DNA Topoisomerase II as a Target for Cancer Chemotherapy

REFERENCES

• Wang J.C. DNA Topoisomerases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1996; 65: 635–692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitiss J.L. Investigating the Biological Functions of DNA Topoisomerases in Eukaryotic Cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1400: 63–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osheroff N. DNA Topoisomerases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1400: 1–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champoux J.J. Domains of Human Topoisomerase I and Associated Functions. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 1998; 60: 111–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J.C. Moving One DNA Double Helix through Another by a Type II DNA Topoisomerase: The Story of a Simple Molecular Machine. Q. Rev. Biophys. 1998; 31: 107–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pommier Y., Pourquier P., Fan Y., Strumberg D. Mechanism of Action of Eukaryotic DNA Topoisomerase I and Drugs Targeted to the Enzyme. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1400: 83–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hande K.R. Clinical Applications of Anticancer Drugs Targeted to Topoisomerase II. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1400: 173–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hande K.R. Clinical Applications of Anticancer Drugs Targeted to Topoisomerase II. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1400: 173–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann S.H., Gore S.D., Miller C.B., Jones R.J., Zwelling L.A., Schneider E., Burke P.J., Karp J.E. Topoisomerase II and the Response to Antileukemic Therapy. Leuk. Lymphoma 1998; 29: 217–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felix C.A. Secondary Leukemias Induced by Topoisomerase-Targeted Drugs. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1400: 233–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortune J.M., Osheroff N. Topoisomerase II as a Target for Anticancer Drugs: When Enzymes Stop being Nice. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 2000; 64: 221–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingemans A.M., Pinedo H.M., Giaccone G. Clinical Resistance to Topoisomerase-Targeted Drugs. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1400: 275–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newport J., Spann T. Disassembly of the Nucleus in Mitotic Extracts: Membrane Vesicularization, Lamin Disassembly, and Chromosome Condensation Are Independent Processes. Cell 1987; 48: 219–230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm C., Goto T., Wang J.C., Botstein D. DNA Topoisomerase II Is Required at the Time of Mitosis in Yeast. Cell 1985; 41: 553–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uemura T., Ohkura H., Adachi Y., Morino K., Shiozaki K., Yanagida M. DNA Topoisomerase II Is Required for Condensation and Separation of Mitotic Chromosomes in S. pombe. Cell 1987; 50: 917–925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake F.H., Zimmerman J.P., McCabe F.L., Bartus H.F., Per S.R., Sullivan D.M., Ross W.E., Mattern M.R., Johnson R.K., Crooke S.T. Purification of Topoisomerase II from Amsacrine-Resistant P388 Leukemia Cells. Evidence for Two Forms of the Enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 16739–16747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin C.A., Marsh K.L. Eukaryotic DNA Topoisomerase II Beta. Bioessays 1998; 20: 215–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck M.M., Earnshaw W.C. Topoisomerase II: A Specific Marker for Cell Proliferation. J. Cell. Biol. 1986; 103: 2569–2581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiang Y.H., Wu H.Y., Liu L.F. Proliferation-Dependent Regulation of DNA Topoisomerase II in Cultured Human Cells. Cancer Res. 1988; 48: 3230–3235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacs R.J., Harris A.L., Hickson I.D. Regulation of the Human Topoisomerase II Alpha Gene Promoter in Confluence-Arrested Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 16741–16747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacs R.J., Davies S.L., Sandri M.I., Redwood C., Wells N.J., Hickson I.D. Physiological Regulation of Eukaryotic Topoisomerase II. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1400: 121–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M., Beck W.T. DNA Topoisomerase II Expression, Stability, and Phosphorylation in Two VM-26-Resistant Human Leukemic CEM Sublines. Oncol. Res. 1995; 7: 103–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X., Li W., Prescott E.D., Burden S.J., Wang J.C. DNA Topoisomerase II Beta and Neural Development. Science 2000; 287: 131–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank K.M., Sekiguchi J.M., Seidl K.J., Swat W., Rathbun G.A., Cheng H.L., Davidson L., Kangaloo L., Alt F.W. Late Embryonic Lethality and Impaired V(D)J Recombination in Mice Lacking DNA Ligase IV. Nature 1998; 396: 173–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitiss J.L., Liu Y.X., Harbury P., Jannatipour M., Wasserman R., Wang J.C. Amsacrine and Etoposide Hypersensitivity of Yeast Cells Overexpressing DNA Topoisomerase II. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 4467–4472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson M.J., Osheroff N. Stabilization of the Topoisomerase II–DNA Cleavage Complex by Antineoplastic Drugs: Inhibition of Enzyme-Mediated DNA Religation by 4′-(9-Acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide. Biochemistry 1990; 29: 2511–2515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson M.J., Osheroff N. Effects of Antineoplastic Drugs on the Post-strand-Passage DNA Cleavage/Religation Equilibrium of Topoisomerase II. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 1807–1813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cline S.D., Macdonald T.L., Osheroff N. Azatoxin Is a Mechanistic Hybrid of the Topoisomerase II-Targeted Anticancer Drugs Etoposide and Ellipticine. Biochemistry 1997; 36: 13095–13101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger J.M., Gamblin S.J., Harrison S.C., Wang J.C. Structure and Mechanism of DNA Topoisomerase II [Published Erratum appears in Nature, 1996 March 14;380(6570):179]. Nature 1996; 379: 225–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dereuddre S., Frey S., Delaporte C., Jacquemin-Sablon A. Cloning and Characterization of Full-length cDNAs Coding for the DNA Topoisomerase II Beta from Chinese Hamster Lung Cells Sensitive and Resistant 9-OH-Ellipticine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1995; 1264: 178–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dereuddre S., Delaporte C., Jacquemin-Sablon A. Role of Topoisomerase II Beta in the Resistance of 9-OH-Ellipticine-Resistant Chinese Hamster Fibroblasts to Topoisomerase II Inhibitors. Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 4301–4308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Errington F., Willmore E., Tilby M.J., Li L., Li G., Li W., Baguley B.C., Austin C.A. Murine Transgenic Cells Lacking DNA Topoisomerase IIβ Are Resistant to Acridines and Mitoxantrone: Analysis of Cytotoxicity and Cleavable Complex Formation. Mol. Pharmacol. 1999; 56: 1309–1316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houlbrook S., Addison C.M., Davies S.L., et al. Relationship Between Expression of Topoisomerase II Isoforms and Intrinsic Sensitivity to Topoisomerase II Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Br. J. Cancer 1995; 72: 1454–1461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao H., Huang K.C., Yamasaki E.F., Chan K.K., Chohan L., Snapka R.M. XK469, a Selective Topoisomerase IIbeta Poison. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1999; 96: 12168–12173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiang Y.H., Lihou M.G., Liu L.F. Arrest of Replication Forks by Drug-Stabilized Topoisomerase I-DNA Cleavable Complexes as a Mechanism of Cell Killing by Camptothecin. Cancer Res. 1989; 49: 5077–5082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Arpa P., Beardmore C., Liu L.F. Involvement of Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Cell Killing Mechanisms of Topoisomerase Poisons. Cancer Res. 1990; 50: 6919–6924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L.F., D'Arpa P. Topoisomerase-Targeting Antitumor Drugs: Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity and Resistance. Important Adv. Oncol. 1992; 79–89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avemann K., Knippers R., Koller T., Sogo J.M. Camptothecin, a Specific Inhibitor of Type I DNA Topoisomerase, Induces DNA Breakage at Replication Forks. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1988; 8: 3026–3034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao Y.P., Russo A., Nyamuswa G., Silber R., Liu L.F. Interaction Between Replication Forks and Topoisomerase I–DNA Cleavable Complexes: Studies in a Cell-Free SV40 DNA Replication System. Cancer Res. 1993; 53: 5908–5914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J., Liu L.F. Processing of Topoisomerase I Cleavable Complexes into DNA Damage by Transcription. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25: 4181–4186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estey E., Adlakha R.C., Hittelman W.N., Zwelling L.A. Cell Cycle Stage Dependent Variations in Drug-Induced Topoisomerase II Mediated DNA Cleavage and Cytotoxicity. Biochemistry 1987; 26: 4338–4344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm C., Covey J.M., Kerrigan D., Pommier Y. Differential Requirement of DNA Replication for the Cytotoxicity of DNA Topoisomerase I and II Inhibitors in Chinese Hamster DC3F Cells. Cancer Res. 1989; 49: 6365–6368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitiss J.L., Wang J.C. Mechanisms of Cell Killing by Drugs that Trap Covalent Complexes Between DNA Topoisomerases and DNA. Mol. Pharmacol. 1996; 50: 1095–1102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiasa H., Yousef D.O., Marians K.J. DNA Strand Cleavage Is Required for Replication Fork Arrest by a Frozen Topoisomerase–Quinolone–DNA Ternary Complex. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 26424–26429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong G., Kreuzer K.N. An Antitumor Drug-Induced Topoisomerase Cleavage Complex Blocks a Bacteriophage T4 Replication Fork In Vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2000; 20: 594–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouliot J.J., Yao K.C., Robertson C.A., Nash H.A. Yeast Gene for a Tyr-DNA Phosphodiesterase That Repairs Topoisomerase I Complexes. Science 1999; 286: 552–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin S., Inoue S., Weaver D.T. Differential Etoposide Sensitivity of Cells Deficient in the Ku and DNA-PKcs Components of the DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19: 965–971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson W.G., Kastan M.B. DNA Strand Breaks: the DNA Template Alterations That Trigger p53-Dependent DNA Damage Response Pathways. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1994; 14: 1815–1823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan S., Capasso H., Walworth N.C. The Topoisomerase I Poison Camptothecin Generates a Chk1-Dependent DNA Damage Checkpoint Signal in Fission Yeast. Yeast 1999; 15: 821–828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potmesil M., Hsiang Y.H., Liu L.F., Wu H.Y., Traganos F., Bank B., Silber R. DNA Topoisomerase II as a Potential Factor in Drug Resistance of Human Malignancies. Natl Cancer Inst. Monogr. 1987; 105–109
   Google Scholar
• Nitiss J.L., Beck W.T. Antitopoisomerase Drug Action and Resistance. Eur. J. Cancer 1996; 32A: 958–966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asano T., An T., Zwelling L.A., Takano H., Fojo A.T., Kleinerman E.S. Transfection of a Human Topoisomerase II Alpha Gene into Etoposide-Resistant Human Breast Tumor Cells Sensitizes the Cells to Etoposide. Oncol. Res. 1996; 8: 101–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson J.P., Goldenberg G.J. Induction of Apoptosis by Deregulated Expression of DNA Topoisomerase IIα. Cancer Res. 1998; 58: 4519–4524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khelifa T., Rene B., Le Mee S., Lambert B., Saucier J.M., Markovits J., Jacquemin-Sablon H., Jacquemin-Sablon A. Transfection of 9-Hydroxyellipticine-Resistant Chinese Hamster Fibroblasts with Human Topoisomerase IIα cDNA: Selective Restoration of the Sensitivity to DNA Religation Inhibitors. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 4927–4936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klumper E., Giaccone G., Pieters R., Broekema G., van Ark-Otte J., van Wering E.R., Kaspers G.J., Veerman A.J. Topoisomerase II Alpha Gene Expression in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Leukemia 1995; 9: 1653–1660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann S.H., Karp J.E., Jones R.J., Miller C.B., Schneider E., Zwelling L.A., Cowan K., Wendel K., Burke P.J. Topoisomerase II Levels and Drug Sensitivity in Adult Acute Myelogenous Leukemia. Blood 1994; 83: 517–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvinen T.A., Tanner M., Rantanen V., Barlund M., Borg A., Grenman S., Isola J. Amplification and Deletion of Topoisomerase IIalpha Associate with ErbB-2 Amplification and Affect Sensitivity to Topoisomerase II Inhibitor Doxorubicin in Breast Cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 2000; 156: 839–847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy J. Chemotherapy Administration: Doses, Infusions and Choice of Schedule. Ann. Oncol. 1994; 5(Suppl 4)25–29, discussion pp. 29–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greco F.A., Hainsworth J.D. Prolonged Administration of Low-Daily-Dose Etoposide: A Superior Dosing Schedule?. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1994; 34(Suppl)S101–S104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hainsworth J.D. Extended-Schedule Oral Etoposide in Selected Neoplasms and Overview of Administration and Scheduling Issues. Drugs 1999; 58(Suppl 3)51–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schiavetti A., Varrasso G., Maurizi P., Cappelli C., Clerico A., Properzi E., Castello M.A. Ten-Day Schedule Oral Etoposide Therapy in Advanced Childhood Malignancies. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 2000; 22: 119–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roninson I.B. From Amplification to Function: The Case of the MDR1 Gene. Mutat. Res. 1992; 276: 151–161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danks M.K., Yalowich J.C., Beck W.T. Atypical Multiple Drug Resistance in a Human Leukemic Cell Line Selected for Resistance to Teniposide (VM-26). Cancer Res. 1987; 47: 1297–1301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roninson I.B., Abelson H.T., Housman D.E., Howell N., Varshavsky A. Amplification of Specific DNA Sequences Correlates with Multi-drug Resistance in Chinese Hamster Cells. Nature 1984; 309: 626–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambudkar S.V., Dey S., Hrycyna C.A., Ramachandra M., Pastan I., Gottesman M.M. Biochemical, Cellular, and Pharmacological Aspects of the Multidrug Transporter. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1999; 39: 361–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole S.P., Deeley R.G. Multidrug Resistance Mediated by the ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Protein MRP. Bioessays 1998; 20: 931–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maliepaard M., van Gastelen M.A., de Jong L.A., Pluim D., van Waardenburg R.C., Ruevekamp-Helmers M.C., Floot B.G., Schellens J.H. Overexpression of the BCRP/MXR/ABCP Gene in a Topotecan-Selected Ovarian Tumor Cell Line. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 4559–4563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocchi E., Khodjakov A., Volk E.L., Yang C.H., Litman T., Bates S.E., Schneider E. The Product of the ABC Half-Transporter Gene ABCG (BCRP/MXR/ABCP) Is Expressed in the Plasma Membrane. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000; 271: 42–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izquierdo M.A., van der Zee A.G., Vermorken J.B., van der Valk P., Belien J.A., Giaccone G., Scheffer G.L., Flens M.J., Pienedo H.M., Kenemans P., Meijer J., deVries E.G., Scheper R.J. Drug Resistance-Associated Marker Lrp for Prediction of Response to Chemotherapy and Prognoses in Advanced Ovarian Carcinoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 1995; 87: 1230–1237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovak M.L., Ho J.P., Cole S.P., Deeley R.G., Greenberger L., de Vries E.G., Broxterman H.J., Scheffer G.L., Scheper R.J. The LRP Gene Encoding a Major Vault Protein Associated with Drug Resistance Maps Proximal to MRP on Chromosome 16: Evidence That Chromosome Breakage Plays a Key Role in MRP or LRP Gene Amplification. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 4214–4219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle L.A., Ross D.D., Ordonez J.V., Yang W., Gao Y., Tong Y., Belani C.P., Gutheil J.C. An Etoposide-Resistant Lung Cancer Subline Overexpresses the Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein. Br. J. Cancer. 1995; 72: 535–542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain N., Lam Y.M., Pym J., Campling B.G. Mechanisms of Resistance of Human Small Cell Lung Cancer Lines Selected in VP-16 and Cisplatin. Cancer 1996; 77: 1797–1808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorlick R., Bertino J.R. Drug Resistance in Colon Cancer. Semin. Oncol. 1999; 26: 606–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishio K., Nakamura T., Koh Y., Suzuki T., Fukumoto H., Saijo N. Drug Resistance in Lung Cancer. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 1999; 11: 109–115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borst P., Evers R., Kool M., Wijnholds J. A Family of Drug Transporters: The Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 2000; 92: 1295–1302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorico A., Rappa G., Finch R.A., Yang D., Flavell R.A., Sartorelli A.C. Disruption of the Murine MRP (Multidrug Resistance Protein) Gene Leads to Increased Sensitivity to Etoposide (VP-16) and Increased Levels of Glutathione. Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 5238–5242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen A.K., Skladanowski A. Cellular Resistance to Topoisomerase-Targeted Drugs: From Drug Uptake to Cell Death. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1400: 257–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khelifa T., Casabianca-Pignede M.R., Rene B., Jacquemin-Sablon A. Expression of Topoisomerases II Alpha and Beta in Chinese Hamster Lung Cells Resistant to Topoisomerase II Inhibitors. Mol. Pharmacol. 1994; 46: 323–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harker W.G., Slade D.L., Drake F.H., Parr R.L. Mitoxantrone Resistance in HL-60 Leukemia Cells: Reduced Nuclear Topoisomerase II Catalytic Activity and Drug-Induced DNA Cleavage in Association with Reduced Expression of the Topoisomerase II Beta Isoform. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 9953–9961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochhauser D., Stanway C.A., Harris A.L., Hickson I.D. Cloning and Characterization of the 5′-Flanking Region of the Human Topoisomerase II Alpha Gene. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 18961–18965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubo T., Kohno K., Ohga T., Taniguchi K., Kawanami K., Wada M., Kuwano M. DNA Topoisomerase II Alpha Gene Expression Under Transcriptional Control in Etoposide/Teniposide-Resistant Human Cancer Cells. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 3860–3864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majello B., De Luca P., Lania L. Sp3 Is a Bifunctional Transcription Regulator with Modular Independent Activation and Repression Domains. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 4021–4026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon H.S., Kim M.S., Edenberg H.J., Hur M.W. Sp3 and Sp4 Can Repress Transcription by Competing with Sp1 for the Core cis-Elements on the Human ADH5/FDH Minimal Promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 20–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibao K., Takano H., Nakayama Y., Okazaki K., Nagata N., Izumi H., Uchiumi T., Kuwano M., Kohno K., Itoh H. Enhanced Coexpression of YB-1 and DNA Topoisomerase II Alpha Genes in Human Colorectal Carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer 1999; 83: 732–737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantovani R. The Molecular Biology of the CCAAT-Binding Factor NF-Y. Gene 1999; 239: 15–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Q., Maity S.N. Stable Expression of a Dominant Negative Mutant of CCAAT Binding Factor/NF-Y in Mouse Fibroblast Cells Resulting in Retardation of Cell Growth and Inhibition of Transcription of Various Cellular Genes. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 4435–4444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandri M.I., Isaacs R.J., Ongkeko W.M., Harris A.L., Hickson I.D., Broggini M., Vikhanskaya F. p53 Regulates the Minimal Promoter of the Human Topoisomerase IIα Gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996; 24: 4464–4470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q., Zambetti G.P., Suttle D.P. Inhibition of DNA Topoisomerase II Alpha Gene Expression by the p53 Tumor Suppressor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1997; 17: 389–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harker W.G., Slade D.L., Parr R.L., Feldhoff P.W., Sullivan D.M., Holguin M.H. Alterations in the Topoisomerase II Alpha Gene, Messenger RNA, and Subcellular Protein Distribution as well as Reduced Expression of the DNA Topoisomerase II Beta Enzyme in a Mitoxantrone-Resistant HL-60 Human Leukemia Cell Line. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 1707–1716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirski S.E., Cole S.P. Cytoplasmic Localization of a Mutant M(r) 160,000 Topoisomerase II Alpha Is Associated with the Loss of Putative Bipartite Nuclear Localization Signals in a Drug-Resistant Human Lung Cancer Cell Line. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 2129–2134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessel I., Jensen P.B., Falck J., Mirski S.E., Cole S.P., Sehested M. Loss of Amino Acids 1490Lys-Ser-Lys1492 in the COOH-Terminal Region of Topoisomerase IIα in Human Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Selected for Resistance to Etoposide Results in an Extranuclear Enzyme Localization. Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 4451–4454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirski S.E., Sparks K.E., Yu Q., Lang A.J., Jain N., Campling B.G., Cole S.P. A Truncated Cytoplasmic Topoisomerase IIα in a Drug-Resistant Lung Cancer Cell Line Is Encoded by a TOP2α Allele with a Partial Deletion of Exon 34. Int. J. Cancer 2000; 85: 534–539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y.X., Hsiung Y., Jannatipour M., Yeh Y., Nitiss J.L. Yeast Topoisomerase II Mutants Resistant to Anti-topoisomerase Agents: Identification and Characterization of New Yeast Topoisomerase II Mutants Selected for Resistance to Etoposide. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 2943–2951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder J.P., Jr., Chan V.T., Niemierko E., Teicher B.A., Schnipper L.E. Conditional Expression of Wild-Type Topoisomerase II Complements a Mutant Enzyme in Mammalian Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 13844–13849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Z., Zwelling L.A., Kawakami Y., An T., Kobayashi K., Herzog C., Kleinerman E.S. Adenovirus-Mediated Human Topoisomerase IIα Gene Transfer Increases the Sensitivity of Etoposide-Resistant Human Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 4618–4624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitiss J.L., Vilalta P.M., Wu H., McMahon J. Mutations in the GyrB Domain of Eukaryotic Topoisomerase II Can Lead to Partially Dominant Resistance to Etoposide and Amsacrine. Mol. Pharmacol. 1994; 46: 773–777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingma P.S., Burden D.A., Osheroff N. Binding of Etoposide to Topoisomerase II in the Absence of DNA: Decreased Affinity as a Mechanism of Drug Resistance. Biochemistry 1999; 38: 3457–3461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitiss J.L., Liu Y.X., Hsiung Y. A Temperature Sensitive Topoisomerase II Allele Confers Temperature Dependent Drug Resistance on Amsacrine and Etoposide: A Genetic System for Determining the Targets of Topoisomerase II Inhibitors. Cancer Res. 1993; 53: 89–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman R.A., Wang J.C. Analysis of Yeast DNA Topoisomerase II Mutants Resistant to the Antitumor Drug Amsacrine. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 1795–1800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitiss J.L. Using Yeast to Study Resistance to Topoisomerase II-Targeting Drugs. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1994; 34: S6–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds M., Deisseroth K., Mayes J., Alschuler E., Jansen R., Ledley F.D., Zwelling L.A. Identification of a Point Mutation in the Topoisomerase II Gene from a Human Leukemia Cell Line Containing an Amsacrine-Resistant Form of Topoisomerase II. Cancer Res. 1991; 51: 4729–4731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M.S., Wang J.C., Beran M. Two Independent Amsacrine-Resistant Human Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines Share an Identical Point Mutation in the 170 kDa Form of Human Topoisomerase II. J. Mol. Biol. 1992; 223: 837–843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danks M.K., Warmoth M.R., Friche E., Granzen B., Bugg B.Y., Harker W.G., Zwelling L.A., Futscher B.W., Suttle D.P., Beck W.T. Single-strand Conformational Polymorphism Analysis of the M(r) 170,000 Isozyme of DNA Topoisomerase II in Human Tumor Cells. Cancer Res. 1993; 53: 1373–1379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danks M.K., Beck W.T., Suttle D.P. Topoisomerase II Alpha Mutation in Leukemic Cells from a Patient with Lineage Switch AML (Meeting abstract). Proc. Annu. Meet. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1993; 34: A1982
   Google Scholar
• Kubo A., Yoshikawa A., Hirashima T., Masuda N., Takada M., Takahara J., Fukuoka M., Nakagawa K. Point Mutations of the Topoisomerase IIα Gene in Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Etoposide. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 1232–1236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe S.W., Bodis S., McClatchey A., Remington L., Ruley H.E., Fisher D.E., Housman D.E., Jacks T. p53 Status and the Efficacy of Cancer Therapy In Vivo. Science 1994; 266: 807–810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamesaki S., Kamesaki H., Jorgensen T.J., Tanizawa A., Pommier Y., Cossman J. bcl-2 Protein Inhibits Etoposide-Induced Apoptosis Through Its Effects on Events Subsequent to Topoisomerase II-Induced DNA Strand Breaks and Their Repair [Published Erratum appears in Cancer Res., 1994 June 1;54(11):3074]. Cancer Res. 1993; 53: 4251–4256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonian P.L., Grillot D.A., Nunez G. Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL Can Differentially Block Chemotherapy-Induced Cell Death. Blood 1997; 90: 1208–1216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugino A., Higgins N.P., Brown P.O., Peebles C.L., Cozzarelli N.R. Energy Coupling in DNA Gyrase and the Mechanism of Action of Novobiocin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1978; 75: 4838–4842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gellert M., Fisher L.M., O'Dea M.H. DNA Gyrase: Purification and Catalytic Properties of a Fragment of Gyrase B Protein. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1979; 76: 6289–6293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson M.J., Corbett A.H., Osheroff N. Effects of Topoisomerase II-Targeted Drugs on Enzyme-Mediated DNA Cleavage and ATP Hydrolysis: Evidence for Distinct Drug Interaction Domains on Topoisomerase II. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 3638–3643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downes C.S., Ord M.J., Mullinger A.M., Collins A.R., Johnson R.T. Novobiocin Inhibition of DNA Excision Repair May Occur Through Effects on Mitochondrial Structure and ATP Metabolism, Not on Repair Topoisomerases. Carcinogenesis 1985; 6: 1343–1352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotton M., Bresnahan D., Thompson S., Sealy L., Chalkley R. Novobiocin Precipitates Histones at Concentrations Normally Used to Inhibit Eukaryotic Type II Topoisomerase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986; 14: 3671–3686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake F.H., Hofmann G.A., Mong S.M., Bartus J.O., Hertzberg R.P., Johnson R.K., Mattern M.R., Mirabelli C.K. In Vitro and Intracellular Inhibition of Topoisomerase II by the Antitumor Agent Merbarone. Cancer Res. 1989; 49: 2578–2583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortune J.M., Osheroff N. Merbarone Inhibits the Catalytic Activity of Human Topoisomerase II Alpha by Blocking DNA Cleavage. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 17643–17650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andoh T., Ishida R. Catalytic Inhibitors of DNA Topoisomerase II. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1400: 155–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishida R., Miki T., Narita T., Yui R., Sato M., Utsumi K.R., Tanabe K., Andoh T. Inhibition of Intracellular Topoisomerase II by Antitumor bis(2,6-Dioxopiperazine) Derivatives: Mode of Cell Growth Inhibition Distinct from That of Cleavable Complex-Forming Type Inhibitors. Cancer Res. 1991; 51: 4909–4916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe K., Ikegami Y., Ishida R., Andoh T. Inhibition of Topoisomerase II by Antitumor Agents bis(2,6-Dioxopiperazine) Derivatives. Cancer Res. 1991; 51: 4903–4908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roca J., Ishida R., Berger J.M., Andoh T., Wang J.C. Antitumor Bisdioxopiperazines Inhibit Yeast DNA Topoisomerase II by Trapping the Enzyme in the form of a Closed Protein Clamp. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1994; 91: 1781–1785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roca J., Wang J.C. The Capture of a DNA Double Helix by an ATP-Dependent Protein Clamp: A Key Step in DNA Transport by Type II DNA Topoisomerases. Cell 1992; 71: 833–840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasinoff B.B., Kuschak T.I., Creighton A.M., Fattman C.L., Allan W.P., Thampatty P., Yalowich J.C. Characterization of a Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line with Acquired Resistance to the Bisdioxopiperazine Dexrazoxane (ICRF-187) Catalytic Inhibitor of Topoisomerase II. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1997; 53: 1843–1853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehested M., Wessel I., Jensen L.H., Holm B., Oliveri R.S., Kenwrick S., Creighton A.M., Nitiss J.L., Jensen P.B. Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Resistant to the Topoisomerase II Catalytic Inhibitor ICRF-159: a Tyr49Phe Mutation Confers High-Level Resistance to Bisdioxopiperazines. Cancer Res. 1998; 58: 1460–1468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessel I., Jensen L.H., Jensen P.B., Falck J., Rose A., Roerth M., Nitiss J.L., Sehested M. Human Small Cell Lung Cancer NYH Cells Selected for Resistance to the Bisdioxopiperazine Topoisomerase II Catalytic Inhibitor ICRF-187 Demonstrate a Functional R162Q Mutation in the Walker A Consensus ATP Binding Domain of the Alpha Isoform. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 3442–3450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishida R., Hamatake M., Wasserman R.A., Nitiss J.L., Wang J.C., Andoh T. DNA Topoisomerase II Is the Molecular Target of Bisdioxopiperazine Derivatives ICRF-159 and ICRF-193 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 2299–2303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen L.H., Nitiss K.C., Rose A., Dong J., Zhou J., Hu T., Osheroff N., Jensen P.B., Sehested M., Nitiss J.L. A Novel Mechanism of Cell Killing by Anti-Topoisomerase II Bisdioxopiperazines. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 2137–2146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trask D.K., Muller M.T. Stabilization of Type I Topoisomerase-DNA Covalent Complexes by Actinomycin D. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 1417–1421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riou J.F., Helissey P., Grondard L., Giorgi-Renault S. Inhibition of Eukaryotic DNA Topoisomerase I and II Activities by Indoloquinolinedione Derivatives. Mol. Pharmacol. 1991; 40: 699–706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen P.B., Sorensen B.S., Demant E.J., Sehested M., Jensen P.S., Vindelov L., Hansen H.H., Srensen B.S., Vindelv L. Antagonistic Effect of Aclarubicin on the Cytotoxicity of Etoposide and 4′-(9-Acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide in Human Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines and on Topoisomerase II-Mediated DNA Cleavage. Cancer Res. 1990; 50: 3311–3316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen P.B., Jensen P.S., Demant E.J., Friche E., Sorensen B.S., Sehested M., Wassermann K., Vendelov L., Westergaard O., Hansen H.H., Srensen B.S., Vindelv L. Antagonistic Effect of Aclarubicin on Daunorubicin-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells: Relationship to DNA Integrity and Topoisomerase II. Cancer Res. 1991; 51: 5093–5099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitiss J.L., Pourquier P., Pommier Y. Aclacinomycin A Stabilizes Topoisomerase I Covalent Complexes. Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 4564–4569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husken B.C., de Jong J., Beekman B., Onderwater R.C., van der Vijgh W.J., Bast A. Modulation of the In Vitro Cardiotoxicity of Doxorubicin by Flavonoids. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1995; 37: 55–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss G., Loyevsky M., Gordeuk V.R. Dexrazoxane (ICRF-187). Gen. Pharmacol. 1999; 32: 155–158
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sparano J.A., Speyer J., Gradishar W.J., Liebes L., Spidhara R., Mendoza S., Fry D., Egorin M.J. Phase I Trial of Escalating Doses of Paclitaxel Plus Doxorubicin and Dexrazoxane in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999; 17: 880–886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehested M., Jensen P.B. Mapping of DNA Topoisomerase II Poisons (Etoposide, Clerocidin) and Catalytic Inhibitors (Aclarubicin, ICRF-187) to Four Distinct Steps in the Topoisomerase II Catalytic Cycle. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1996; 51: 879–886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik U.R., Dutcher J.P., Caliendo G., Lasala P., Mitnick R., Wiernik P.H. Phase II Trial of Merbarone in Patients with Malignant Brain Tumors. Med. Oncol. 1997; 14: 159–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Look K.Y., Blessing J.A., Adelson M.D., Morris M., Bookman M.A. A Phase II Trial of Merbarone (NSC 336628) in the Treatment of Recurrent Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 1996; 19: 7–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Look K.Y., Blessing J.A., Williams L., Morris M. A Phase II Trial of Merbarone (NSC 336628) as Salvage Therapy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix. A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 1995; 18: 441–443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui C.H., Hancock M.L., Raimondi S.C., Head D.R., Thompson E., Wilimas J., Kun L.E., Bowman L.C., Crist W.M., Pratt C.B. Myeloid Neoplasia in Children Treated for Solid Tumours [see Comments]. Lancet 1990; 336: 417–421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen-Bjergaard J., Philip P. Two Different Classes of Therapy-Related and De-Novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia?. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 1991; 55: 119–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen-Bjergaard J., Philip P., Larsen S.O., Andersson M., Daugaard G., Ersboll J., Hansen S.W., Hou-Jensen K., Nielsen D., Sigsgaard T.C., Specht L., Osterlind K. Therapy-Related Myelodysplasia and Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cytogenetic Characteristics of 115 Consecutive Cases and Risk in Seven Cohorts of Patients Treated Intensively for Malignant Diseases in the Copenhagen Series. Leukemia 1993; 7: 1975–1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen-Bjergaard J., Daugaard G., Hansen S.W., Philip P., Larsen S.O., Rorth M., Rrth M. Increased Risk of Myelodysplasia and Leukaemia after Etoposide, Cisplatin, and Bleomycin for Germ-Cell Tumours [see Comments]. Lancet 1991; 338: 359–363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Super H.J., McCabe N.R., Thirman M.J., Larson R.A., Le Beau M.M., Pedersen-Bjergaard J., Philip P., Diaz M.O., Rowley J.D. Rearrangements of the MLL Gene in Therapy-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Patients Previously Treated with Agents Targeting DNA-Topoisomerase II. Blood 1993; 82: 3705–3711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura T., Alder H., Gu Y., Prasad R., Canaani O., Kamada N., Gala R.P., Lange B., Crist W.M., Nowell P.C., Croce C.M., Canaani E. Genes on Chromosomes 49, and 19 Involved in 11q23 Abnormalities in Acute Leukemia Share Sequence Homology and/or Common Motifs. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 4631–4635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang T., Hillion J., Tong J.H., Cao Q., Chen S.J., Berger R., Chen Z. AML-1 Gene Rearrangement and AML-1-ETO Gene Expression as Molecular Markers of Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia with t(8;21). Leukemia 1994; 8: 729–734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felix C.A., Hosler M.R., Winick N.J., Masterson M., Wilson A.E., Lange B.J. ALL-1 Gene Rearrangements in DNA Topoisomerase II Inhibitor-Related Leukemia in Children. Blood 1995; 85: 3250–3256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortes J., O'Brien S., Kantarjian H., Cork A., Stass S., Freireich E.J., Keating M., Pierce S., Estey E. Abnormalities in the Long Arm of Chromosome 11 (11q) in Patients with De novo and Secondary Acute Myelogenous Leukemias and Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Leukemia 1994; 8: 2174–2178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu Y., Alder H., Nakamura T., Schichman S.A., Prasad R., Canaani O., Saito H., Croce C.M., Canaani E. Sequence Analysis of the Breakpoint Cluster Region in the ALL-1 Gene Involved in Acute Leukemia. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 2326–2330
   Google Scholar
• Broeker P.L., Super H.G., Thirman M.J., Pomykala H., Yonebayashi Y., Tanabe S., Zeleznik-Le N., Rowley J.D. Distribution of 11q23 Breakpoints Within the MLL Breakpoint Cluster Region in De Novo Acute Leukemia and in Treatment-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Correlation with Scaffold Attachment Regions and Topoisomerase II Consensus Binding Sites. Blood 1996; 87: 1912–1922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domer P.H., Head D.R., Renganathan N., Raimondi S.C., Yang E., Atlas M. Molecular Analysis of 13 Cases of MLL/11q23 Secondary Acute Leukemia and Identification of Topoisomerase II Consensus-Binding Sequences near the Chromosomal Breakpoint of a Secondary Leukemia with the t(4;11). Leukemia 1995; 9: 1305–1312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felix C.A., Lange B.J., Hosler M.R., Fertala J., Bjornsti M.A. Chromosome Band 11q23 Translocation Breakpoints Are DNA Topoisomerase II Cleavage Sites. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 4287–4292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strissel P.L., Strick R., Rowley J.D., Zeleznik-Le N.J. An In Vivo Topoisomerase II Cleavage Site and a DNase I Hypersensitive Site Colocalize Near Exon 9 in the MLL Breakpoint Cluster Region. Blood 1998; 92: 3793–3803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu Y., Cimino G., Alder H., Nakamura T., Prasad R., Canaani O., Moir D.T., Jones C., Nowell P.C., Croce C.M. The (4;11)(q21;q23) Chromosome Translocations in Acute Leukemias Involve the VDJ Recombinase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 10464–10468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C.L., Fuscoe J.C., Liu Q., Relling M.V. Etoposide Causes Illegitimate V(D)J Recombination in Human Lymphoid Leukemic Cells. Blood 1996; 88: 2210–2218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felix C.A. Secondary Leukemias Induced by Topoisomerase-Targeted Drugs. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998; 1400: 233–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander M., Hsieh T., Udvardy A., Schedl P. Sequence Dependence of Drosophila Topoisomerase II in Plasmid Relaxation and DNA Binding. J. Mol. Biol. 1987; 194: 219–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burden D.A., Osheroff N. In vitro Evolution of Preferred Topoisomerase II DNA Cleavage Sites. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 5227–5235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda H. DNA Topoisomerase-Mediated Illegitimate Recombination. Adv. Pharmacol. 1994; 29: 147–165
   Google Scholar
• Tennyson R.B., Lindsley J.E. Type II DNA Topoisomerase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is a Stable Dimer. Biochemistry 1997; 36: 6107–6114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto H., Chatterjee S., Berger N.A. Mutagenic Activities of Topoisomerase Inhibitors. Clin. Cancer Res. 1995; 1: 369–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang Y.C., Nair M.G., Nitiss J.L. Metabolites of Daidzein and Genistein and Their Biological Activities. J. Nat. Prod. 1995; 58: 1901–1905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strick R., Strissel P.L., Borgers S., Smith S.L., Rowley J.D. Dietary Bioflavonoids Induce Cleavage in the MLL Gene and May Contribute to Infant Leukemia [see Comments]. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2000; 97: 4790–4795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingma P.S., Corbett A.H., Burcham P.C., Marnett L.J., Osheroff N. Abasic Sites Stimulate Double-Stranded DNA Cleavage Mediated by Topoisomerase II. DNA Lesions as Endogenous Topoisomerase II Poisons. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 21441–21444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingma P.S., Osheroff N. Apurinic Sites Are Position-Specific Topoisomerase II Poisons. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 1148–1155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura J., Swenberg J.A. Endogenous Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Sites in Genomic DNA of Mammalian Tissues. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 2522–2526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue Y., Lu D., Guo Y., Lin B. Specific Chromosomal Translocations and Therapy-Related Leukemia Induced by Bimolane Therapy for Psoriasis. Leuk. Res. 1992; 16: 1113–1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar