Antioxidant defense systems in skin

REFERENCES

• Thiele J.J., Podda M., Packer L. Tropospheric Ozone: An Emerging Environmental Stress to Skin. Biol. Chem. 1997; 378: 1299–1305
   Google Scholar
• Briviba K., Sies H. Nonenzymatic Antioxidant Defense Systems. Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease, B. Frei. Academic Press, New York 1994
   Google Scholar
• Sies H. Introductory Remarks. Oxidative Stress, H. Sies. Academic Press, Orlando, FL 1985; 1–7
   Google Scholar
• Sies H. Biochemie des Oxidativen Streß. Angew. Chemie 1986; 98: 1061–1075
   Google Scholar
• Thiele J.J., Traber M.G., Polefka T.G., Cross C.E., Packer L.P. Ozone Exposure Depletes Vitamin E and Induces Lipid Peroxidation in Murine Stratum Corneum. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1997; 108: 753–757
   Google Scholar
• Thiele J.J., Traber M.G., Packer L. Depletion of Human Stratum Corneum Vitamin E: An Early and Sensitive In Vivo Marker of UV-Induced Photooxidation. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1998; 110: 756–761
   Google Scholar
• Thiele J.J., Traber M.G., Tsang K.G., Cross C.E., Packer L. In Vivo Exposure to Ozone Depletes Vitamins C and E and Induces Lipid Peroxidation in Epidermal Layers of Murine Skin. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1997; 23: 385–391
   Google Scholar
• Thiele J.J., Traber M.G., Re R., et al. Macromolecular Carbonyls in Human Stratum Corneum: A Biomarker for Environmental Oxidant Exposure?. FEBS Lett. 1998; 422: 403–406
   Google Scholar
• Beehler B.C., Przybyszewski J., Box H.B., Kulesz-Martin M.F. Formation of 8 Hydroxydeoxyguanosine Within DNA of Mouse Keratinocytes Exposed in Culture to UV-B and Hydrogen Peroxide. Carcinogenesis 1992; 13: 2003–2007
   Google Scholar
• McVean M., Liebler D.C. Inhibition of UVB Induced DNA Photodamage in Mouse Epidermis by Topically Applied Alpha-Tocopherol. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18: 1617–1622
   Google Scholar
• Englard S., Seifter S. The Biochemical Functions of Ascorbic Acid. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1986; 6: 365–406
   Google Scholar
• Frei B., Stocker R., Ames B.N. Antioxidant Defenses and Lipid Peroxidation in Human Blood Plasma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 9748–9752
   Google Scholar
• Niki E., Tsuchiya J., Tanimura R., Kamiya Y. Regeneration of Vitamin E from Alpha Chromanoxyl Radical by Glutathione and Vitamin C. Chem. Lett. 1982; 789–792
   Google Scholar
• Packer J.E., Slater T.F., Willson R.L. Direct Observation of a Free Radical Interaction Between Vitamin E and Vitamin C. Nature 1979; 278: 737–738
   Google Scholar
• Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M.C. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1989
   Google Scholar
• Halliwell B. How to Characterize a Biological Antioxidant. Free Radic. Res. Commun. 1990; 9: 1–32
   Google Scholar
• Shindo Y., Witt E., Packer L. Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in Murine Epidermis and Dermis and Their Responses to Ultraviolet Light. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1993; 100: 260–265
   Google Scholar
• Shindo Y., Witt E., Han D., Epstein W., Packer L. Enzymic and Non-enzymic Antioxidants in Epidermis and Dermis of Human Skin. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1994; 102: 122–124
   Google Scholar
• Davidson J.M., Luvalle P.A., Zoia O., Quaglino D., Jr., Giro M. Ascorbate Differentially Regulates Elastin and Collagen Biosynthesis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Skin Fibroblasts by Pretranslational Mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 345–352
   Google Scholar
• Ponec M., Weerheim A., Kempenaar J., et al. The Formation of Competent Barrier Lipids in Reconstructed Human Epidermis Requires the Presence of Vitamin C. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1997; 109: 348–355
   Google Scholar
• Witschi A., Reddy S., Stofer B., Lautenberg B.H. The Systemic Availability of Oral Glutathione. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1992; 43: 667–669
   Google Scholar
• Meister A., Anderson M.E. Glutathione. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1983; 52: 711–760
   Google Scholar
• Akerboom T.P.M., Sies H. Assay of Glutathione, Glutathione Disulfide, and Glutathione Mixed Disulfides in Biological Samples. Detoxification and Drug Metabolism: Conjugation and Related Systems, W. Jakoby. Academic Press, New York 1981; Vol. 77: 373–382
   Google Scholar
• Jain A., Martensson J., Mehta T., Krauss A.N., Auld P.A., Meister A. Ascorbic Acid Prevents Oxidative Stress in Glutathione-Deficient Mice: Effects on Lung Type 2 Cell Lamellar Bodies, Lung Surfactant, and Skeletal Muscle. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 5093–5097
   Google Scholar
• Martensson J., Meister A. Glutathione Deficiency Increases Hepatic Ascorbic Acid Synthesis in Adult Mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 11566–11568
   Google Scholar
• Rahman I., Clerch L.B., Massaro D. Rat Lung Antioxidant Enzyme Induction by Ozone. Am. J. Physiol. 1991; 260: L412–L418
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs J., Huflejt M.E., Rothfuss L.M., Wilson D.S., Carcamo G., Packer L. Impairment of Enzymic and Nonenzymic Antioxidants in Skin by UVB Irradiation. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1989; 93: 769–773
   Google Scholar
• Ames B.N., Catheart R., Schwiers E., Hochstein P. Uric Acid Provides an Antioxidant Defense in Humans Against Oxidant and Radical-Caused Aging and Cancer: A Hypothesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1981; 78: 6858–6862
   Google Scholar
• Wagner D.K., Collins-Lech C., Sohnle P. Inhibition of Neutrophile Killing of Candida albicans Pseudohyphae by Substances Which Quench Hypochlorous Acid. Infect. Immunol. 1986; 51: 731–736
   Google Scholar
• Sevenian A., Davies K.J.A., Hochstein P. Serum Urate as an Antioxidant for Ascorbic Acid. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991; 54: 1129–1134
   Google Scholar
• Grootveldt M., Halliwell B. Measurement of Allantoin and Uric Acid in Human Body Fluids. Biochem. J. 1987; 243: 803–808
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Torres M., Shindo Y., Packer L. Effect of Age on Antioxidants and Molecular Markers of Oxidative Damage in Murine Epidermis and Dermis. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1994; 102: 476–480
   Google Scholar
• Traber M.G., Sies H. Vitamin E in Humans—Demand and Delivery. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1996; 16: 321–347
   Google Scholar
• Sies H., Stahl W., Sundquist A.R. Antioxidant Functions of Vitamins. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1992; 669: 7–20
   Google Scholar
• De Groot H., Hegi U., Sies H. Loss of Alpha-Tocopherol upon Exposure to Nitric Oxide or the Sydnonimine SIN-l. FEBS Lett. 1993; 315: 139–142
   Google Scholar
• Kamal-Eldin A., Appelqvist L.A. The Chemistry and Antioxidant Properties of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols. Lipids 1996; 31: 671–701
   Google Scholar
• Stoyanovsky D.A., Osipov A.N., Quinn P.J., Kagan V.E. Ubiquinone-Dependent Recycling of Vitamin E Radicals by Superoxide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1995; 323: 343–351
   Google Scholar
• Cillard J., Cillard P., Cormier M. Effect of Experimental Factors on the Prooxidant Behaviour of α-Tocopherol. Am. J. Oil Chem. Soc. 1980; 57: 255–261
   Google Scholar
• Husain S.R., Cillard J., Cillard P. Alpha-Tocopherol, Prooxidant Effect and Malondialdehyde Production. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1987; 64: 109–111
   Google Scholar
• Sustry P.C., Jayaraman J., Ramasarma T. Distribution of Coenzyme Q in Rat Liver Cell Fractions. Nature 1961; 189: 577–580
   Google Scholar
• Mellors A., Tappel A.L. The Inhibition of Mitochondrial Peroxidation by Ubiquinone and Ubiquinol. J. Biol. Chem. 1966; 241: 4353–4356
   Google Scholar
• Gutman M. Electron Flux Through the Mitochondrial Ubiquinone. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1980; 594: 53–84
   Google Scholar
• Cabrini L., Pasquali P., Tadolini B., Sechi A.M., Landi I. Antioxidant Behaviour of Ubiquinone and Beta-Carotene Incorporated in Model Membranes. Free Radic. Res. Commun. 1986; 2: 85–92
   Google Scholar
• Ingold K.U., Bowry V.W., Stocker R., Walling C. Autoxidation of Lipids and Antioxidants by Alpha-Tocopherol and Ubiquinol in Homogenous Solution and in Aqeous Dispersion of Lipids: Unrecognized Consequences of Lipid Particle Size as Exemplified by Oxidation of Human Low Density Lipoprotein. Proc. Natl Sci. USA 1993; 90: 45–49
   Google Scholar
• Aberg F., Appelkvist E.L., Dallner G., Ernster L. Distribution and Redox State of Ubiquinones in Rat and Human Tissues. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1992; 295: 230–234
   Google Scholar
• Romiu I., Stampfer M.J., Stryker W.S., Hernandez M., Kaplan L. Food Predictors of Plasma Beta-Carotene and Alpha-Tocopherol: Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1990; 131: 864–876
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs J. Oxidative Injury in Dermatopathology. Springer, Berlin 1992; 360
   Google Scholar
• Sies H. Strategies of Antioxidant Defense. Eur. J. Biochem. 1993; 215: 213–219
   Google Scholar
• Krinsky N.I. Antioxidant Functions of Carotenoids. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1989; 7: 617–635
   Google Scholar
• Mayne S.T., Parker R.S. Antioxidant Activity of Dietary Canthaxantine. Nutr. Cancer 1989; 12: 225–236
   Google Scholar
• Samokyszyn V.M., Marnett L.J. Inhibition of Lever Microsomal Lipid Peroxidation by 13-Cis-retinoic Acid. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1990; 8: 491–496
   Google Scholar
• Kagan V., Witt E., Goldman R., Scita G., Packer L. Ultraviolet Light-Induced Generation of Vitamin E Radicals and Their Recycling. A Possible Photosensitizing Effect of Vitamin E in Skin. Free Radic. Res. Commun. 1992; 16: 51–64
   Google Scholar
• Vahlquist A., Lee J.B., Michaelsson G., Rollman O. Vitamin A in Human Skin: II Concentrations of Carotene, Retinol, and Dehydroretinol in Various Components of Normal Skin. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1982; 79: 94–97
   Google Scholar
• Stahl W., Heinrich U., Jungmann H., et al. Increased Dermal Carotenoid Levels Assessed by Noninvasive Reflection Spectrophotometry Correlate with Serum Levels in Women Ingesting Betatene. J. Nutr. 1998
   Google Scholar
• Ribaya-Mercado J.D., Garmyn M., Gilchrest B.A., Russell R.M. Skin Lycopene is Destroyed Preferentially over Beta-Carotene During Ultraviolet Irradiation in Humans. J. Nutr. 1995; 125: 1854–1859
   Google Scholar
• Törmä H., Vahlquist A. Vitamin A Uptake by Human Skin In Vitro. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1984; 276: 390–395
   Google Scholar
• Flohe L., Schlegel W. Glutathion Peroxidase IV. Intrazelluläre Verteilung des Gluthation-Peroxidase-Systems in der Rattenleber. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 1971; 352: 1401–1410
   Google Scholar
• Zakowski J.J., Forstrom J.W., Condell R.A., Tappel A.L. Attachment of Selenocysteine in the Catalytic Site of Glutathione Peroxidase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1978; 84: 248–253
   Google Scholar
• Sies H., Cadenas E. Biological Basis of Detoxification of Oxygen Free Radicals. Biological Basis of Detoxification, J. Caldwell, W.B. Jacoby. Academic Press, New York 1983; 181–211
   Google Scholar
• Fridovich I. The Biology of Oxygen Radicals. Science 1978; 201: 875–880
   Google Scholar
• Strange R., Lear J., Fryer A. Polymorphism in Glutathione S-Transferase Loci as a Risk Factor for Common Cancers. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 1998; 20: 419–428
   Google Scholar
• Kerb R., Brockmoller J., Reum T., Roots I. Deficiency of Glutathione S-Transferases T1 and M1 as Heritable Factors of Increased Cutaneous UV Sensitivity. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1997; 108: 229–232
   Google Scholar
• Henderson C., Smith A., Ure J., Brown K., Bacon E., Wolf C. Increased Skin Tumorigenesis in Mice Lacking Pi Class Glutathione S-Transferases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1998; 95: 5275–5280
   Google Scholar
• Blacker K., Olson E., Vessey D.A. Characterization of Glutathione-S-transferase in Cultured Human Keratinocytes. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1991; 97: 442–446
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler L.A., Aswad A., Connor M.J., Lowe M. Depletion of Cutaneous Glutathione and the Induction of Inflammation by 8-Methoxypsoralen Plus UVA Radiation. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1986; 87: 658–662
   Google Scholar
• Connor M.J., Wheeler L.A. Depletion of Cutaneous Glutathione by Ultraviolet Radiation. Photochem. Photobiol. 1987; 47: 239–245
   Google Scholar
• Moral A., Palou J., Lafuente A., et al. Immunohistochemical Study of Alpha, Mu and Pi Class Glutathione S Transferase Expression in Malignant Melanoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 1997; 136: 345–350
   Google Scholar
• Fridovich I. Superoxide Dismutases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1975; 44: 147–159
   Google Scholar
• Marklund S.L. Properties of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase from Human Lung. Biochem. J. 1984; 220: 269–272
   Google Scholar
• Thiele J.J., Lodge J.K., Choi J.H., Packer L. Measurements of Antioxidants in Cutaneous Tissues. Studies of Aging—Springer Lab Manual, H. Sternberg, P.S. Timiras. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1998
   Google Scholar
• Sugiura K., Ueda H., Hirano K., Adachi T. Studies on Superoxide Dismutase in Human Skin (2). Contents of Superoxide Dismutase and Lipoperoxide in Normal Human Skin. Jpn. J. Dermatol. 1985; 95: 1541–1545
   Google Scholar
• Ohkuma N., Izka H., Mizumoto T., Ohkawara A. Superoxide Dismutase in Epidermis: Its Relation to Keratinocyte Proliferation. The Biological Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Skin, O. Hayaishi, S. Immamura, Y. Miyachi. Elsevier, New York 1987; 231–237
   Google Scholar
• Kirkman H.N., Gaetani G.F. Catalase: A Tetrameric Enzyme with Four Tightly Bound Molecules on NADPH. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1984; 81: 4343–4347
   Google Scholar
• Solanki V., Rana R.S., Slaga T.J. Diminution of Mouse Epidermal Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Activities by Tumor Promotors. Carcinogenesis 1982; 2: 1141–1146
   Google Scholar
• Wlaschek M., Briviba K., Stricklin G.P., Sies H., Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Singlet Oxygen May Mediate the Ultraviolet A-Induced Synthesis of Interstitial Collagenase. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1995; 104: 194–198
   Google Scholar
• Grether-Beck S., Olaizola-Horn S., Schmitt H., et al. Activation of Transcription Factor AP-2 Mediates UVA Radiation and Singlet Oxygen Induced Expression of the Human Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Gene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1996; 93: 14586–14591
   Google Scholar
• Nishi J., Ogura R., Sugiyama M., Hidaka T., Kohno M. Involvement of Active Oxygen in Lipid Peroxide Radical Reaction of Epidermal Homogenate Following Ultraviolet Light Exposure. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1991; 97: 115–119
   Google Scholar
• Kitazawa M., Podda M., Thiele J.J., et al. Interactions Between Vitamin E Homologues and Ascorbate Free Radicals in Murine Skin Homogenates Irradiated with Ultraviolet Light. Photochem. Photobiol. 1997; 355–365
   Google Scholar
• Jurkiewicz B.A., Buettner G.R. EPR Detection of Free Radicals in UV-Irradiated Skin: Mouse Versus Human. Photochem. Photobiol. 1996; 64: 918–935
   Google Scholar
• Jurkiewicz B.A., Bissett D.L., Buettner G.R. Effect of Topically Applied Tocopherol on Ultraviolet Radiation Mediated Free Radical Damage in Skin. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1995; 104: 484–488
   Google Scholar
• Shindo Y., Witt E., Han D., Packer L. Dose-Response Effects of Acute Ultraviolet Irradiation on Antioxidants and Molecular Markers of Oxidation in Murine Epidermis and Dermis. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1994; 102: 470–475
   Google Scholar
• Finlayson B.J., Pitts J.N. Photochemistry of the Polluted Troposphere. Science 1976; 192: 111–119
   Google Scholar
• Mustafa M.G. Biochemical Basis of Ozone Toxicity. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1990; 9: 245–265
   Google Scholar
• Koren H.S., Devlin R.B., Graham D.E., et al. Ozone-Induced Inflammation in the Lower Airways of Human Subjects. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1989; 139: 407–415
   Google Scholar
• Kerr H.D., Kulle T.J., Mellhany M.L., Swidersky P. Effects of Ozone on Pulmonary Function in Normal Subjects. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1975; 111: 763–773
   Google Scholar
• Schelegle E.S., Stefkin A.D., McDonald R.J. Time Course of Ozone-Induced Neutrophilia in Normal Humans. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991; 143: 1253–1358
   Google Scholar
• Whiteside C., Hassan H.M. Role of Oxy Radicals in the Inactivation of Catalase by Ozone. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1988; 5: 305–312
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt C.N., Kok G.L., Fall R. Hydroperoxides in Plants Exposed to Ozone Mediate Air Pollution Damage to Alkene Emitters. Nature 1990; 344: 56–58
   Google Scholar
• Pryor W.A., Church D.F. Aldehydes, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Organic Radicals as Mediators of Ozone Toxicity. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1991; 11: 41–46
   Google Scholar
• Kanofsky J.R., Sima P.D. Singlet Oxygen Generation from the Reaction of Ozone with Plant Leaves. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 7850–7852
   Google Scholar
• Menzel D.B. Ozone: An Overview of Its Toxicity in Man and Animals. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1984; 13: 183–204
   Google Scholar
• Lippmann M. Health Effects of Ozone. A Critical Review. Japca 1989; 39: 672–695
   Google Scholar
• Runeckles V.C. The Impact of UV-B Radiation and Ozone on Terrestrial Vegetation. Environ. Pollut. 1994; 83: 191–213
   Google Scholar
• Foyer C.H., Lelendais M., Kunert K.J. Photooxidative Stress in Plants. Physiol. Plant. 1994; 92: 696–717
   Google Scholar
• Polle A., Rennenberg H. Significance of Antioxidants in Plant Adaptation to Environmental Stress. Plant Adaptation to Environmental Stress, L. Fowden, T. Mansfield, J. Stoddard. Chapman & Hall, New York 1993; 263–273
   Google Scholar
• Schraudner M., Langebartels C., Sandermann J. Plant Defence Systems and Ozone. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1996; 24: 456–461
   Google Scholar
• Thiele J.J., Traber M.G., Podda M., Tsang K., Cross C.E., Packer L. Ozone Depletes Tocopherols and Tocotrienols Topically Applied to Murine Skin. FEBS Lett. 1997; 401: 167–170
   Google Scholar
• Rao M.V., Ormrod D.P. Impact of UVB and O3 on the Oxygen Free Radical Scavenging System in Arabidopsis Thaliana Genotypes Differing in Flavonoid Biosynthesis. Photochem. Photobiol. 1995; 62: 719–726
   Google Scholar
• Podda M., Traber M.G., Weber C., Yan L.J., Packer L. UV-Irradiation Depletes Antioxidants and Causes Oxidative Damage in a Model of Human Skin. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1998; 24: 55–65
   Google Scholar
• Shindo Y., Witt E., Han D., et al. Recovery of Antioxidants and Reduction in Lipid Hydroperoxides in Murine Epidermis and Dermis After Acute Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 1994; 10: 183–191
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs J., Huflejt M.E., Rothfuss L.M., Wilson D.S., Carcamo G., Packer L. Acute Effects of Near Ultraviolet and Visible Light on the Cutaneous Antioxidant Defense System. Photochem. Photobiol. 1989; 50: 739–744
   Google Scholar
• Basu-Modak S., Luescher P., Tyrrell R.M. Lipid Metabolite Involvement in the Activation of the Human Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1996; 20: 887–897
   Google Scholar
• Weber C., Podda M., Rallis M., Thiele J.J., Traber M.G., Packer L. Efficacy of Topically Applied Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Protection of Murine Skin from Oxidative Damage Induced by UV-Irradiation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1997; 22: 761–769
   Google Scholar
• Baxter J.G., Robeson C.D., Taylor J.D., Lehman R.W. Natural Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Tocopherols and Certain Esters of Physiological Interest. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1943; 65: 918–924
   Google Scholar
• Yuen K.S., Halliday G.M. Alpha-Tocopherol, an Inhibitor of Epidermal Lipid Peroxidation, Prevents Ultraviolet Radiation from Suppressing the Skin Immune System. Photochem. Photobiol. 1997; 65: 587–592
   Google Scholar
• Anderson R.R. Tissue Optics and Photoimmunology. Photoimmunology, J.A. Parrish. Plenum Medical, New York 1983; 73
   Google Scholar
• Kagan V.E., Serbinova E.A., Forte T., Scita G., Packer L. Recycling of Vitamin E in Human Low Density Lipoproteins. J. Lipid Res. 1992; 33: 385–397
   Google Scholar
• Kochevar I.E., Lambert C.R., Lynch M.C., Tedesco A.C. Comparison of Photosensitized Plasma Membrane Damage Caused by Singlet Oxygen and Free Radicals. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1996; 1280: 223–230
   Google Scholar
• Rosenstein B.S., Ducore J.M., Cummings S.W. The Mechanism of Bilirubin-Photosensitized DNA Strand Breakage in Human Cells Exposed to Phototherapy Light. Mutat. Res. 1983; 112: 397–406
   Google Scholar
• Foote C.S. Definition of Type I and Type II Photosensitized Oxidation. Photochem. Photobiol. 1991; 54
   Google Scholar
• Jimbow K., Fitzpatrick T.B., Wick M.M. Biochemistry and Physiology of Melanin Pigmentation. Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of the Skin, L.A. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, New York 1993; 873–909
   Google Scholar
• Biesalski H.K., Hemmes C., Hopfenmuller W., Schmid C., Gollnick H.P. Effects of Controlled Exposure of Sunlight on Plasma and Skin Levels of Beta-Carotene. Free Radic. Res. 1996; 24: 215–224
   Google Scholar
• Aronoff S. Catalase:Kinetics of Photooxidation. Science 1965; 150: 72–73
   Google Scholar
• Kono K., Fridovich I. Superoxide Radical Inhibits Catalase. J. Biol. Chem. 1982; 257: 5751–5754
   Google Scholar
• Whiteside C., Hassan H.M. Induction and Inactivation of Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase of Escherichia-coli by Ozone. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1987; 257: 464–471
   Google Scholar
• Punnonen K., Puntala A., Jansen C.T., Ahotupa M. UV-B Irradiation Induces Lipid Peroxidation and Reduces Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Human Keratinocytes In Vitro. Acta Dermato-Venereol. 1991; 71: 239–242
   Google Scholar
• Punnonen K., Jansen C.T., Puntala A., Ahotupa M. Effects of In Vitro UV-A Irradiation and PUVA Treatment on Membrane Fatty Acids and Activites of Antioxidant Enzymes in Human Keratinocytes. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1991; 96: 255–259
   Google Scholar
• Shindo Y., Hashimoto T. Time Course of Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Human Skin Fibroblasts After UVA Irradiation. J. Dermatol. Sci. 1997; 14: 225–232
   Google Scholar
• Punnonen K., Lehtola K., Autio P., Kiistala U., Ahotupa M. Chronic UVB Irradiation Induces Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Human Epidermis In Vivo. Photochem. Photobiol. 1995; 30: 43–48
   Google Scholar
• Gilchrest B.A. Photodamage. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Cambridge, MA 1995
   Google Scholar
• Fryer M.J. Evidence for the Photoprotective Effects of Vitamin E. Photochem. Photobiol. 1993; 58: 304–312
   Google Scholar
• Trevithick J.R. Vitamin E Prevention of Ultraviolet-Induced Skin Damage. Oxidative Stress in Dermatology, J. Fuchs, L. Packer. Marcel Dekker, New York 1993; 67–80
   Google Scholar
• Darr D., Pinnell S.R. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Protection in Photodermatology. Sunscreens—Development, Evaluation, and Regulatory Aspects, N.J. Lowe, N.A. Shaath, M.A. Pathak. 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1997; 155–173
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Torres M., Thiele J.J., Shindo Y., Han D., Packer L. Topical Application of α-Tocopherol Modulates the Antioxidant Network and Diminishes Ultraviolet-Induced Oxidative Damage in Murine Skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 1998; 138: 207–215
   Google Scholar
• Roshchupkin D.I., Pistsov M.Y., Potapenko A.Y. Inhibition of Ultraviolet Light-Induced Erythema by Antioxidants. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1979; 266: 91–94
   Google Scholar
• Möller H., Ansmann A., Wallat S. Wirkungen von Vitamin E auf die Haut bei topischer Anwendung. Fat Sci. Technol. 1989; 91: 295–305
   Google Scholar
• Dreher F., Gabard B., Schwindt D.A., Maibach H.I. Topical Melatonin in Combination with Vitamins E and C Protects Skin from UV-Induced Erythema: A Human Study In Vivo. Br. J. Dermatol. 1998
   Google Scholar
• Darr D., Dunston S., Faust H., Pinnell S. Effectiveness of Antioxidants (Vitamin C and E) with and without Sunscreens as Topical Photoprotectants. Acta Dermato-Venereol. 1996; 76: 264–268
   Google Scholar
• Ritter E.F., Axelrod M., Minn K.W., et al. Modulation of Ultraviolet Light-Induced Epidermal Damage: Beneficial Effects of Tocopherol. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1997; 100: 973–980
   Google Scholar
• Khettab N., Amory M.C., Briand G., et al. Photoprotective Effect of Vitamins A and E on Polyamine and Oxygenated Free Radical Metabolism in Hairless Mouse Epidermis. Biochimie 1988; 70: 1709–1713
   Google Scholar
• Gensler H.L., Magdaleno M. Topical Vitamin E Inhibition of Immunosuppression and Tumorigenesis Induced by Ultraviolet Radiation. Nutr. Cancer 1991; 15: 97–106
   Google Scholar
• Beijersbergen van Henegouwen G.M.J., Junginger H.E., de Vries H. Hydrolysis of RRR-α-Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E Acetate) in the Skin and its UV Protecting Activity (an In Vivo Study with the Rat). J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 1995; 29: 45–51
   Google Scholar
• Schoonderwoerd S.A., Beijerbergen van Henegouwen G.M.J., Persons K.C.M. Effect of Alpha-Tocopherol and Di-Butyl-Hydroxytoluence (BHT) on UV-A-Induced Photobinding of 8-Methoxypsoralen to Wistar Rat Epidermal Biomacromolecules In Vivo. Arch. Toxicol. 1991; 65: 490–494
   Google Scholar
• Evelson P., Ordóñez C.P., Llesuy S., Boveris A. Oxidative Stress and In Vivo Chemiluminescence in Mouse Skin Exposed to UVA Radiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 1997; 38: 215–219
   Google Scholar
• Bissett D.L., Chatterjee R., Hannon D.P. Protective Effect of a Topically Applied Antioxidant Plus an Anti-inflammatory Agent Against Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Chronic Skin Damage in the Hairless Mouse. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1992; 43: 85–92
   Google Scholar
• Bissett D.L., Hillebrand G.G., Hannon D.P. The Hairless Mouse as a Model of Skin Photoaging: Its Use to Evaluate Photoprotective Materials. Photodermatology 1989; 6: 228–233
   Google Scholar
• Bissett D.L., Chatterjee R., Hannon D.P. Photoprotective Effect of Superoxide-Scavenging Antioxidants Against Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Chronic Skin Damage in the Hairless Mouse. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 1990; 7: 56–62
   Google Scholar
• Potapenko A.Y., Abijev G.A., Pistsov M.Y., et al. PUVA-Induced Erythema and Changes in Mechanoelectrical Properties of Skin. Inhibition by Tocopherols. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1984; 276: 12–16
   Google Scholar
• Potapenko A.J., Piszov M.J., Abijev G.A., Pliquett F. α-Tokopherol, ein Inhibitor von durch UV-Strahlung Induzierten Veranderungen mechanoelektrischer Hauteigenschaften. Dermatol. Monatsschr. 1983; 169: 300–304
   Google Scholar
• Record I.R., Dreosti I.E., Konstantinopoulos M., Buckley R.A. The Influence of Topical and Systemic Vitamin E on Ultraviolet Light-Induced Skin Damage in Hairless Mice. Nutr. Cancer 1991; 16: 219–226
   Google Scholar
• Trevithick J.R., Xiong H., Lee S., et al. Topical Tocopherol Acetate Reduces Post-UVB, Sunburn-Associated Erythema, Edema, and Skin Sensitivity in Hairless Mice. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1992; 296: 575–582
   Google Scholar
• Trevithick J.R., Shum D.T., Redac S., et al. Reduction of Sunburn Damage to Skin by Topical Application of Vitamin E Acetate Following Exposure to Ultraviolet B Radiation: Effect of Delaying Application or of Reducing Concentration of Vitamin E Acetate Applied. Scanning Microsc. 1993; 7: 1269–1281
   Google Scholar
• Gensler H.L., Aickin M., Peng Y.M., Xu M. Importance of the Form of Topical Vitamin E for Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis. Nutr. Cancer 1996; 26: 183–191
   Google Scholar
• Kamimura M., Matsuzawa T. Percutaneous Absorption of α-Tocopheryl Acetate. J. Vitaminol. 1968; 14: 151–159
   Google Scholar
• Norkus E.P., Bryce G.F., Bhagavan H.N. Uptake and Bioconversion of α-Tocopheryl Acetate to α-Tocopherol in Skin of Hairless Mice. Photochem. Photobiol. 1993; 57: 613–615
   Google Scholar
• Trevithick J.R., Mitton K.P. Topical Application and Uptake of Vitamin E Acetate by the Skin Conversion to Free Vitamin E. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1993; 31: 869–878
   Google Scholar
• Alberts D.S., Goldman R., Xu M.J., et al. Disposition and Metabolism of Topically Administered α-Tocopherol Acetate: A Common Ingredient of Commercially Available Sunscreens and Cosmetics. Nutr. Cancer 1996; 26: 193–201
   Google Scholar
• Kramer K.A., Liebler D.C. UVB Induced Photooxidation of Vitamin E. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1997; 10: 219–224
   Google Scholar
• Meydani S.N., Meydani M., Blumberg J.B., et al. Vitamin E Supplementation and In Vivo Immune Response in Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1997; 277: 1380–1386
   Google Scholar
• Darr D., Combs S., Dunston S., Manning T., Pinnell S. Topical Vitamin C Protects Porcine Skin From Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Damage. Br. J. Dermatol. 1992; 127: 247–253
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi S., Takehana M., Itoh S., Ogata E. Protective Effect of Magnesium-l-Ascorbyl-2 Phosphate Against Skin Damage Induced by UVB Irradiation. Photochem. Photobiol. 1996; 64: 224–228
   Google Scholar
• Kameyama K., Sakai C., Kondoh S., et al. Inhibitory Effect of Magnesium l-Ascorbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on Melanogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1996; 34: 29–33
   Google Scholar
• Austria R., Semenzato A., Bettero A. Stability of Vitamin C Derivatives in Solution and Topical Formulations. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 1997; 15: 795–801
   Google Scholar
• Wang Z.Y., Agarwal R., Bickers D.R., Mukhtar H. Protection Against Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Photocarcinogenesis in Hairless Mice by Green Tea Polyphenols. Carcinogenesis 1991; 12: 1527–1530
   Google Scholar
• González S., Pathak M.A. Inhibition of Ultraviolet-Induced Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species, Lipid Peroxidation, Erythema and Skin Photosensitization by Polypodium leucotomos. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 1996; 12: 45–56
   Google Scholar
• González S., Pathak M.A., Cuevas J., Villarrubia V.G., Fitzpatrick T.B. Topical or Oral Administration with an Extract of Polypodium Leucotomos Prevents Acute Sunburn and Psoralen-Induced Phototoxic Reactions as well as Depletion of Langerhans Cells. Photodermatol. Photoimmun. Photomed. 1997; 13: 50–60
   Google Scholar
• Gensler H.L., Timmermann B.N., Valeic S., et al. Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis by Topical Administration of Pure Epigallocatechin Gallate Isolated from Green Tea. Nutr. Cancer 1996; 26: 325–335
   Google Scholar
• Birt D.F., Mitchell D., Gold B., Pour P., Conway-Pinch H. Inhibition of Ultraviolet Light Induced Skin Carcinogenesis in SKH-1 Mice by Apigenin, a Plant Flavonoid. Anticancer Res. 1997; 17: 85–91
   Google Scholar
• Katiyar S.K., Korman N.J., Mukhtar H., Agarwal R. Protective Effects of Silymarin Against Photocarcinogenesis in a Mouse Model. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 1997; 89: 556–566
   Google Scholar
• Katiyar S.K., Elmets C.A., Agarwal R., Mukhtar H. Protection Against Ultraviolet-B Radiation-Induced Local and Systemic Suppression of Contact Hypersensitivity and Edema Responses in C3H/HeN Mice by Green Tea Polyphenols. Photochem. Photobiol. 1995; 62: 855–861
   Google Scholar
• Van den Broeke L.T., Beijersbergen van Henegouwen G.M.J. Thiols as Potential UV Radiation Protectors: An In Vitro Study. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 1993; 17: 279–286
   Google Scholar
• Aruoma O.I., Halliwell B., Hoey B.M., Butler J. The Antioxidant Action of N-Acetylcysteine: Its Reaction with Hydrogen Peroxide, Hydroxyl Radical, Superoxide, and Hypochlorous Acid. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1989; 6: 593–597
   Google Scholar
• Van den Broeke L.T., Beijersbergen van Henegouwen G.M.J. UV Radiation Protecting Efficacy of Cysteine Derivatives, Studies with UVA-Induced Binding of 8-MOP and CPZ to Rat Epidermal Biomacromolecules In Vivo. Int. J. Rad. Biol. 1994; 67: 411–420
   Google Scholar
• Van den Broeke L.T., Beijersbergen van Henegouwen G.M.J. UV-Radiation Protecting Efficacy of Thiols, Studied with UVA-Induced Binding of 8-MOP and CPZ to Rat Epidermal Biomacromolecules In Vivo. Int. J. Rad. Biol. 1993; 63: 493–500
   Google Scholar
• Van den Broeke L.T., Beijersbergen van Henegouwen G.M.J. The Effect of N-Acetyl-cysteine on the UVB-Induced Inhibition of Epidermal DNA Synthesis in Rat Skin. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 1994; 26: 271–276
   Google Scholar
• Steenvoorden D.P.T., Beijersbergen van Henegouwen G.M.J. Cysteine Derivatives Protect Against UV-Induced Reactive Intermediates in Human Keratinocytes: The Role of Glutathione Synthesis. Photochem. Photobiol. 1997; 66: 665–671
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi S., Takehana M., Tohyama C. Glutathione Isopropyl Ester Reduces UVB-Induced Skin Damage in Hairless Mice. Photochem. Photobiol. 1996; 63: 106–110
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs J., Milbradt R. Antioxidant Inhibition of Skin Inflammation Induced by Reactive Oxidants: Evaluation of the Redox Couple Dihydrolipoate-Lipoate. Skin Pharmacol. 1994; 7: 278–284
   Google Scholar
• Podda M., Rallis M., Traber M.G., Packer L., Maibach H.I. Kinetic Study of Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Distribution Following Topical Application of [7,8-14C]rac-α-Lipoic Acid onto Hairless Mice. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1996; 52: 627–633
   Google Scholar
• Bangha E., Elsner P., Kistler G.S. Suppression of UV-Induced Erythema by Topical Treatment with Melatonin (N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). Influence of the Application Time Point. Dermatology 1997; 195: 248–252
   Google Scholar
• Reiter R.J., Melchiorri D., Sewerynek E., et al. A Review of the Evidence Supporting Melatonin's Role as an Antioxidant. J. Pineal Res. 1995; 18: 1–11
   Google Scholar
• Martinuzzo M., Del Zar M.M., Cardinali D.P., Carreras L.O., Vacas M.I. Melatonin Effect on Arachidonic Acid Metabolism to Cyclooxygenase Derivatives in Human Platelets. J. Pineal Res. 1991; 11: 111–115
   Google Scholar
• Franchi A.M., Gimeno M.F., Cardinali D.P., Vacas M.I. Melatonin 5-Methoxytryptamine and Some of Their Analogs as Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors in Rat Medial Basal Hypothalamus. Brain Res. 1987; 405: 384–388
   Google Scholar
• Carraro C., Pathak M.A. Studies on the Nature of In Vitro and In Vivo Photosensitization Reactions by Psoralens and Porphyrins. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1988; 90: 267–275
   Google Scholar
• Alaoui Youssefi A., Emerit I., Feingold J. Oxyradical Involvement in PUVA-Induced Skin Reactions. Protection by Local Application of SOD. Eur. J. Dermatol. 1994; 4: 389–393
   Google Scholar
• Filipe P., Emerit I., Vassy J., et al. Epidermal Localization and Protective Effects of Topically Applied Superoxide Dismutase. Exp. Dermatol. 1997; 6: 116–121
   Google Scholar
• Hamanaka J., Miyachi Y., Imamura S. Photoprotective Effect of Topically Applied Superoxide Dismutase on Sunburn Reaction in Comparison with Sunscreen. J. Dermatol. 1990; 17: 595–598
   Google Scholar
• Hadshiew I., Stäb F., Untiedt S., Bohnsack K., Rippke F., Hölzle E. Effects of Topically Applied Antioxidants in Experimentally Provoked Polymorphous Light Eruption. Dermatology 1997; 195: 362–368
   Google Scholar
• Montenegro L., Bonina F., Rigano L., Giogilli S., Sirigu S. Protective Effect Evaluation of Free Radical Scavengers on UVB Induced Human Cutaneous Erythema by Skin Reflectance Spectrophotometry. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 1995; 17: 91–103
   Google Scholar
• Dreher F., Denig N., Gabard B., Schwindt D.A., Maibach H.I. Effect of Topical Antioxidants on UV-Induced Erythema Formation when Administered After Exposure. Dermatology 1998
   Google Scholar
• Bissett D.L., Chatterjee R., Hannon D.P. Chronic Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Increase in Skin Iron and the Photoprotective Effect of Topically Applied Iron Chelators. Photochem. Photobiol. 1991; 54: 215–223
   Google Scholar
• Bissett D.L., Oelrich D.M., Hannon D.P. Evaluation of a Topical Iron Chelator in Animals and in Human Beings: Short-Term Photoprotection by 2-Furildioxime. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1994; 31: 572–578
   Google Scholar
• Bissett D.L., McBride J.F. Synergistic Topical Photoprotection by a Combination of the Iron Chelator 2-Furildioxime and Sunscreen. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1996; 35: 546–549
   Google Scholar
• Hanada K., Sawamura D., Nakano H., Hashimoto I. Possible Role of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Induced Metallothionein in Photoprotection Against UVB Injury in Mouse Skin and Cultured Rat Keratinocytes. J. Dermatol. Sci. 1995; 9: 203–208
   Google Scholar
• Burke K.E., Combs G.F., Gross E.G., Bhuyan K.C., Abu-Libdeh H. The Effects of Topical and Oral l-Selenomethionine on Pigmentation and Skin Cancer Induced by Ultraviolet Irradiation. Nutr. Cancer 1992; 17: 123–137
   Google Scholar
• Burke K.E., Bedford R.G., Combs G.F., French I.W., Skeffington D.R. The Effect of Topical l-Selenomethionine on Minimal Erythema Dose of Ultraviolet Irradiation in Humans. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 1992; 9: 52–57
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez J.L., Torres V.M. Selenium Sulfide in Tinea Versicolor: Blood and Urine Levels. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1984; 11: 238–241
   Google Scholar
• Cummins L.M., Kimura E.T. Safety Evaluation of Selenium Sulfide Antidandruff Shampoos. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1971; 20: 89–96
   Google Scholar
• Tyrrell R.M. UVA (320–380 nm) Radiation as an Oxidative Stress. Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants, H. Sies. Academic Press, London 1991; 57–83
   Google Scholar
• Vile G.F., Tyrrell R.M. UVA Radiation-Induced Oxidative Damage to Lipids and Proteins In Vitro and in Human Skin Fibroblasts is Dependent on Iron and Singlet Oxygen. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1995; 18: 721–730
   Google Scholar
• Morlière P., Moysan A., Santus R., Hüppe G., Mazière J.C., Dubertret L. UVA-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Cultured Human Fibroblasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1991; 1084: 261–268
   Google Scholar
• Gaboriau F., Demoulins-Giacco N., Tirache I., Morlière P. Involvement of Singlet Oxygen in Ultraviolet A-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Cultured Human Skin Fibroblasts. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1995; 287: 338–340
   Google Scholar
• Clement-Lacroix P., Michel L., Moysan A., Morlière P., Dubertret L. UVA-Induced Immune Suppression in Human Skin: Protective Effects of Vitamin E in Human Epidermal Cells In Vitro. Br. J. Dermatol. 1996; 134: 77–84
   Google Scholar
• Coulomb B., Lebreton C., Mathieu N., Morlière P. UVA-Induced Oxidative Damage in Fibroblasts Cultured in a 3-Dimensional Collagen Matrix. Exp. Dermatol. 1996; 5: 161–167
   Google Scholar
• Skoog M.L., Öllinger K., Skogh M. Microfluorometry Using Fluorescein Diacetate Reflects the Integrity of the Plasma Membrane in UVA-Irradiated Cultured Skin Fibroblasts. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 1997; 13: 37–42
   Google Scholar
• Darr D., Fridovich I. Free Radicals in Cutaneous Biology. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1994; 102: 671–675
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimura H., Asada T., Iwanami M. Some Measurements of Dissociation Constants of Uric Acid and Creatinine. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 1959; 46: 169–176
   Google Scholar
• Salomon L., Stubbs D.W. Some Aspects of the Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid in Rats. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1961; 92: 128–140
   Google Scholar
• Stüttgen G., Schaefer E. Vitamine und Haut. Funktionelle Dermatologie, G. Stüttgen, E. Schaefer. Springer, Berlin 1974; 78–79
   Google Scholar
• Halprin K., Ohkawara A. The Measurement of Glutathione in Human Epidermis Using Glutathione Reductase. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1967; 48: 149–152
   Google Scholar
• Benedetto J.P., Ortonne J.P., Voulot C., Khatchadourian C., Prota G., Thivolet J. Role of Thiol Compounds in Mammalian Melanin Pigmentation. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1981; 77: 402–405
   Google Scholar
• Kim Y.P., Lee S.C. Superoxide Dismutase Activities in the Human Skin. The Biological Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Skin, O. Hayashi, S. Imamura, Y. Miyachi. Elsevier, New York 1987; 225–230
   Google Scholar
• Carrao C., Pathak M.A. Characterization of Superoxide Dismutase from Mammalian Skin Epidermis. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1988; 90: 31–36
   Google Scholar
• Bangha E., Elsner P., Kistler G.S. Suppression of UV-Induced Erythema by Topical Treatment with Melatonin (N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). A Dose Response Study. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1996; 288: 522–526
   Google Scholar
• Bissett D.L., Majeti S., Fu J.J.L., McBride J.F., Wyder W.E. Protective Effect of Topically Applied Conjugated Hexadienes Against Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Chronic Skin Damage in the Hairless Mouse. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 1990; 7: 63–67
   Google Scholar
• De Rios G., Chan J.T., Black H.S., Rudolph A.H., Knox J.M. Systemic Protection by Antioxidants Against UVL-Induced Erythema. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1978; 70: 123–125
   Google Scholar