Tumor-activated Prodrugs—A New Approach to Cancer Therapy

References

• Frei E., Teicher B. A., Holden S. A., Cathcart K. N., Wang Y. Y. Preclinical studies and clinical correlation of the effect of alkylating dose. Cancer Res. 1998; 48: 6417–6423
   Google Scholar
• Denny W. A., Wilson W. R., Hay M. P. Recent developments in the design of bioreductive drugs. Br. J. Cancer 1996; 74(Supp. 27)32–38
   Google Scholar
• Wilson W. R., Pullen S. M., Hogg A., Helsby N. A., Hicks K. O., Denny W. A. Quantitation of bystander effects in nitroreductase suicide gene therapy using three-dimensional cell cultures. Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 1425–1432, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denny W. A. Prodrug strategies in cancer therapy. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2001; 36: 577–595, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denny W. A., Wilson W. R. Bioreducible mustards: a paradigm for hypoxia-selective prodrugs of diffusible cytotoxins (HPDCs). Cancer Met. Rev. 1993; 12: 135–151, [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber G., Prajda N., Abonyi M., Look K. Y., Tricot G. Tiazofurin: molecular and clinical action. Anticancer Res. 1996; 16: 3313–3322, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey S. M., Wyatt M. D., Friedlos F., Hartley J. A., Knox R. J., Lewis A. D., Workman P. Involvement of DT-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2) in the DNA crosslinking and sequence selectivity of the bioreductive antitumor agent EO9. Br. J. Cancer 1997; 76: 1596–1603, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzsimmons S. A., Workman P., Grever M., Paull K., Camalier R., Lewis A. D. Reductase enzyme expression across the National Cancer Institute tumor cell line panel: correlation with sensitivity to mitomycin C and EO9. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1996; 88: 259–269, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlidis N., Hanauske A. R., Gamucci T., Smyth J., Lehnert M., Te Velde A., Lan J., Verweij J. A randomized phase II study with two schedules of the novel indoloquinone EO9 in non-small-cell lung cancer: a study of the EORTC Early Clinical Studies Group (ECSG). Ann. Oncol. 1996; 7: 529–531, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirix L. Y., Tonnesen F., Cassidy J., Epelbaum R., ten Bokkel Huinink W. W., Pavlidis N., Sorio R., Gamucci T., Wolff I., Te Velde A., Lan J., Verweij J. EO9 phase II study in advanced breast, gastric, pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma by the EORTC early clinical studies group. Eur. J. Cancer 1996; 32A: 2019–2022, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings J., Spanswick V. J., Gardiner J., Ritchie A., Smyth J. F. Pharmacological and biochemical determinants of the antitumor activity of the indoloquinone EO9. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1998; 55: 253–260, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod H. L., Graham M. A., Aamdal S., Setanoians A., Groot Y., Lund B. Phase I pharmacokinetics and limited sampling strategies for the bioreductive alkylating drug E09. Eur. J. Cancer 1996; 32A: 1518–1522, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breistol K., Hendriks H. R., Berger D. P., Langdon S. P., Fiebig H. H., Fodstad O. The antitumor activity of the prodrug N-L-leucyldoxorubicin and its parent compound doxorubicin in human tumor xenografts. Eur. J. Cancer 1998; 34: 1602–1606, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFeo-Jones D., Garsky V. M., Wong B. K., Feng D. M., Bolyar T., Haskell K., Kiefer D. M., Leander K., McAvoy E., Lumma P., Wai J., Senderak E. T., Motzel S. L., Van Zwieten K. M., Lin J. H., Freidinger R., Huff J., Oliff A., Jones R. E. A peptide-doxorubicin ‘prodrug’ activated by prostate-specific antigen selectively kills prostate tumor cells positive for prostate-specific antigen in vivo. Nat. Med. 2000; 6: 1248–1252, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong B. K., DeFeo-Jones D., Jones R. E., Garsky V. M., Feng D. M., Oliff A., Chiba M., Ellis J. D., Lin J. H. PSA-specific and non-PSA-specific conversion of a PSA-targeted peptide conjugate of doxorubicin to its active metabolites. Drug Met. Disp. 2001; 29: 313–318, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPaola R. S., Rinehart J., Nemunaitis J., Ebbinghaus S., Rubin E., Capanna T., Ciardella M., Doyle-Lindrud S., Goodwin S., Fontaine M., Adams N., Williams A., Schwartz M., Winchell G., Wickersham K., Deutsch P., Yao S.-L. Characterization of a novel prostate-specific antigen-activated peptide-doxorubicin conjugate in patients with prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002; 20: 1874–1879, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubowchik G. M., Walker M. A. Receptor-mediated and enzyme-dependent targeting of cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Pharm. Ther. 1999; 83: 67–123, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjogren H. O., Isaksson M., Willner D., Hellstrom I., Hellstrom K. E., Trail P. A. Antitumor activity of carcinoma-reactive BR96-doxorubicin conjugate against human carcinomas in athymic mice and rats and syngeneic rat carcinomas in immunocompetent rats. Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 4530–4536, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh M. N., Sugarman S., Murray J., Ostroff J. B., Healey D., Jones D., Daniel C. R., LeBherz D., Brewer H., Onetto N., LoBuglio A. F. Phase I trial of the anti-Lewis Y drug immunoconjugate BR96-doxorubicin in patients with lewis Y-expressing epithelial tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000; 18: 2282–2292, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinman L. M., Hamann P. R., Wallace R., Menendez A. T., Durr F. E., Upeslacis J. Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibody conjugates of the calicheamicins: a novel and potent family of antitumor antibiotics. Cancer Res. 1993; 53: 3336–3342, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoll K., Wrasidlo W., Scherberich J. E., Gaedicke G., Fischer P. Targeted therapy of experimental renal cell carcinoma with a novel conjugate of monoclonal antibody 138H11 and calicheamicin γI1. Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 6089–6094, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel M. M., Tabei K., Kunz A., Hollander I. J., Hamann P. R., Bell D. H., Berkenkamp S., Hillenkamp F. Calicheamicin derivatives conjugated to monoclonal antibodies: determination of loading values and distributions by infrared and UV matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1997; 69: 2716–2726, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson R. A., Boogaerts M., Estey E., Karanes C., Stadtmauer E. A., Sievers E. L., Mineur P., Bennett J. M., Berger M. S., Eten C. B., Munteanu M., Loken M. R., van Dongen J. J.M., Bernstein I. D., Appelbaum F. R. Antibody-targeted chemotherapy of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse using Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin). Leukemia 2002; 16: 1627–1636, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C., Chari R. V.J. The development of antibody delivery systems to target cancer with highly potent maytansinoids. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 1997; 6: 169–172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu C., Tadayoni B. M., Bourret L. A., Mattocks K. M., Derr S. M., Widdison W. C., Kedersha N. L., Ariniello P. D., Goldmacher V., Lambert J. M., Blattler W. A., Chari R. V. Eradication of large colon tumor xenografts by targeted delivery of maytansinoids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 8618–8623, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boger D. L., Johnson D. S. CC-1065 and the duocarmycins—understanding their biological function through mechanistic studies. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1996; 35: 1438–1474, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzawa T., Nagamura S., Saito H., Ohta S., Hanai N., Yamasaki M. Synthesis of a novel duocarmycin derivative DU-257 and its application to immunoconjugate using poly(ethylene glycol)-dipeptidyl linker capable of tumor specific activation. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2000; 8: 2175–2184, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deonarain M. P., Epenetos A. A. Targeting enzymes for cancer therapy: old enzymes in new roles. Br. J. Cancer 1994; 70: 786–794, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niculescu-Duvaz I., Friedlos F., Niculescu-Duvaz D., Davies L., Springer C. J. Prodrugs for antibody- and gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapies (ADEPT and GDEPT). Anti-Cancer Drug Des. 1999; 14: 517–538
