally administered numerical rating scale of acute pain for use in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2003; 10: 390–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar