Telomerase and Telomeres: From Basic Biology to Cancer Treatment

REFERENCES

• De Jong S., Mulder N.H., De Vries E.G.E. Mechanisms of Drug Resistance. Oxford Textbook of Oncology, R.L. Souhami, I.F. Tannock, W. Hohenberger, J.C. Horiot. 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford
   Google Scholar
• Hayflick L., Moorhead P.S. The Serial Cultivation of Human Diploid Cell Strains. Exp. Cell Res. 1961; 25: 585–621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harley C.B., Futcher A.B., Greider C.W. Telomeres Shorten During Ageing of Human Fibroblasts. Nature 1990; 345: 458–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaelin W.G., Jr. The Emerging p53 Gene Family. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91: 594–598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman D.A., Levine A.J. Regulation of the p53 Protein by the MDM2 Oncoprotein—Thirty-Eighth G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 1–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grana X., Garriga J., Mayol X. Role of the Retinoblastoma Protein Family, pRB, p107 and p130 in the Negative Control of Cell Growth. Oncogene 1998; 17: 3365–3383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown J.P., Wei W., Sedivy J.M. Bypass of Senescence After Disruption of p21CIP1/WAF1 Gene in Normal Diploid Human Fibroblasts. Science 1997; 277: 831–834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shay J.W., Wright W.E., Werbin H. Defining the Molecular Mechanisms of Human Cell Immortalization. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1991; 1072: 1–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huschtscha L.I., Holliday R. Limited and Unlimited Growth of SV40-Transformed Cells from Human Diploid MRC-5 Fibroblasts. J. Cell Sci. 1983; 63: 77–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan T.M., Reddel R.R. Telomere Dynamics and Telomerase Activity in In Vitro Immortalised Human Cells. Eur. J. Cancer 1997; 33: 767–773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura T.M., Cech T.R. Reversing Time: Origin of Telomerase. Cell 1998; 92: 587–590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodnar A.G., Ouellette M., Frolkis M., Holt S.E., Chiu C.P., Morin G.B., Harley C.B., Shay J.W., Lichtsteiner S., Wright W.E. Extension of Life-Span by Introduction of Telomerase into Normal Human Cells. Science 1998; 279: 349–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama J., Tahara H., Tahara E., Saito M., Ito K., Nakamura H., Nakanishi T., Tahara E., Ide T., Ishikawa F. Telomerase Activation by hTRT in Human Normal Fibroblasts and Hepatocellular Carcinomas. Nat. Genet. 1998; 18: 65–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beattie T.L., Zhou W., Robinson M.O., Harrington L. Reconstitution of Human Telomerase Activity In Vitro. Curr. Biol. 1998; 8: 177–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinrich S.L., Pruzan R., Ma L., Ouellette M., Tesmer V.M., Holt S.E., Bodnar A.G., Lichtsteiner S., Kim N.W., Trager J.B., Taylor R.D., Carlos R., Andrews W.H., Wright W.E., Shay J.W., Harley C.B., Morin G.B. Reconstitution of Human Telomerase with the Template RNA Component hTR and the Catalytic Protein Subunit hTRT. Nat. Genet. 1997; 17: 498–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counter C.M., Meyerson M., Eaton E.N., Ellisen L.W., Caddle S.D., Haber D.A., Weinberg R.A. Telomerase Activity Is Restored in Human Cells by Ectopic Expression of hTERT (hEST2), the Catalytic Subunit of Telomerase. Oncogene 1998; 16: 1217–1222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng J., Funk W.D., Wang S.S., Weinrich S.L., Avilion A.A., Chiu C.P., Adams R.R., Chang E., Allsopp R.C., Yu J., Le S., West M.D., Harley C.B., Andrew W.H., Greider C.W., Villeponteau B. The RNA Component of Human Telomerase. Science 1995; 269: 1236–1241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura T.M., Morin G.B., Chapman K.B., Weinrich S.L., Andrews W.H., Lingner J., Harley C.B., Cech T.R. Telomerase Catalytic Subunit Homologs from Fission Yeast and Human. Science 1997; 277: 955–959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyerson M., Counter C.M., Eaton E.N., Ellisen L.W., Steiner P., Caddle S.D., Ziaugra L., Beijersbergen R.L., Davidoff M.J., Liu Q., Bacchetti S., Haber D.A., Weinberg R.A. hEST2, the Putative Human Telomerase Catalytic Subunit Gene, Is Up-regulated in Tumor Cells and During Immortalization. Cell 1997; 90: 785–795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilian A., Bowtell D.D., Abud H.E., Hime G.R., Venter D.J., Keese P.K., Duncan E.L., Reddel R.R., Jefferson R.A. Isolation of a Candidate Human Telomerase Catalytic Subunit Gene, Which Reveals Complex Splicing Patterns in Different Cell Types. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1997; 6: 2011–2019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington L., McPhail T., Mar V., Zhou W., Oulton R., Bass M.B., Arruda I., Robinson M.O. A Mammalian Telomerase-Associated Protein. Science 1997; 275: 973–977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent C.I., Lundblad V. The Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase: Components and Regulation. Genes Dev. 1998; 12: 1073–1085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J.L., Blasco M.A., Greider C.W. Secondary Structure of Vertebrate Telomerase RNA. Cell 2000; 100: 503–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilley D., Blackburn E.H. The Telomerase RNA Pseudoknot Is Critical for the Stable Assembly of a Catalytically Active Ribonucleoprotein. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1999; 96: 6621–6625
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Autexier C., Pruzan R., Funk W.D., Greider C.W. Reconstitution of Human Telomerase Activity and Identification of a Minimal Functional Region of the Human Telomerase RNA. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 5928–5935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn W.C., Stewart S.A., Brooks M.W., York S.G., Eaton E., Kurachi A., Beijersbergen R.L., Knoll J.H., Meyerson M., Weinberg R.A. Inhibition of Telomerase Limits the Growth of Human Cancer Cells. Nat. Med. 1999; 5: 1164–1170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales C.P., Holt S.E., Ouellette M., Kaur K.J., Yan Y., Wilson K.S., White M.A., Wright W.E., Shay J.W. Absence of Cancer-Associated Changes In Human Fibroblasts Immortalized with Telomerase. Nat. Genet. 1999; 21: 115–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang X.R., Jimenez G., Chang E., Frolkis M., Kusler B., Sage M., Beeche M., Bodnar A.G., Wahl G.M., Tlsty T.D., Chiu C.P. Telomerase Expression in Human Somatic Cells Does not Induce Changes Associated with a Transformed Phenotype. Nat. Genet. 1999; 21: 111–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi L., Collins K. Interaction of Recombinant Tetrahymena Telomerase Proteins p80 and p95 with Telomerase RNA and Telomeric DNA Substrates. Genes Dev. 1998; 12: 721–733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama J., Saito M., Nakamura H., Matsuura A., Ishikawa F. TLP1: A Gene Encoding a Protein Component of Mammalian Telomerase is a Novel Member of WD Repeats Family. Cell 1997; 88: 875–884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu J., Toft D.O., Seeger C. Hepadnavirus Assembly and Reverse Transcription Require a Multi-Component Chaperone Complex Which is Incorporated into Nucleocapsids. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 59–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt S.E., Aisner D.L., Baur J., Tesmer V.M., Dy M., Ouellette M., Trager J.B., Morin G.B., Toft D.O., Shay J.W., Wright W.E., White M.A. Functional Requirement of p23 and Hsp90 in Telomerase Complexes. Genes Dev. 1999; 13: 817–826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiss N.S., Bachner D., Salowsky R., Kolb A., Kioschis P., Poustka A. Gene Structure and Expression of the Mouse Dyskeratosis Congenita Gene, dkc1. Genomics 2000; 67: 153–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafontaine D.L.J., Bousquet-Antonelli C., Henry Y., Caizergues-Ferrer M., Tollervey D. The Box H+ACA snoRNAs Carry Cbf5p, the Putative rRNA Pseudouridine Synthase. Genes Dev. 1998; 12: 527–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell J.R., Wood E., Collins K. A Telomerase Component Is Defective in the Human Disease Dyskeratosis Congenita. Nature 1999; 402: 551–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragon F., Pogacic V., Filipowicz W. In Vitro Assembly of Human H/ACA Small Nucleolar RNPs Reveals Unique Features of U17 and Telomerase RNAs. Mol. Cell Biol. 2000; 20: 3037–3048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diede S.J., Gottschling D.E. Telomerase-Mediated Telomere Addition In Vivo Requires DNA Primase and DNA Polymerases Alpha and Delta. Cell 1999; 99: 723–733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams M.A., Dionne I., Wellinger R.J., Holm C. The Function of DNA Polymerase Alpha at Telomeric G Tails is Important for Telomere Homeostasis. Mol. Cell Biol. 2000; 20: 786–796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi A., Stansel R.M., Fairall L., Griffith J.D., Rhodes D., de Lange T. TRF1 Binds a Bipartite Telomeric Site with Extreme Spatial Flexibility. EMBO J. 1999; 18: 5735–5744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay S.J., Cooke H. hnRNP A2/B1 Binds Specifically to Single Stranded Vertebrate Telomeric Repeat TTAGGGn. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992; 20: 6461–6464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa F., Matunis M.J., Dreyfuss G., Cech T.R. Nuclear Proteins That Bind the Pre-mRNA 3′ Splice Site Sequence r(UUAG/G) and the Human Telomeric DNA Sequence d(TTAGGG)n. Mol. Cell Biol. 1993; 13: 4301–4310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding J., Hayashi M.K., Zhang Y., Manche L., Krainer A.R., Xu R.M. Crystal Structure of the Two-RRM Domain of hnRNP A1 (UP1) Complexed with Single-Stranded Telomeric DNA. Genes Dev. 1999; 13: 1102–1115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaBranche H., Dupuis S., Ben David Y., Bani M.R., Wellinger R.J., Chabot B. Telomere Elongation by hnRNP A1 and a Derivative That Interacts with Telomeric Repeats and Telomerase. Nat. Genet. 1998; 19: 199–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong L., van Steensel B., Broccoli D., Erdjument B.H., Hanish J., Tempst P., de Lange T. A Human Telomeric Protein. Science 1995; 270: 1663–1667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilaud T., Brun C., Ancelin K., Koering C.E., Laroche T., Gilson E. Telomeric Localization of TRF2, a Novel Human Telobox Protein. Nat. Genet. 1997; 17: 236–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broccoli D., Smogorzewska A., Chong L., de Lange T. Human Telomeres Contain Two Distinct Myb-Related Proteins, TRF1 and TRF2. Nat. Genet. 1997; 17: 231–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi A., Smith S., Chong L., Elias P., de Lange T. TRF1 is a Dimer and Bends Telomeric DNA. EMBO J. 1997; 16: 1785–1794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith J., Bianchi A., de Lange T. TRF1 Promotes Parallel Pairing of Telomeric Tracts In Vitro. J. Mol. Biol. 1998; 278: 79–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Steensel B., de Lange T. Control of Telomere Length by the Human Telomeric Protein TRF1. Nature 1997; 385: 740–743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Steensel B., Smogorzewska A., de Lange T. TRF2 Protects Human Telomeres from End-to-End Fusions. Cell 1998; 92: 401–413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith S., Giriat I., Schmitt A., de Lange T. Tankyrase, a Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase at Human Telomeres. Science 1998; 282: 1484–1487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith S., de Lange T. Tankyrase Promotes Telomere Elongation in Human Cells. Curr. Biol. 2000; 10: 1299–1302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S.H., Kaminker P., Campisi J. TIN2, a New Regulator of Telomere Length in Human Cells. Nat. Genet. 1999; 23: 405–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith J.D., Comeau L., Rosenfield S., Stansel R.M., Bianchi A., Moss H., de Lange T. Mammalian Telomeres End in a Large Duplex Loop. Cell 1999; 97: 503–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionne I., Wellinger R.J. Processing of Telomeric DNA Ends Requires the Passage of a Replication Fork. Nucleic Acids Res. 1998; 26: 5365–5371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havlir D.V., Lange J.M. New Antiretrovirals and New Combinations. AIDS 1998; 12 (Supp. A): S165–S174
   Google Scholar
• Helder M.N., de Jong S., de Vries E.G.E., van der Zee A.G.J. Telomerase Targeting in Cancer Treatment: New Developments. Drug Resistance Updates 1999; 2: 104–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivero O.A., Poirier M.C. Preferential Incorporation of 3′-Azido-2′,3′-Dideoxythymidine into Telomeric DNA and Z-DNA-Containing Regions of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Mol. Carcinog. 1993; 8: 81–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltz L., Moran R., Elsawy O., Sadler J., Jurgenson J. The Effects of Telomerase Inhibitors on Lymphocyte Function. Anticancer Res. 1999; 19: 3205–3211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackey J.R., Baldwin S.A., Young J.D., Cass C.E. Nucleoside Transport and Its Significance for Anticancer Drug Resistance. Drug Resistance Updates 1998; 1: 310–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PastorAnglada M., Felipe A., Casado F.J. Transport and Mode of Action of Nucleoside Derivatives used in Chemical and Antiviral Therapies. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1998; 19: 424–430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peter K., Gambertoglio J.G. Intracellular Phosphorylation of Zidovudine (ZDV) and Other Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (RTI) Used for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection. Pharm. Res. 1998; 15: 819–825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arts E.J., QuinonesMateu M.E., Albright J.L. Mechanisms of Clinical Resistance by HIV-I Variants to Zidovudine and the Paradox of Reverse Transcriptase Sensitivity. Drug Resistance Updates 1998; 1: 21–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichman T.W., Albanell J., Wang X., Moore M.A., Studzinski G.P. Downregulation of Telomerase Activity in HL60 Cells by Differentiating Agents Is Accompanied by Increased Expression of Telomerase-Associated Protein. J. Cell Biochem. 1997; 67: 13–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu D., Gruber A., Peterson C., Pisa P. Supression of Telomerase Activity in HL60 Cells After Treatment with Differentiating Agents. Leukemia 1996; 10: 1354–1357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albanell J., Han W., Mellado B., Gunawardane R., Scher H.I., Dmitrovsky E., Moore M.A. Telomerase Activity Is Repressed During Differentiation of Maturation-Sensitive But Not Resistant Human Tumor Cell Lines. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 1503–1508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi S., Kang H., Im E., Kim Y.J., Bae Y.T., Choi Y.H., Lee K.H., Chung H., Chang H., Kim N.D. Inhibition of Cell Growth and Telomerase Activity of Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro by Retinoic Acids. Int. J. Oncol. 2000; 17: 971–976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller W.H., Jr. The Emerging Role of Retinoids and Retinoic Acid Metabolism Blocking Agents in the Treatment of Cancer. Cancer 1998; 83: 1471–1482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J.Q., Hoare S.F., McFarlane R., Muir S., Parkinson E.K., Black D.M., Keith W.N. Cloning and Characterization of Human and Mouse Telomerase RNA Gene Promoter Sequences. Oncogene 1998; 16: 1345–1350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cong Y.S., Wen J., Bacchetti S. The Human Telomerase Catalytic Subunit hTERT: Organization of the Gene and Characterization of the Promoter. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999; 8: 137–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horikawa I., Cable P.L., Afshari C., Barrett J.C. Cloning and Characterization of the Promoter Region of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Gene. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 826–830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takakura M., Kyo S., Kanaya T., Hirano H., Takeda J., Yutsudo M., Inoue M. Cloning of Human Telomerase Catalytic Subunit (hTERT) Gene Promoter and Identification of Proximal Core Promoter Sequences Essential for Transcriptional Activation in Immortalized and Cancer Cells. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 551–557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wick M., Zubov D., Hagen G. Genomic Organization and Promoter Characterization of the Gene Encoding the Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT). Gene 1999; 232: 97–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessain S.K., Yu H., Reddel R.R., Beijersbergen R.L., Weinberg R.A. Methylation of the Human Telomerase Gene CpG Island. Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 537–541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devereux T.R., Horikawa I., Anna C.H., Annab L.A., Afshari C.A., Barrett J.C. DNA Methylation Analysis of the Promoter Region of the Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) Gene. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 6087–6090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanaya T., Kyo S., Hamada K., Takakura M., Kitagawa Y., Harada H., Inoue M. Adenoviral Expression of p53 Represses Telomerase Activity Through Down-regulation of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Transcription. Clin. Cancer Res. 2000; 6: 1239–1247
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujimoto K., Takahashi M. Telomerase Activity in Human Leukemic Cell Lines Is Inhibited by Antisense Pentadecadeoxynucleotides Targeted Against c-myc mRNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997; 241: 775–781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg R.A., O'Hagan R.C., Deng H., Xiao Q., Hann S.R., Adams R.R., Lichtsteiner S., Chin L., Morin G.B., DePinho R.A. Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Gene Is a Direct Target of c-Myc but Is Not Functionally Equivalent in Cellular Transformation. Oncogene 1999; 18: 1219–1226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J., Xie L.Y., Allan S., Beach D., Hannon G.J. Myc Activates Telomerase. Genes Dev. 1998; 12: 1769–1774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyo S., Takakura M., Taira T., Kanaya T., Itoh H., Yutsudo M., Ariga H., Inoue M. Sp1 Cooperates with c-Myc to Activate Transcription of the Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Gene (hTERT). Nucleic Acids Res. 2000; 28: 669–677