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bagshawe K. D., Sharma S. K., Springer C. J., Rogers G. Antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). A review of some theoretical, experimental and clinical aspects. Anal. Oncol. 1994; 5: 879–891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakey D. C., Burke P. J., Davies D. H., Dowell R. I., East S. J., Ekersley K. P., Fitton J. E., McDaid J., Melton R. J., Niculescu-Duvas I., Pinder P. E., Sharma S. K., Wright A. F., Springer C. J. ZD2767, an improved system for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy that results in tumor regressions in colorectal tumor xenografts. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 3287–3292, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monks N. R., Calvete J. A., Curtin N. J., Blakey D. C., East S. J., Newell D. R. Cellular glutathione as a determinant of the sensitivity of colorectal tumor cell-lines to ZD2767 antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Br. J. Cancer 2000; 83: 267–269, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr D. E., Schreiber G. J., Vrudhula V. M., Svensson H. P., Hellstrom I., Hellstrom K. E., Senter P. D. Regressions and cures of melanoma xenografts following treatment with monoclonal antibody β-lactamase conjugates in combination with anticancer prodrugs. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 3558–3563, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer D. L., Jungheim L. N., Mikolajczyk S. D., Starling J. J., Alhem C. N. Preparation and characterization of a β-lactamase-Fab′ conjugate for the site-specific activation of oncolytic agents. Bioconjug. Chem. 1992; 3: 42–48, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer D. L., Jungheim L. N., Law K. L., Mikolajczyk S. D., Shepherd T. A., Makensen D. G., Briggs S. L., Starling J. J. Site-specific prodrug activation by antibody-beta-lactamase conjugates: regression and long-term growth inhibition of human colon carcinoma xenograft models. Cancer Res. 1993; 53: 3956–3963, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson H. P., Vrudhula V. M., Emswiler J. E., MacMaster J. F., Cosand W. L., Senter P. D., Wallace P. M. In vitro and in vivo activities of a doxorubicin prodrug in combination with monoclonal antibody β-lactamase conjugates. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 2357–2365, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S. M., Chern J. W., Yeh M. Y., Ng J. C., Tung E., Roffler S. R. Specific activation of glucuronide prodrugs by antibody-targeted enzyme conjugates for cancer therapy. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 4484–4491, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houba P. H.J., Boven E., Van Der Meulen-Muileman I. H., Leenders R. G.G., Scheeren J. W., Pinedo H. M., Haisma H. J. A novel doxorubicin-glucuronide prodrug DOX-GA3 for tumour-selective chemotherapy: distribution and efficacy in experimental human ovarian cancer. Int. J. Cancer 2001; 91: 550–554, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greco O., Dachs G. U. Gene directed enzyme/prodrug therapy of cancer: historical appraisal and future prospectives. J. Cell. Physiol. 2001; 187: 22–36, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildner O. In situ use of suicide genes for therapy of brain tumours. Ann. Med. 1999; 31: 421–429, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii-Morita H., Agbaria R., Mullen C. A., Hirano H., Koeplin D. A., Ram Z., Oldfield E. H., Johns D. G., Blaese R. M. Mechanism of ‘bystander effect’ killing in the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene therapy model of cancer treatment. Gene Ther. 1997; 4: 244–251, [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesnil M., Yamasaki H. Bystander effect in herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase/ganciclovir cancer gene therapy: role of gap-junctional intercellular communication. Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 3989–3999, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainov N. G., Fetell M., Cloughesy T., et al. A phase III clinical evaluation of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase and ganciclovir gene therapy as an adjuvant to surgical resection and radiation in adults with previously untreated glioblastoma multiforme. Hum. Gene Ther. 2000; 11: 2389–2401, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denny W. A. Prodrugs for gene-directed enzyme-prodrug therapy (suicide gene therapy). J. Biomed. Biotech. 2003; 3: 49–70
   Google Scholar
• Kievit E., Bershad E., Ng E., Sethna P., Dev I., Lawrence T. S., Rehemtulla A. Superiority of yeast over bacterial cytosine deaminase for enzyme/prodrug gene therapy in colon cancer xenografts. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 1417–1421, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber B., Austin E., Richards C., Davis S., Good S. Metabolism of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil in human colorectal tumor cells transduced with the cytosine deaminase gene: significant antitumor effects when only a small percentage of tumor cells express cytosine deaminase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 8302–8306, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandha H. S., Martin L., Rigg A., Hurst H. C., Stamp G. W.H., Sikora K., Lemoine N. R. Prodrug activation therapy for breast cancer: a phase I clinical trial of erbB-2-directed suicide gene expression. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999; 17: 2180–2189, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leichman C. G. Schedule dependency of 5-fluorouracil. Oncology 1999; 13: 26–32, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waxman D. J., Chen L., Hecht J. E., Jounaidi Y. Cytochrome P450-based cancer gene therapy: recent advances and future prospects. Drug Met. Rev. 1999; 31: 503–522, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei M. X., Tamiya T., Rhee R. J., Breakefield X. O., Chiocca E. A. Diffusible cytotoxic metabolites contribute to the in vitro bystander effect associated with the cyclophosphamide/cytochrome P450 2B1 cancer gene therapy paradigm. Clin. Cancer Res. 1995; 1: 1171–1177, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Hunt S. Technology evaluation: MetXia-P450, Oxford BioMedica. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 2001; 3: 595–598, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohr M., Bago Z. T., Bergmeister H., et al. Cell therapy using microencapsulated 293 cells transfected with a gene construct expressing CYP2B1, an ifosfamide converting enzyme, instilled intra-arterially in patients with advanced-stage pancreatic carcinoma: a phase I/II study. J. Mol. Med. 1999; 77: 393–398, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohr M., Hummel F., Faulmann G., Ringel J., Saller R., Hain J., Gunzburg W. H., Salmons B. Microencapsulated, CYP2B1-transfected cells activating ifosfamide at the site of the tumor: the magic bullets of the 21st century. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2002; 49(Suppl. 1)S21–S24, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anlezark G. M., Melton R. G., Sherwood R. F., Coles B., Friedlos F., Knox R. J. The bioactivation of 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide (CB 1954). I. Purification and properties of a nitroreductase enzyme from Escherichia coli. A potential enzyme for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Biochem. Pharmacol. 1992; 44: 2289–2295, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox R. J., Friedlos F., Marchbank T., Roberts J. J. Bioactivation of CB 1954: reaction of the active 4-hydroxylamino derivative with thioesters to form the ultimate DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinking species. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1991; 42: 1691–1697, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer D. H., Mautner V., Mirza D., Buckels J., Olliff D., Hull D., Mountain A., Harris P., Djeha H., Ellis J., Horne M., Hill S., Wrighton C., Searle P. F., Kerr D. J., Young L. S., James N. D. Virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (VDEPT): clinical trials with adenoviral nitroimidazole reductase (Ad-ntr). Br. J. Cancer 2002; 86(Suppl. 1)S30
   Google Scholar
• Chung-Faye G., Palmer D., Anderson D., Clark J., Downes M., Baddeley J., Hussain S., Murray P. I., Searle P., Seymour L., Harris P. A., Ferry D., Kerr D. J. Virus-directed, enzyme prodrug therapy with nitroimidazole reductase: a phase I and pharmacokinetic study of its prodrug, CB1954. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001; 7: 2662–2668, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anlezark G. M., Melton R. G., Sherwood R. F., Wilson W. R., Denny W. A., Palmer B. D., Knox R. J., Friedlos F., Williams A. Bioactivation of dinitrobenzamide mustards by an E. coli B nitroreductase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1995; 50: 609–615, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris A. L. Hypoxia—a key regulatory factor in tumor growth. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2002; 2: 38–47, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baish J. W., Netti P. A., Jain R. K. Transmural coupling of fluid flow in microcirculatory network and interstitium in tumors. Microvasc. Res. 1997; 53: 128–141, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Movsas B., Chapman J. D., Horwitz E. M., Pinover W. H., Greenberg R. E., Hanlon A. L., Iyer R., Hanks G. E. Hypoxic regions exist in human prostate carcinoma. Urology 1999; 53: 11–18, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson A. V., Saunders M. P., Chinje E. C., Patterson LH., Stratford I. J. Enzymology of tirapazamine metabolism: a review. Anti-Cancer Drug Des. 1998; 13: 541–573, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown J. M. The hypoxic cell: a target for selective cancer therapy—eighteenth Bruce F. Cain Memorial Award Lecture. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 5863–5870, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang J. T., Greenberg M. M., Fuchs T., Gates K. S. Reaction of the hypoxia-selective antitumor agent tirapazamine with a C1′-radical in single-stranded and double-stranded DNA: the drug and its metabolites can serve as surrogates for molecular oxygen in radical-mediated DNA damage reactions. Biochemistry 1999; 38: 14248–14255, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lartigau E., Guichard M. Does tirapazamine (SR-4233) have any cytotoxic or sensitizing effect on three human tumour cell lines at clinically relevant partial oxygen pressure?. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 1995; 67: 211–216, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senan S., Rampling R., Graham M. A., Wilson P., Robin H., Eckardt N., Lawson N., McDonald A., von Roemeling R., Workman P., Kaye S. B. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of tirapazamine (SR-4233) administered every three weeks. Clin. Cancer Res. 1997; 3: 31–38, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee D. J., Trotti A., Spencer S., Rostock R., Fisher C., von Roemeling R., Harvey E., Groves E. Concurrent tirapazamine and radiotherapy for advanced head and neck carcinomas: a phase II study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1998; 42: 811–815, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs M. S., Hocking D. J., Evans J. W., Slim B. G., Wouters B. G., Brown J. M. Cisplatin anti-tumour potentiation by tirapazamine results from a hypoxia-dependent cellular sensitization to cisplatin. Br. J. Cancer 1999; 80: 1245–1251, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Pawel J., Von Roemeling R., Gatzemeier U., Boyer M., Elisson L. O., Clark P., Talbot D., Rey A., Butler T. W., Hirsh V., Olver I., Bergman B., Ayoub J., Richardson G., Dunlop D., Arcenas A., Vescio R., Viallet J., Treat J. Tirapazamine plus cisplatin versus cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a report of the international CATAPULT I study group. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000; 18: 1351–1359, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller V. A., Ng K. K., Grant S. C., Kindler H., Pizzo B., Heelan R. T., von Roemeling R., Kris M. G. Phase II study of the combination of the novel bioreductive agent, tirapazamine, with cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann. Oncol. 1997; 8: 1269–1271, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A. E., Wilson W. R. Hypoxia-dependent retinal toxicity of bioreductive anticancer prodrugs in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2000; 163: 50–59, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raleigh S. M., Wanogho E., Burke M. D., McKeown S. R., Patterson L. H. Involvement of human cytochromes P450 (CYP) in the reductive metabolism of AQ4N, a hypoxia activated anthraquinone di-N-oxide prodrug. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1998; 42: 763–767, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith P. J., Blunt N. J., Desnoyers R., Giles Y., Patterson L. H. DNA topoisomerase II-dependent cytotoxicity of alkylaminoanthraquinones and their N-oxides. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1997; 39: 455–461, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson L. H., McKeown S. R., Ruparelia K., Double J. A., Bibby M. C., Cole S., Stratford I. J. Enhancement of chemotherapy and radiotherapy of murine tumors by AQ4N, a bioreductively activated anti-tumor agent. Br. J. Cancer 2000; 82: 1984–1990, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friery O. P., Gallagher R., Murray M. M., Hughes C. M., Galligan E. S., McIntyre I. A., Patterson L. H., Hirst D. G., McKeown S. R. Enhancement of the anti-tumour effect of cyclophosphamide by the bioreductive drugs AQ4N and tirapazamine. Br. J. Cancer 2000; 82: 1469–1473, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson L. H. Bioreductively activated antitumor N-oxides: the case of AO4N, a unique approach to hypoxia-activated cancer chemotherapy. Drug Met. Rev. 2002; 34: 581–592, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belcourt M. F., Hodnick W. F., Rockwell S., Sartorelli A. C. Differential toxicity of mitomycin C and porfiromycin to aerobic and hypoxic Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing human NADPH:cytochrome c (P-450) reductase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 456–460, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belcourt M. F., Hodnick W. F., Rockwell S., Sartorelli A. C. Exploring the mechanistic aspects of mitomycin antibiotic bioactivation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing NADPH:cytochrome C (P-450) reductase and DT-diaphorase. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 1998; 38: 111–133, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomasz M., Palom Y. The mitomycin bioreductive antitumor agents: cross-linking and alkylation of DNA as the molecular basis of their activity. Pharmacol. Ther. 1997; 76: 73–87, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffty B. G., Son Y. H., Wilson L. D., Papac R., Fischer D., Rockwell S., Sartorelli A. C., Ross D., Sasaki C. T., Fischer J. J. Bioreductive alkylating agent porfiromycin in combination with radiation therapy for the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Radiat. Oncol. Investig. 1997; 5: 235–245, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beall H. D., Winski S. L. Mechanisms of action of quinone-containing alkylating agents. I. NQO1-directed drug development. Front. Biosci. 2000; 5: D639–D648, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung-Faye G., Palmer C., Anderson D., Clark J., Downes M., Baddeley J., Hussain S., Murray P. I., Searle P., Seymour L., Harris P. A., Ferry D., Kerr D. J. Virus-directed, enzyme prodrug therapy with nitroimidazole reductase: a phase I and pharmacokinetic study of its prodrug, CB1954. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001; 7: 2662–2668, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breider M. A., Pilcher G. D., Graziano M. J., Gough A. W. Retinal degeneration in rats induced by CI-1010, a 2-nitroimidazole radiosensitizer. Toxicol. Pathol. 1998; 26: 234–239, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson W. R., Tercel M., Anderson R. F., Denny W. A. Reduction of nitroarylmethyl quaternary ammonium prodrugs of mechlorethamine by radiation. Anti-Cancer Drug Des. 1998; 13: 663–685, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson W. R., Denny W. A., Tercel M. Radiation-Activated Cytotoxins: A New Use for Roentgen's Rays in Cancer Treatment, U. Hagen, D. Harder, H. Jung, C. Streffer. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Radiat. Res., 1996; Vol. 2: 791–794
   Google Scholar
• Mori M., Hatta H., Nishimoto S. J. Stereoelectronic effect on one-electron reductive release of 5-fluorouracil from 5-fluoro-1-(2′-oxocycloalkyl)uracils as a new class of radiation-activated antitumor prodrugs. Org. Chem. 2000; 65: 4641–4647, [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibamoto Y., Zhou L., Hatta H., Mori M., Nishimoto S.-I. A novel class of antitumor prodrug, 1-(2′-Oxopropyl)-5-fluorouracil (OFU001), that releases 5-fluorouracil upon hypoxic irradiation. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 2000; 91: 433–438, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shibamoto Y., Zhou L., Hatta H., Mori M., Nishmoto S. In vivo evaluation of a novel antitumor prodrug, 1-(2′-oxopropyl)-5-fluorouracil (OFU001), which releases 5-fluorouracil upon hypoxic irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2001; 49: 407–413, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson W. R., Ferry D. M., Tercel M., Anderson R. F., Denny W. A. Radiation-activated prodrugs as hypoxia-selective cytotoxins: model studies with nitroarylmethyl quaternary salts. Radiat. Res. 1998; 149: 237–245, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denny W. A., Wilson W. R., Ware D. C., Atwell G. J., Milbank J. B.J., Stevenson R. J. Anticancer 8-Substituted Quinolines and 2,3-Dihydro-1H-Pyrrolo[3,2-f]Quinoline Complexes of Cobalt and Chromium. PCT Int. Appl. WO 0259122 A1, Auckland Uniservices Limited, NZ August 1, 2002, 97 pp
   Google Scholar