DERIVATION OF U.S. EPA'S ORAL REFERENCE DOSE (RFD) FOR METHYLMERCURY

REFERENCES

• Marsh D. O., Clarkson T. W., Cox C., Amin-Zaki L., Al-Tikriti S. Fetal Methyl mercury poisoning: Relationship between concentration in single strands of maternal hair and child effects. Archives of Neurology 1987; 44: 1017–1022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Online. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Barnes D. G., Dourson M. L. Reference Dose (RfD): description and use in health risk assessments. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 1988; 8: 471–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Background Document for Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Online. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH, 1988
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Guidelines for Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment. Federal Register., 63798–63826, 56, 1991
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Mercury Study Report to Congress Volume V. Health Effects of Mercury and Mercury Compounds. Final Report. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development, (EPA-452/R-97/007). December, 1997
   Google Scholar
• NAS, “Drinking Water and Health,”. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 1977
   Google Scholar
• Swartout J., Price P., Dourson M., Carlson-Lynch H., Keenan R. A Probabilistic Framework for the Reference Dose (Probabilistic RfD). Risk Analysis 1998; 18(3)271–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cernichiari E., Brewer R., Meyers G., Marsh G., Lapham L., Cox C., Shamlaye C., Berlin M., Davidson P., Clarkson T. Monitoring methylmercury during pregnancy: Maternal hair predicts fetal brain exposure. Neurotoxicology 1995; 16: 705–710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAS, Methyl mercury: FDA Risk Assessment and Current Regulations. In Seafood Safety. Committee on Evaluation of the Safety of Fishery Products. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1991; 196–221
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. Report on the Benchmark Dose Peer Consultation Workshop, Risk Assessment Forum. Washington, DC, 1996
   Google Scholar
• Crump K. S. A new method for determining allowable daily intakes. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1984; 4: 854–871
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crump K. S. Calculation of Benchmark doses from continuous data. Risk Analysis 1995; 15(1)79–89
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crump K. S. On summarizing group exposures in risk assessment: Is an arithmetic mean or a geometric mean more appropriate. Risk Analysis 1998; 18(3)293–297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faustman E., Allen B., Kavlock R., Kimmel C. Dose-response assessment for developmental toxicity I. Characterization of data base and determination of no observed effect levels. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1994; 23: 478–486
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen B. C., Kavlock R., Kimmel C., Faustman E. Dose-response assessment for developmental toxicity II. Comparison of generic benchmark dose estimates with no observed effect levels. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1994a; 23: 487–495
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen B. C., Kavlock R., Kimmel C., Faustman E. Dose-response assessment for developmental toxicity III. Statistical models. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1994b; 23: 496–509
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phelps R. W., Clarkson T. W., Kershaw T. G., Wheatley B. Interrelationships of blood and hair mercury concentrations in a North American population exposed to methylmercury. Archives of Environmental Health 1980; 35: 161–168
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aberg B., Ekman L., Falk R., Greitz U., Persson G., Snihs J. Metabolism of methyl mercury (203Hg) compounds in man: Excretion and Distribution. Archives of Environmental Health 1969; 19: 478–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miettinen J., Rahola T., Hattula T., Rissanen K., Tillander M. Elimination of 203-Hg-methylmercury in man. Ann. Clin. Res. 1971; 3(2)116–122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kershaw T. G., Clarkson T. W., Dahir P. H. The relationship between blood levels and dose of methylmercury in man. Archives of Environmental Health 1980; 35(1)28–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherlock J., Quinn M. Underestimation of dose-response relationship with particular reference to the relationship between the dietary intake of mercury and its concentration in blood. Human Toxicology 1988; 7(2)129–132
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Best C. The Physiological basis of medical practice. Baltimore 1961; 19–29
   Google Scholar
• Sherlock J. C., Lindsay D. G., Hislop J., Evans W. H., Collier T. R. Duplication diet study on mercury intake by fish consumers in the United Kingdom. Archives of Environmental Health 1982; 37(5)271–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox C., Clarkson T. W., Marsh D. O., Myers G. G. Dose-response analysis of infants prenatally exposed to methylmercury: An application of a single compartment model to single-strand hair analysis. Environmental Research 1989; 49: 318–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers G. J., Marsh D. O., Cox C., Davidson P. W., Shamlaye C. F., Tanner M. A., Choi A., Cernichiari E., Choisy O., Clarkson T. W. A pilot neurodevelopmental study of Seychellois children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from a maternal fish diet. Neurotoxicology 1995; 16(4)629–638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjellstrom T., Kennedy P., Wallis S., Mantell C. Physical and mental development of children with prenatal exposure to mercury from fish. Stage 1: Preliminary test at age 4. National Swedish Environmental Protection Board, Report 3080, SolnaSweden, 1986a
   Google Scholar
• Kjellstrom T., Kennedy P., Wallis S., et al. Physical and mental development of children with prenatal exposure to mercury from fish. Stage 2: Interviews and psychological tests at age 6. National Swedish Environmental Protection Board, Report 3642, SolnaSweden, 1986b
   Google Scholar
• Kjellstrom T., Kennedy P., Wallis S., et al. Physical and mental development of children with prenatal exposure to mercury from fish: Stage 2: Interviews and psychological tests at age 6. National Swedish Environmental Protection Board, Report 3642, SolnaSweden, 1989
   Google Scholar