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oh S., Song Y.H., Yim J., Kim T.K. Identification of Mad As a Repressor of the Human Telomerase (hTERT) Gene. Oncogene 2000; 19: 1485–1490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunes C., Lichtsteiner S., Vasserot A.P., Englert C. Expression of the hTERT Gene Is Regulated at the Level of Transcriptional Initiation and Repressed by Mad1. Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 2116–2121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyo S., Takakura M., Kanaya T., Zhuo W., Fujimoto K., Nishio Y., Orimo A., Inoue M. Estrogen Activates Telomerase. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 5917–5921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldous W.K., Marean A.J., DeHart M.J., Matej L.A., Moore K.H. Effects of Tamoxifen on Telomerase Activity in Breast Carcinoma Cell Lines. Cancer 1999; 85: 1523–1529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins J., De Vries E.G., Mulder N.H. Antisense of Oligonucleotides and the Inhibition of Oncogene Expression. Clin. Oncol. (R. Coll. Radiol.) 1993; 5: 245–252
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kondo S., Tanaka Y., Kondo Y., Hitomi M., Barnett G.H., Ishizaka Y., Liu J., Haqqi T., Nishiyama A., Villeponteau B., Cowell J.K., Barna B.P. Antisense Telomerase Treatment: Induction of Two Distinct Pathways, Apoptosis and Differentiation. FASEB J. 1998; 12: 801–811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo Y., Kondo S., Tanaka Y., Haqqi T., Barna B.P., Cowell J.K. Inhibition of Telomerase Increases the Susceptibility of Human Malignant Glioblastoma Cells to Cisplatin-Induced Apoptosis. Oncogene 1998; 16: 2243–2248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisoffi M., Chakerian A.E., Fore M.L., Bryant J.E., Hernandez J.P., Moyzis R.K., Griffith J.K. Inhibition of Human Telomerase by a Retrovirus Expressing Telomeric Antisense RNA. Eur. J. Cancer 1998; 34: 1242–1249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naka K., Yokozaki H., Yasui W., Tahara H., Tahara E., Tahara E. Effect of Antisense Human Telomerase RNA Transfection on the Growth of Human Gastric Cancer Cell Lines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1999; 255: 753–758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrence P.F., Maitra R.K., Lesiak K., Khamnei S., Zhou A., Silverman R.H. Targeting RNA for Degradation with a (2′-5′)Oligoadenylate-Antisense Chimera. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 1300–1304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitts A.E., Corey D.R. Inhibition of Human Telomerase by 2′-O-Methyl-RNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1998; 95: 11549–11554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton J.C., Piatyszek M.A., Wright W.E., Shay J.W., Corey D.R. Inhibition of Human Telomerase Activity by Peptide Nucleic Acids. Nat. Biotechnol. 1996; 14: 615–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton S.E., Simmons C.G., Kathiriya I.S., Corey D.R. Cellular Delivery of Peptide Nucleic Acids and Inhibition of Human Telomerase. Chem. Biol. 1999; 6: 343–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao M., Miyano K.N., Takai K., Takaku H. Specific Inhibition of Human Telomerase Activity by Transfection Reagent, FuGENE6-Antisense Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotide Complex in HeLa Cells. FEBS Lett. 1999; 454: 312–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glukhov A.I., Zimnik O.V., Gordeev S.A., Severin S.E. Inhibition of Telomerase Activity of Melanoma Cells In Vitro by Antisense Oligonucleotides. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 248: 368–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanazawa Y., Ohkawa K., Ueda K., Mita E., Takehara T., Sasaki Y., Kasahara A., Hayashi N. Hammerhead Ribozyme-Mediated Inhibition of Telomerase Activity in Extracts of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996; 225: 570–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mata J.E., Joshi S.S., Palen B., Pirruccello S.J., Jackson J.D., Elias N., Page T.J., Medlin K.L., Iversen P.L. A Hexameric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotide Telomerase Inhibitor Arrests Growth of Burkitt's Lymphoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997; 144: 189–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton S.E., Pitts A.E., Katipally R.R., Jia X., Rutter J.P., Davies B.A., Shay J.W., Wright W.E., Corey D.R. Identification of Determinants for Inhibitor Binding Within the RNA Active Site of Human Telomerase using PNA Scanning. Biochemistry 1997; 36: 11873–11880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthes E., Lehmann C. Telomerase Protein Rather Than Its RNA Is the Target of Phosphorothioate-Modified Oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999; 27: 1152–1158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faruqi A.F., Egholm M., Glazer P.M. Peptide Nucleic Acid-Targeted Mutagenesis of a Chromosomal Gene in Mouse Cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1998; 95: 1398–1403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons C.G., Pitts A.E., Mayfield L.D., Shay J.W., Corey D.R. Synthesis and Membrane Permeability of PNA–Peptide Conjugates. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1997; 7: 3001–3006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pooga M., Soomets U., Hallbrink M., Valkna A., Saar K., Rezaei K., Kahl U., Hao J.X., Xu X.J., Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z., Hokfelt T., Bartfai T., Langel U. Cell Penetrating PNA Constructs Regulate Galanin Receptor Levels and Modify Pain Transmission In Vivo. Nat. Biotechnol. 1998; 16: 857–861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert B., Pitts A.E., Baker S.I., Hamilton S.E., Wright W.E., Shay J.W., Corey D.R. Inhibition of Human Telomerase in Immortal Human Cells Leads to Progressive Telomere Shortening and Cell Death. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1999; 96: 14276–14281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo S., Kondo Y., Li G., Silverman R.H., Cowell J.K. Targeted Therapy of Human Malignant Glioma in a Mouse Model by 2-5A Antisense Directed Against Telomerase RNA. Oncogene 1998; 16: 3323–3330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo Y., Koga S., Komata T., Kondo S. Treatment of Prostate Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo with 2-5A-Anti-Telomerase RNA Component. Oncogene 2000; 19: 2205–2211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushner D.M., Paranjape J.M., Bandyopadhyay B., Cramer H., Leaman D.W., Kennedy A.W., Silverman R.H., Cowell J.K. 2-5A Antisense Directed Against Telomerase RNA Produces Apoptosis in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Gynecol. Oncol. 2000; 76: 183–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu H., Fu W., Mattson M.P. The Catalytic Subunit of Telomerase Protects Neurons Against Amyloid Beta-Peptide-Induced Apoptosis. J. Neurochem. 2000; 75: 117–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu W., Killen M., Culmsee C., Dhar S., Pandita T.K., Mattson M.P. The Catalytic Subunit of Telomerase is Expressed in Developing Brain Neurons and Serves a Cell Survival-Promoting Function. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2000; 14: 3–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang S.S., Kwon T., Kwon D.Y., Do S.I. Akt Protein Kinase Enhances Human Telomerase Activity Through Phosphorylation of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 13085–13090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H., Zhao L., Yang Z., Funder J.W., Liu J.P. Telomerase is Controlled by Protein Kinase C Alpha in Human Breast Cancer Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 33436–33442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rha S.Y., Izbicka E., Lawrence R., Davidson K., Sun D., Moyer M.P., Roodman G.D., Hurley L., Von Hoff D. Effect of Telomere and Telomerase Interactive Agents on Human Tumor and Normal Cell Lines. Clin. Cancer Res. 2000; 6: 987–993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izbicka E., Nishioka D., Marcell V., Raymond E., Davidson K.K., Lawrence R.A., Wheelhouse R.T., Hurley L.H., Wu R.S., Von Hoff D.D. Telomere-Interactive Agents Affect Proliferation Rates and Induce Chromosomal Destabilization in Sea Urchin Embryos. Anticancer Drug Des. 1999; 14: 355–365
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Izbicka E., Wheelhouse R.T., Raymond E., Davidson K.K., Lawrence R.A., Sun D., Windle B.E., Hurley L.H., Von Hoff D.D. Effects of Cationic Porphyrins as G-quadruplex Interactive Agents in Human Tumor Cells. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 639–644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han H., Bennett R.J., Hurley L.H. Inhibition of Unwinding of G-quadruplex Structures by Sgs1 Helicase in the Presence of N,N(-bis[2-(1-Piperidino)ethyl]-3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic Diimide, a G-quadruplex-Interactive Ligand. Biochemistry 2000; 39: 9311–9316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedoroff O.Y., Salazar M., Han H., Chemeris V.V., Kerwin S.M., Hurley L.H. NMR-Based Model of a Telomerase-Inhibiting Compound Bound to G-quadruplex DNA. Biochemistry 1998; 37: 12367–12374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumdar A.S., Hughes D.E., Lichtsteiner S., Morin G., Chiu C.P., Lebkowski J.S., Vasserot A.P. HSV-TK ‘Suicide’ Gene Therapy Using Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) Promoter. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res.(AACR) 2000; 41(#2406)379
   Google Scholar
• Vonderheide R.H., Hahn W.C., Schultze J.L., Nadler L.M. The Telomerase Catalytic Subunit Is a Widely Expressed Tumor-Associated Antigen Recognized by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Immunity 1999; 10: 673–679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minev B., Hipp J., Firat H., Schmidt J.D., Langlade-Demoyen P., Zanetti M. Cytotoxic T Cell Immunity Against Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in Humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2000; 97: 4796–4801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair S.K., Heiser A., Boczkowski D., Majumdar A., Naoe M., Lebkowski J.S., Vieweg J., Gilboa E. Induction of Cytotoxic T Cell Responses and Tumor Immunity Against Unrelated Tumors Using Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase RNA Transfected Dendritic Cells. Nat. Med. 2000; 6: 1011–1017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim N.W., Piatyszek M.A., Prowse K.R., Harley C.B., West M.D., Ho P.L., Coviello G.M., Wright W.E., Weinrich S.L., Shay J.W. Specific Association of Human Telomerase Activity with Immortal Cells and Cancer. Science 1994; 266: 2011–2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin G.B. Is Telomerase a Universal Cancer Target?. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 1995; 87: 859–861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shay J.W., Bacchetti S. A Survey of Telomerase Activity in Human Cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 1997; 33: 787–791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broccoli D., Young J.W., de Lange T. Telomerase Activity in Normal and Malignant Hematopoietic Cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1995; 92: 9082–9086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counter C.M., Gupta J., Harley C.B., Leber B., Bacchetti S. Telomerase Activity in Normal Leukocytes and In Hematologic Malignancies. Blood 1995; 85: 2315–2320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez R.D., Wright W.E., Shay J.W., Taylor R.S. Telomerase Activity Concentrates in the Mitotically Active Segments of Human Hair Follicles. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1997; 108: 113–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harle B.C., Boukamp P. Telomerase Activity in the Regenerative Basal Layer of the Epidermis in Human Skin and in Immortal and Carcinoma-Derived Skin Keratinocytes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1996; 93: 6476–6481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasumoto S., Kunimura C., Kikuchi K., Tahara H., Ohji H., Yamamoto H., Ide T., Utakoji T. Telomerase Activity in Normal Human Epithelial Cells. Oncogene 1996; 13: 433–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyo S., Takakura M., Kohama T., Inoue M. Telomerase Activity in Human Endometrium. Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 610–614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimi N., Ino N., Suzui M., Hara A., Nakatani K., Sato S., Mori H. Telomerase Activity of Normal Tissues and Neoplasms in Rat Colon Carcinogenesis Induced by Methylazoxymethanol Acetate and Its Difference from That of Human Colonic Tissues. Mol. Carcinog. 1996; 16: 1–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolthers K.C., Bea G., Wisman A., Otto S.A., Roda-Husman A.M., Schaft N., de Wolf F., Goudsmit J., Coutinho R.A., van der Zee A.G., Meyaard L., Miedema F. T Cell Telomere Length in HIV-1 Infection: No Evidence for Increased CD4+ T Cell Turnover. Science 1996; 274: 1543–1547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shay J.W., Werbin H., Wright W.E. Telomere Shortening May Contribute to Aging and Cancer: a Perspective. Mol. Cell Diff. 1994; 2: 1–21
   Google Scholar
• Autexier C., Greider C.W. Telomerase and Cancer: Revisiting the Telomere Hypothesis. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1996; 21: 387–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipling D. Telomerase: Immortality Enzyme or Oncogene?. Nat. Genet. 1995; 9: 104–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond E., Sun D., Chen S.F., Windle B., Von Hoff D.D. Agents that Target Telomerase and Telomeres. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 1996; 7: 583–591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boral A.L., Dessain S., Chabner B.A. Clinical Evaluation of Biologically Targeted Drugs: Obstacles and Opportunities. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1998; 42: S3–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar