A Simple, Safe, and Efficient Way to Treat Severe Fluoride Poisoning—Oral Calcium or Magnesium

References

• McNally W D. Four deaths caused by sodium fluoride. JAMA 1923; 81(10)811–813
   Google Scholar
• Lidbeck W L, Hill I B, Beeman J A. Acute sodium fluoride poisoning. JAMA 1943; 121: 826–827
   Google Scholar
• Simpson E, Rao L GS, Evans R M, Wilkie W, Rodger J C, Lakhan A. Calcium metabolism in a fatal case of sodium fluoride poisoning. Ann Clin Biochem 1980; 17: 10–14, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menchel S M, Dunn W A. Hydrofluoric acid poisoning. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1984; 5: 245–248, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoguerra A S, Neuman T S. Fatal poisoning from acute hydrofluoric acid ingestion. Am J Emerg Med 1986; 4: 362–363, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King R. Poisoning by hydrofluoric acid: death in 35 minutes. Trans Pathol Soc Lond 1873; 24: 98–100
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson. Medico‐legal, poisoning by hydrofluoric acid. Br Med J 1899; 2: 1145
   Google Scholar
• Curry A S. Twenty‐one uncommon cases of poisoning. Br Med J 1962; 1: 687–689
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bost R O, Springfield A. Fatal hydrofluoric acid ingestion: a suicide case report. J Anal Toxicol 1995; 19: 535–536, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greendyke R M, Hodge H C. Accidental death due to hydrofluoric acid. J Forensic Sci 1964; 9: 383–390
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan K M, Svancarek W P, Creer M. Fatality due to acute hydrofluoric acid exposure. J Toxicol, Clin Toxicol 1987; 25: 333–339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao W F, Dart R C, Kuffner E, Bogdan G. Ingestion of low concentration hydrofluoric acid: an insidious and potentially fatal poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(1)35–41, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blodgett D W, Suruda A J, Crouch B I. Fatal unintentional occupational poisonings by hydrofluoric acid in the U.S. Am J Ind Med 2001; 40(2)215–220, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke W J, Hoegg U R, Phillips R E. Systemic fluoride poisoning resulting from a fluoride skin burn. J Occup Med 1973; 15: 39–41, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayer T G, Gross P T. Fatal systemic fluorosis due to hydrofluoric acid burns. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 149–153, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Neil K, Danis D. A fatal hydrogen fluoride exposure. J Emerg Nurs 1994; 20: 451–452, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheridan R L, Ryan C M, Quinby W C, Blair J, Tompkins R G, Burke J F. Emergency management of major hydrofluoric acid exposures. Burns 1995; 21(1)62–64, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepperman P B. Case report: fatality due to acute systemic fluoride poisoning following a hydrofluoric acid skin burn. J Occup Med 1980; 22: 691–692, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Augenstein W L, Spoeke D G, Kulig K W, Hall A H, Hall P K, Riggs B S, Saadi M E, Rumack B H. Fluoride ingestion in children: a review of 87 cases. Pediatrics 1991; 88(5)907–912, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasaer A E, Scalzo A J, Blume C, Johnson P, Thompson M W. Marked hypocalcemia and ventricular fibrillation in two pediatric patients exposed to a fluoride‐containing wheel cleaner. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 28(6)713–718, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veltri J C, Litovitz T L. 1983 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 1984; 2: 420–443, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Veltri J C. 1984 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 1985; 3: 423–450, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Normann S A, Veltri J C. 1985 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 1986; 4: 427–458, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Martin T G, Schmitz B F. 1986 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 1987; 5: 405–445, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Schmitz B F, Matyunas N, Martin T G. 1987 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 1988; 6: 479–515, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Schmitz B F, Holm K C. 1988 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 1989; 7: 495–544, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Schmitz B F, Bailey K M. 1989 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 1990; 8: 394–442, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Bailey K M, Schmitz B F, Holm K C, Schwartz W K. 1990 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 1991; 9: 461–509, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Holm K C, Bailey K M, Schmitz B F. 1991 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 1992; 10: 452–505, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Holm K C, Clancy C, Schmitz B F, Clark L R, Oderda G M. 1992 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 1993; 11: 494–555, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Clark L R, Soloway R A. 1993 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 1994; 12: 446–584
   Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Felberg L, Soloway R A, Ford M, Geller R. 1994 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13: 551–597, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Felberg L, White S, Schwartz W K. 1995 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 1996; 14: 487–537, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Smilkstein M, Felberg L, Klein‐Schwartz W, Berlin R, Morgan J L. 1996 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 1997; 15(5)447–500, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Schwartz W K, Dyer K S, Shannon M, Lee S, Powers M. 1997 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 1998; 16(5)443–497, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Schwartz W K, Caravati E M, Youniss J, Crouch B, Lee S. 1998 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17(5)435–487, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Schwartz W K, White S, Cobaugh D J, Youniss J, Drab A, Benson B E. 1999 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 2000; 18(5)517–574, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Schwartz W K, White S, Cobaugh D J, Youniss J, Omslaer J C, Drab A, Benson B E. 2000 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 2001; 19(5)337–393, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz T L, Schwartz W K, Rodgers G C, Cobaugh D J, Youniss J, Omslaer J C, May M E, Drab A, Woolf A D, Benson B E. 2001 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 2002; 20(5)391–452, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stremski E S, Grande G A, Ling L J. Survival following hydrofluoric acid ingestion. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21(11)135–138
   Google Scholar
• Chan B S, Duggin G G. Survival after a massive hydrofluoric acid ingestion. J Toxicol, Clin Toxicol 1997; 35(3)307–309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su Y J.S, Lu L H, Choi W M, Chang K S. Survival after a massive hydrofluoric acid ingestion with ECG changes. Am J Emerg Med 2001; 19(5)458–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abukurah A R, Moser A M, Baird C L, Randall R E, Setter J G, Blanke R V. Acute sodium fluoride poisoning. JAMA 1972; 222: 816, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkhart K K, Brent J, Kirk M A, Baker D C, Kulig K W. Comparison of topical magnesium and calcium treatment for dermal hydrofluoric acid burns. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24(1)9–13, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney S A, Hall M, Lawrence J C, Ricketts C R. Rationale of the treatment of hydrofluoric acid burns. Br J Ind Med 1974; 31: 317–321, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bracken W M, Cuppage F, McLaury R L, Kirwin C, Klaassen C D. Comparative effective of topical treatments for hydrofluoric acid burns. J Occup Med 1985; 27(10)733–739, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heard K, Hill R E, Cairns C B, Dart R C. Calcium neutralizes fluoride bioavailability in a lethal model of fluoride poisoning. J Toxicol, Clin Toxicol 2001; 39(4)349–353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams J M, Hammad A, Cottington E C, Harchelroad F C. Intravenous magnesium in the treatment of hydrofluoric acid burns in rats. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 23(3)464–469, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox R D, Osgood K A. Evaluation of intravenous magnesium sulfate for the treatment of hydrofluoric acid burns. J Toxicol, Clin Toxicol 1994; 32(2)123–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris J C, Rumack B H, Bregman D J. Comparative efficacy of injectable calcium and magnesium salts in the therapy of hydrofluoric acid burns. Clin Toxicol 1981; 18(9)1027–1032, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar