366
Views
39
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Surfactants in Green Solvent Systems—Current and Future Research Directions

, , &
Pages 155-171 | Received 06 Dec 2002, Accepted 23 Dec 2002, Published online: 06 Feb 2007

References

  • 1990 . Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 , U.S.C., Sections 13101–13109 42
  • Ember , L. 1991 . Strategies for reducing pollution at the source are gaining ground . Chem. Eng. News , 69 ( July 8 ) : 7 – 16 .
  • Anastas , P. T. , Heine , L. G. and Williamson , T. C. 2000 . “ Green chemical syntheses and processes: introduction ” . In Green Chemical Syntheses and Processes Edited by: Anastas , P. T. , Heine , L. G. and Williamson , T. C. Vol. chapter 1 , Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
  • Anastas , P. T. and Warner , J. C. 1998 . Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice 30 New York : Oxford University Press .
  • 2002 . Special Issue on Green Chemistry . Accounts Chem. Res. , 35 : 685 – 816 .
  • McQuarrie , D. A. and Simon , J. D. 1997 . Physical Chemistry A Molecular Approach 636 University Science Books .
  • Shaw , R. W. , Brill , T. B. , Clifford , A. A. , Eckert , C. A. and Franck , E. U. 1991 . Supercritical water a medium for chemistry . Chem. Eng. News , 69 ( 51 ) : 26 – 39 .
  • Fahlman , B. D. 2002 . Supercritical fluid technology . Today's Chemist at Work , : 81 – 84 .
  • Lide , D. R. , ed. 2001 . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Boca Raton : CRC Press .
  • Wai , C. M. , Hunt , F. , Ji , M. and Chen , X. 1998 . Chemical reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide . J. Chem. Ed. , 75 ( 12 ) : 1641 – 1645 .
  • von Alwani , Z. and Schneider , G. 1967 . Druckeinflub auf die Entmischung Flüssiger Systeme . Ber. Bunsenges. , 21 : 633 – 637 .
  • Downey , K. W. , Snow , R. H. , Hazlebeck , D. A. and Roberts , A. J. 1985 . “ Corrosion and chemical agent destruction: research on supercritical water oxidation of hazardous military wastes ” . In Innovations in Supercritical Fluids , ACS Symposium Series 608 Edited by: Hutchenson , K. W. and Foster , N. R. 313 – 326 . Washington, DC : ACS .
  • Mitton , D. B. , Orzalli , J. C. and Latanision , R. M. 1985 . “ Corrosion studies in supercritical water oxidation systems ” . In Innovations in Supercritical Fluids , ACS Symposium Series 608 Edited by: Hutchenson , K. W. and Foster , N. R. 327 – 337 . Washington, DC
  • Savage , P. E. 1999 . Organic chemical reactions in supercritical water . Chem. Rev. , 99 ( 2 ) : 603 – 622 .
  • Squires , T. G. and Paulaitis , M. E. , eds. 1985 . Supercritical Fluids–Chemical and Engineering Principles and Applications , ACS Symposium Series 329 Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
  • Hutchenson , K. W. and Foster , N. R. , eds. 1994 . Innovations in Supercritical Fluids—Science and Technology , ACS Symposium Series 608 Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
  • Noyori , R. 1999 . Supercritical fluids . Chem. Rev. , 99 ( 2 ) : 353 – 354 .
  • Kiran , E. and Sengers , J. M.H.L. , eds. 1993 . Supercritical Fluids—Fundamentals for Application , NATO ASI Series, Series E: Applied Sciences Vol. 273 , Boston , MA : Kluwer .
  • Leitner , W. 2002 . Supercritical carbon dioxide as a green reaction medium for catalysis . Acc. Chem. Res. , 35 : 746 – 756 .
  • Abraham , M. A. and Moens , L. , eds. 2002 . Clean Solvents–Alternative Media for Chemical Reactions and Processing , ACS Symposium Series 819 New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Phelps , C. L. , Smart , N. G. and Wai , C. M. 1996 . Past, present, and possible future applications of supercritical fluid extraction technology . J. Chem. Ed. , 73 ( 12 )
  • Sun , Y.‐P. , ed. 2002 . Supercritical Fluid Technology in Materials Science and Engineering New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Jessop , P. G. and Leitner , W. , eds. 2002 . Chemical Synthesis Using Supercritical Fluids New York : Wiley‐VCH .
  • Mayer , G. M. , Gach , J. M. , Forbes , E. R. and Reid , P. J. 2001 . Exploring phase diagrams using supercritical fluids . J. Chem. Ed. , 78 ( 2 ) : 241 – 242 .
  • Johnston , K. P. , McFann , G. J. , Peck , D. G. and Lemert , R. M. 1989 . Design and characterization of the molecular environment in supercritical fluids . Fluid Phase Equilib. , 52 : 337 – 346 .
  • Brennecke , J. F. and Tomasko , D. L. 1990 . Naphthalene/ triethylamine exciplex and pyrene excimer formation in supercritical fluid solutions . J. Phys. Chem. , 94 : 7692 – 7700 .
  • Chialvo , A. A. 1993 . Solute–solute and solute–solvent correlations in dilute near‐critical ternary mixtures: mixed‐solute and entrainer effects . J. Phys. Chem. , 97 : 2740 – 2744 .
  • Bartscherer , K. A. , Minier , M. and Renon , H. 1995 . Microemulsions in compressible fluids—a review . Fluid Phase Equilib. , 107 : 93 – 150 .
  • De , T. K. and Maitra , A. 1995 . Solution behavior of aerosol OT in non‐polar solvents . Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. , 59 : 95 – 193 .
  • Schwuger , M. J. and Stickdorn , K. 1995 . Microemulsions in technical processes . Chem. Rev. , 95 : 849 – 864 .
  • Silber , J. J. , Biasutti , A. , Abuin , E. and Lissi , E. 1999 . Interactions of small molecules with reverse micelles . Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. , 82 : 189 – 252 .
  • Gale , R. W. , Fulton , J. L. and Smith , R. D. 1987 . Organized molecular assemblies in the gas phase: reverse micelles and microemulsions in supercritical fluids . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 109 : 920 – 921 .
  • Consani , K. A. and Smith , R. D. 1990 . Observations on the solubility of surfactants and related molecules in carbon dioxide at 50°C . J. Supercrit. Fluids , 3 : 51 – 65 .
  • Yazdi , P. , McFann , G. J. , Fox , M. A. and Johnston , K. P. 1991 . Reverse micelles in supercritical fluids. 2. Fluorescence and absorption spectra probes of adjustable aggregation in the two‐phase region . J. Phys. Chem. , 94 : 7224 – 7232 .
  • Fulton , J. L. and Smith , R. D. 1988 . Reverse micelle and microemulsion phases in supercritical fluids . J. Phys. Chem. , 92 : 2903 – 2907 .
  • Beckman , E. J. and Smith , R. D. 1991 . Pressure effects on the phase behavior of a propylene/water/ surfactant mixture . J. Phys. Chem. , 95 : 3253 – 3257 .
  • Blitz , J. P. , Fulton , J. L. and Smith , R. D. 1988 . Dynamic light scattering measurements of reverse micelle phases in liquid and supercritical ethane . J. Phys. Chem. , 92 ( 10 ) : 2707 – 2710 .
  • Blitz , J. P. , Fulton , J. L. and Smith , R. D. 1989 . Near‐ and mid‐infrared transmission cells for the study of reverse micelle phases in supercritical fluids . Appl. Spectrosc. , 43 ( 5 ) : 812 – 816 .
  • Fulton , J. L. , Blitz , J. P. , Tingey , J. M. and Smith , R. D. 1989 . Reverse micelle and microemulsion phases in supercritical xenon and ethane: light scattering and spectroscopic probe studies . J. Phys. Chem. , 93 : 4198 – 4204 .
  • Kaler , E. W. , Billman , J. F. , Fulton , J. L. and Smith , R. D. 1991 . A small‐angle neutron scattering study of intermicellar interactions in microemulsions of AOT, water, and nearcritical propane . J. Phys. Chem. , 95 : 458 – 462 .
  • Tingey , J. M. , Fulton , J. L. , Matson , D. W. and Smith , R. D. 1991 . Micellar and bicontinuous microemulsions formed in both nearcritical and supercritical propane with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide and water . J. Phys. Chem. , 95 : 1445 – 1448 .
  • Middleton , M. A. , Schechter , R. S. and Johnston , K. P. 1990 . Dielectric properties of anionic and nonionic surfactant microemulsions . Langmuir , 6 : 920 – 928 .
  • Heitz , M. P. , Carlier , C. , deGrazia , J. , Harrison , K. L. , Johnston , K. P. , Randolph , T. W. and Bright , F. V. 1997 . Water core within perfluoropolyether‐based microemulsions formed in supercritical carbon dioxide . J. Phys. Chem. B , 101 : 6706 – 6714 .
  • Johnston , K. P. , Dongman , C. , da Rocha , S. R.P. , Psathas , P. A. and Ryoo , W. 2001 . Water in carbon dioxide macroemulsions and miniemulsions with a hydrocarbon surfactant . Langmuir , 17 : 7191 – 7193 .
  • Johnston , K. P. , Harrison , K. L. , Clarke , M. J. , Howdle , S. M. , Heitz , M. P. , Bright , F. V. , Carlier , C. and Randolph , T. W. 1996 . Water‐in‐carbon dioxide microemulsions: an environment for hydrophiles including proteins . Science , 271 : 624 – 626 .
  • Lee , C. T. , Psathas , P. A. and Johnston , K. P. 1999 . Water‐in‐carbon dioxide emulsions: formation and stability . Langmuir , 15 : 6781 – 6791 .
  • Psathas , P. A. , Janowiak , M. L. , Garcia‐Rubio , L. H. and Johnston , K. P. 2002 . Formation of carbon dioxide in water miniemulsions using the phase inversion temperature method . Langmuir , 18 : 3039 – 3046 .
  • Eastoe , J. , Paul , A. , Nave , S. , Steytler , D. C. , Robinson , B. H. , Rumsey , E. , Thorpe , M. and Heenan , R. K. 2001 . Micellization of hydrocarbon surfactants in supercritical carbon dioxide . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 123 : 988 – 989 .
  • Holmes , J. D. , Steytler , D. C. , Rees , G. D. and Robinson , B. H. 1998 . Bioconversions in a water‐in‐CO2 microemulsion . Langmuir , 14 : 6371 – 6376 .
  • Eastoe , J. , Cazelles , M. H. , Steytler , D. C. , Holmes , J. D. , Pitt , A. R. , Wear , T. J. and Heenan , R. K. 1997 . Water‐in‐CO2 microemulsions studied by small‐angle neutron scattering . Langmuir , 13 : 6980 – 6984 .
  • Steytler , D. C. , Rumsey , E. , Thorpe , M. , Eastoe , J. and Heenan , R. K. 2001 . Phosphate surfactants for water‐in‐CO2 microemulsions . Langmuir , 17 : 7948 – 7950 .
  • Sarbu , T. , Styranec , T. and Beckman , E. J. 2000 . Non‐fluorous polymers with very high solubility in supercritical CO2 down to low pressures . Nature , 405 : 165 – 168 .
  • Sarbu , T. , Styranec , T. J. and Beckman , E. J. 2000 . Design and synthesis of low cost, sustainable CO2‐philes . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 39 : 4678 – 4683 .
  • Canelas , D. A. , Betts , D. E. and DeSimone , J. M. 1996 . Dispersion polymerization of styrene in supercritical carbon dioxide: importance of effective surfactants . Macromolecules , 29 : 2818 – 2821 .
  • Kazarian , S. G. 2000 . Polymer processing with supercritical fluids . Polymer Science , 42 ( 1 ) : 78 – 101 .
  • O'Neill , M. L. , Cao , Q. , Fang , M. and Johnston , K. P. 1998 . Solubility of homopolymers and copolymers in carbon dioxide . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 37 : 3067 – 3079 .
  • Triolo , F. , Triolo , A. , Triolo , R. , Betts , D. E. , McClain , J. B. , DeSimone , J. M. , Steytler , D. C. , Wignall , G. D. , Deme , B. and Heenan , R. K. 2000 . Critical micellisation density: a SAS structural study of the unimer‐aggregate transition of block‐copolymers in supercritical CO2 . J. Appl. Cryst , 33 : 641 – 644 .
  • Triolo , R. , Triolo , A. , Steytler , D. C. , Lewis , C. A. , Heenan , R. K. , Wignall , G. D. and DeSimone , J. M. 2000 . Structure of diblock copolymers in supercritical carbon dioxide and critical micellization pressure . Phys. Rev. E , 61 : 4640 – 4643 .
  • Li , G. , Yates , M. Z. and Johnston , K. P. 2000 . Trifuncitonal ambi‐ dextrous surfactants for latexes in supercritical CO2 and water . Macromolecules , 33 : 1606 – 1612 .
  • Fink , R. and Beckman , E. J. 2000 . Phase behavior of siloxane‐based amphiphiles in supercritical carbon dioxide . J. Supercrit. Fluids , 18 : 101 – 110 .
  • Leung , R. and Shah , D. O. 1987 . Solubilization and phase equilibria of water‐in‐oil microemulsions. I. Effects of spontaneous curvature and elasticity of interfacial films . J. Colloid Interf. Sci. , 120 ( 2 ) : 320 – 329 .
  • Mesiano , A. J. , Enick , R. M. , Beckman , E. J. and Russell , A. J. 2001 . The phase behavior of fluorinated diols, divinyl adipate and a fluorinated polyester in supercritical carbon dioxide . Fluid Phase Equilib. , 178 : 169 – 177 .
  • da Rocha , S. R.P. , Harrison , K. L. and Johnston , K. P. 1999 . Effect of surfactants on the interfacial tension and emulsion formation between water and carbon dioxide . Langmuir , 15 : 419 – 428 .
  • da Rocha , S. R.P. and Johnston , K. P. 2000 . Interfacial thermodynamics of surfactants at the CO2‐water interface . Langmuir , 16 : 3690 – 3695 .
  • Eastoe , J. , Paul , A. , Downer , A. , Steytler , D. C. and Rumsey , E. 2002 . Effects of fluorocarbon surfactant chain structure on stability of water‐in‐carbon dioxide microemulsions. Links between aqueous surface tension and microemulsion stability . Langmuir , 18 : 3014 – 3017 .
  • Johnston , K. P. , Cho , D. , Sandro , S. , Da Rocha , S. R.P. , Psathas , P. A. , Ryoo , W. , Webber , S. , Eastoe , J. , Dupont , A. and Steytler , D. C. 2001 . Water in carbon dioxide macroemulsions and miniemulsions with a hydrocarbon surfactant . Langmuir , 17 : 7191 – 7193 .
  • Steytler , D. C. , Eastoe , J. and Downer , A. M. 2000 . Fluoro surfactants at air‐water and water‐co2 interfaces . Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 2 : 5235 – 5242 .
  • Steytler , D. C. , Eastoe , J. , Downer , A. M. , Paul , A. and Rumsey , E. 2000 . Adsorption of fluoro surfactants at air‐water and water‐co2 interfaces . Progr. Colloid Polym. Sci. , 115 : 214
  • Diep , P. , Jordan , K. D. , Johnson , J. K. and Beckman , E. J. 1998 . CO2‐fluorocarbon and CO2‐hydrocarbon interactions from first‐principles calculations . J. Phys. Chem. A , 102 : 2231 – 2236 .
  • Dardin , A. , DeSimone , J. M. and Samulski , E. T. 1998 . Fluorocarbons dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide. NMR evidence for specific solute–solvent interactions . J. Phys. Chem. B , 102 : 1775 – 1780 .
  • Holmes , J. D. , Ziegler , K. J. , Audriani , M. , Lee , C. T. , Bhargava , P. A. , Steytler , D. C. and Johnston , K. P. 1999 . Buffering the aqueous phase pH in water‐in‐CO2 microemulsions . J. Phys. Chem. B , 103 : 5703 – 5711 .
  • Lee , C. T. Jr. , Bhargava , P. and Johnston , K. P. 2000 . Percolation in concentrated water‐in‐carbon dioxide microemulsions . J. Phys. Chem. B , 104 : 4448 – 4456 .
  • Ghenciu , E. G. and Beckman , E. J. 1997 . Affinity extraction into carbon dioxide. 1. Extraction of avidin using a biotin‐functional fluoroether surfactant . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 36 : 5366 – 5370 .
  • Niemeyer , E. D. and Bright , F. V. 1998 . The pH within PFPE reverse micelles formed in supercritical CO2 . J. Phys. Chem. B , 102 : 1474 – 1478 .
  • Jacobson , G. B. , Lee , C. T. Jr. , Johnston , K. P. and Tumas , W. 1999 . Enhanced catalyst reactivity and separations using water/carbon dioxide emulsions . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 121 : 11902 – 11903 .
  • Mannila , M. , Kim , H. , Isaacson , C. and Wai , C. M. 2002 . Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction for separation of hyperforin and adhyperforin in St. John's Wort (hypericum perforatum L.) . Green Chem. , 4 : 331 – 336 .
  • Smith , R. D. , Fulton , J. L. , Blitz , J. P. and Tingey , J. M. 1990 . Reverse micelles and microemulsions in near‐critical and supercritical fluids . J. Phys. Chem. , 94 ( 2 ) : 781 – 787 .
  • Ohde , H. , Hunt , F. and Wai , C. M. 2001 . Synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles in a water‐in‐supercritical carbon dioxide microemulsion . Chem. Mater. , 13 : 4130 – 4135 .
  • Ohde , H. , Ohde , M. , Kim , H. and Wai , C. M. 2002 . Synthesis of CdS and ZnS semiconductor nanoparticles in supercritical carbon dioxide utilizing a water‐in‐CO2 microemulsion . Nano Lett. , 2 : 271 – 274 .
  • Ohde , H. , Rodriguez , J. M. , Ye , X. R. and Wai , C. M. 2000 . Synthesizing silver halide nanoparticles in supercritical carbon dioxide utilizing a water‐in‐CO2 microemulsion . Chem. Commun. , : 2353 – 2354 .
  • Ohde , H. , Wai , C. M. , Kim , H. , Kim , J. and Ohde , M. 2002 . Hydrogenation of olefins in supercritical CO2 catalyzed by palladium nanoparticles in a water‐in‐CO2 microemulsion . J. Amer. Chem. Soc. , 124 : 4540 – 4541 .
  • Ohde , M. , Ohde , H. and Wai , C. M. 2002 . Catalytic hydrogenation of arenes with rhodium nanoparticles in a water‐in‐supercritical CO2 microemulsion . Chem. Commun. , : 2388 – 2389 .
  • Jacobson , G. B. , Lee , C. T. Jr. , da Rocha , S. R.P. and Johnston , K. P. 1999 . Organic synthesis in water/carbon dioxide emulsions . J. Org. Chem. , 64 : 1207 – 1210 .
  • Lee , C. T. Jr. , Johnston , K. P. , Dai , H. J. , Cochran , H. D. , Melnichenko , Y. B. and Wignall , G. D. 2001 . Droplet interactions in water‐in‐carbon dioxide microemulsions near the critical point: a small‐angle neutron scattering study . J. Phys. Chem. B , 105 : 3540 – 3548 .
  • Wilkes , J. S. 2002 . A short history of ionic liquids‐from molten salts to neoteric solvents . Green Chem. , 4 : 73 – 80 .
  • Larsen , A. S. , Holbrey , J. D. , Tham , F. S. and Reed , C. A. 2000 . Designing ionic liquids: imidazolium melts with inert carborane anions . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 122 : 7264 – 7272 .
  • Abdallah , D. J. , Bachman , R. E. , Perlstein , J. and Weiss , R. G. 1999 . Crystal structures of symmetrical Tetra‐n‐alkyl ammonium and phosphonium halides. Dissection of competing interactions leading to “biradial” and “tetraradial” shapes . J. Phys. Chem. B , 103 : 9269 – 9278 .
  • Chen , H. , Kwait , D. C. , Gonen , Z. S. , Weslowski , B. T. , Abdallah , D. J. and Weiss , R. G. 2002 . Phase characterization and properties of completely saturated quaternary phosphonium salts. Ordered, room‐temperature ionic liquids . Chem. Mater. , 14 : 4063 – 4072 .
  • Walden , P. 1914 . Molecular weights and electrical conductivity of several fused salts . Bull. Acad. Imper. Sci. (St. Petersburg) , : 405 – 422 .
  • Wilkes , J. S. and Zaworotko , M. J. 1992 . Air and water stable 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium based ionic liquids . J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. , : 965 – 967 .
  • Hagiwara , R. and Ito , Y. 2000 . Room temperature ionic liquids of alkylimidazolium cations and fluoroanions . J. Fluorine Chem. , 105 : 221 – 227 .
  • McFarlane , D. R. , Sun , J. , Golding , J. , Meakin , P. and Forsyth , M. 2000 . High conductivity molten salts based on the imide ion . Electrochimica Acta , 45 : 1271 – 1278 .
  • Hagiwara , R. , Hirashige , T. , Tsuda , T. and Ito , Y. 2002 . A highly conductive room temperature molten fluoride: EMIF 2.3HF . J. Electrochem. Soc. , 149 : D1 – D6 .
  • Bonhote , P. , Dias , A. , Papageorgiou , N. , Kalyanasundaram , K. and Gratzel , M. 1996 . Hydrophobic, highly conductive ambient‐temperature molten salts . Inorg. Chem. , 35 : 1168 – 1178 .
  • Pernak , J. , Czepukowicz , A. and Pozniak , R. 2001 . New ionic liquids and their antielectrostatic properties . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 40 : 2379 – 2383 .
  • Abbott , A. P. , Capper , G. , Davies , D. L. , Munro , H. L. , Rasheed , R. K. and Tambyrajah , V. 2001 . Preparation of novel, moisture‐stable, Lewis‐acidic ionic liquids containing quaternary ammonium salts with functional side chains . Chem. Commun. , : 2010 – 2011 .
  • Cole , A. C. , Jensen , J. L. , Ntai , I. , Tran , K. L.T. , Weaver , K. J. , Forbes , D. C. and Davis , J. H. Jr. 2002 . Novel bronsted acidic ionic liquids and their use as dual solvent‐catalysts . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 124 : 5962 – 5963 .
  • Davis , J. H. Jr. , Forrester , K. J. and Merrigan , T. 1998 . Novel organic ionic liquids (OILs) incorporating cations derived from the antifungal drug miconazole . Tetrahedron , 39 : 8955 – 8958 .
  • Bates , E. D. , Mayton , R. D. , Ntai , I. and Davis , J. H. Jr. 2002 . CO2 capture by a task‐specific ionic liquid . American Chemical Society , 124 ( 6 ) : 926 – 927 .
  • Freemantle , M. 1999 . Ionic liquids prove increasingly versatile . Chem. Eng. News , : 23 – 24 .
  • Seddon , K. R. 2002 . Foreword . Green Chem. , 4 ( 2 ) : G25
  • Rogers , R. D. and Seddon , K. R. 2002 . Ionic Liquids—Industrial Applications for Green Chemistry , ACS Symposium Series 818 Edited by: Rogers , R. D. and Seddon , K. R. New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Progress and Prospects . 224th American Chemical Society National Meeting . Boston , MA .
  • Seddon , K. 2002 . Ionic liquids . Green Chem. , 4 ( 2 ) : 625 – 626 .
  • Bradaric , C. J. , Downard , A. , Kennedy , C. , Robertson , A. J. and Zhou , Y. 2003 . Industrial preparation of phosphonium ionic liquids . Green Chem. , 5
  • Aki , S. N.V.K. , Brennecke , J. F. and Samanta , A. 2001 . How polar are room‐temperature ionic liquids . Chem. Commun. , : 413 – 414 .
  • Welton , T. 1999 . Room‐temperature ionic liquids. solvents for synthesis and catalysis . Chem. Rev. , 99 : 2071 – 2083 .
  • Brennecke , J. F. and Maginn , E. J. 2001 . Ionic liquids: innovative fluids for chemical processing . AIChE J. , 47 : 2384 – 2389 .
  • Wasserscheid , P. and Keim , W. 2000 . Ionic liquids‐new “solutions” for transition metal catalysis . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 39 : 3772 – 3789 .
  • Dupont , J. , deSouza , R. F. and Suarez , P. A.Z. 2002 . Ionic liquid (molten salt) phase organometallic catalysis . Chem. Rev. , 102 : 3667 – 3692 .
  • Zhao , D. , Wu , M. , Kou , Y. and Min , E. 2002 . Ionic liquids: applications in catalysis . Catal. Today , 74 : 157 – 189 .
  • Sheldon , R. A. , Lau , R. M. , Sorgedrager , M. J. , van Rantwijk , F. and Seddon , K. R. 2002 . Biocatalysis in ionic liquids . Green Chem. , 4 : 147 – 151 .
  • Schröder , U. , Wadhawan , J. D. , Compton , R. G. , Marken , F. , Suarez , P. A.Z. , Consorti , C. S. , deSouza , R. F. and Dupont , J. 2000 . Water‐induced accelerated ion diffusion: voltammetric studies in 1‐methyl‐3‐[2,6(S)‐dimethylocten‐2‐]imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids . New J. Chem. , 24 : 1009 – 1015 .
  • Matsumoto , K. , Tsuda , T. , Hagiwara , R. , Ito , Y. and Tamada , O. 2002 . Structural characteristics of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bifluoride: HF‐deficient form of a highly conductive room temperature molten salt . Solid State Sci. , 4 : 23 – 26 .
  • Quinn , B. M. , Ding , Z. , Moulton , R. and Bard , A. J. 2002 . Novel electrochemical studies of ionic liquids . Langmuir , 18 : 1734 – 1742 .
  • Franklin , T. C. , Darlington , J. , Nnodineli , R. and Duty , R. C. 1992 . “ Heterogenous catalysts for use in anodic electrosyntheses and electrodestruction of organic compounds in aqueous surfactant systems ” . In Electrochemistry in Colloids and Dispersions Edited by: Mackay , R. A. and Texter , J. 319 – 329 . New York : Wiley‐VCH .
  • Gorman , J. 2001 . Faster, better, cleaner? New liquids take aim at old‐fashioned chemistry . Science News , 160 : 156 – 158 .
  • Rakita , P. E. Challenges to the Commercial Production of Ionic Liquids . Presented at the 224th American Chemical Society National Meeting . Boston , MA .
  • Moulton , R. D. A Versatile Process for the Manufacture of Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids . Presented at the 224th American Chemical Society National Meeting . Boston , MA .
  • Welz‐Biermann , U. , Vaughan‐Spickers , J. , Janeck , C. and Weiden , M. Ionic Liquids and Merck KGaA . Presented at the 224th American Chemical Society National Meeting . Boston , MA .
  • Bradaric , C. J. , Downard , A. , Kennedy , C. , Roberts , A. J. and Zhou , Y. Industrial Preparation of Phosphonium Ionic Liquids . Presented at the 224th American Chemical Society National Meeting . Boston , MA .
  • Hamill , J. Synthesis, Purification and Analysis of Ionic Liquids for ACROS Organics . Presented at the 224th American Chemical Society National Meeting . Boston , MA .
  • Hilgers , C. Commercial Ionic Liquid Production . Presented at the 224th American Chemical Society National Meeting . Boston , MA .
  • Scott , A. 2002 . Ionic liquids start to flow . Chem. Week , : 35
  • Anthony , J. L. , Scurto , A. M. , Crosthwaite , J. M. , Sudhir , N. V.K. , Maginn , E. J. and Brennecke , J. F. Processes Using Ionic Liquids and Permanent Gases . Presented at the 224th American Chemical Society National Meeting . Boston , MA .
  • Cammarata , L. , Kazarian , S. G. , Salter , P. A. and Welton , T. 2001 . Molecular states of water in room temperature ionic liquids . Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 3 : 5192 – 5200 .
  • Mesmer , R. E. and A.C. , R. 1973 . Fluorine‐19 nuclear magnetic resonance studies on fluoroborate species in aqueous solution . Inorg. Chem. , 12 ( 3 ) : 699 – 702 .
  • Abbott , A. P. , Davies , D. L. and Rasheed , R. K. Metal Deposition from Novel Room Temperature Ionic Liquids . Presented at the 224th American Chemical Society National Meeting . Boston , MA .
  • Reinsborough , V. C. and Bloom , H. 1968 . Freezing point depression in molten pyridinium chloride . Aust. J. Chem. , 21 : 1525 – 1530 .
  • Bloom , H. and Reinsborough , V. C. 1967 . Cryoscopy in molten pyridinium chloride . Aust. J. Chem. , 20 : 2583 – 2587 .
  • Reinsborough , V. C. and Valleau , J. P. 1968 . Ultrasonic studies in molten pyridinium chloride solutions . Aust. J. Chem. , 21 : 2905 – 2911 .
  • Bloom , H. and Reinsborough , V. C. 1969 . Viscosity and conductance micellar studies in molten pyridinium chloride . Aust. J. Chem. , 22 : 519 – 525 .
  • Reinsborough , V. C. 1970 . An N.M.R. study in molten pyridinium chloride solution . Aust. J. Chem. , 23 : 1473 – 1475 .
  • Evans , D. F. and Yamaguchi , A. 1982 . Micelle formation in ethylammonium nitrate, a low‐melting fused salt . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 88 : 89 – 97 .
  • Chang , D. R. 1990 . Conductivity of molten salts in the presence of oil and surfactant . Langmuir , 6 : 1132 – 1135 .
  • Grjotheim , K. and Matiasovsky , K. 1980 . Some problems concerning aluminium electro‐plating in molten salts . Acta Chem Scand A , 34 : 666 – 670 .
  • Delimarsky , Y. K. and Tumanova , N. K. 1979 . A Study of the effect of surfactants on electrode processes in molten salts . Electrochimica Acta , 24 : 19 – 24 .
  • Merrigan , T. L. , Bates , E. D. , Dorman , S. C. and Davis , J. H. Jr. 2000 . New fluorous ionic liquids function as surfactants in conventional room‐temperature ionic liquids . Chem. Commun. , : 2051 – 2052 .
  • Xu , L. , Chen , W. , Bickley , J. F. , Steiner , A. and Xiao , J. 2000 . Fluoroalkylated N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes of palladium . J.Organometallic Chem. , 598 : 409 – 416 .
  • McNulty , J. , Capretta , A. , Wilson , J. , Dyck , J. , Adjabeng , G. and Robertson , A. S. 2002 . Cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides in phosphonium salt ionic liquid under mild conditions . Chem. Commun. , : 1986 – 1987 .
  • Karodia , N. , Guise , S. , Newlands , C. and Andersen , J. 1998 . Clean catalysis with ionic solvents‐phosphonium tosylates for hydroformylation . Chem. Commun. , : 2341 – 2342 .
  • Ludley , P. and Karodia , N. 2001 . Phosphonium tosylates as solvents for the diels‐alder reaction . Tetrahedron Lett. , 42 : 2011 – 2013 .
  • Abdallah , D. J. , Robertson , A. , Hsu , H. and Weiss , R. G. 2000 . Smectic liquid‐crystalline phases of quaternary group VA (especially phosphonium) salts with three equivalent long n‐alkyl chains. How do layered assemblies form in liquid‐crystalline and crystalline phases? . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 122 : 3053 – 3062 .
  • Chen , H. , Kwait , D. C. , Gonen , Z. S. , Weslowski , B. T. , Abdallah , D. J. and Weiss , R. G. 2002 . Phase characterization and properties of completely saturated quaternary phosphonium salts. Ordered, room‐temperature ionic liquids . Chem. Mater. , 14 : 4063 – 4072 .
  • Blanchard , L. A. , Hancu , D. , Beckman , E. J. and Brennecke , J. F. 1999 . Green processing using ionic liquids and CO2 . Nature , 399 : 28 – 29 .
  • Blanchard , L. A. and Brennecke , J. F. 2001 . Recovery of organic products from ionic liquids using supercritical carbon dioxide . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 40 : 287 – 292 .
  • Blanchard , L. A. , Gu , Z. and Brennecke , J. F. 2001 . High‐pressure phase behavior of ionic liquid/CO2 systems . J. Phys. Chem. B , 105 : 2437 – 2444 .
  • Anthony , J. L. , Maginn , E. J. and Brennecke , J. F. 2001 . Solution thermodynamics of imidazolium‐based ionic liquids and water . J. Phys. Chem. B , 105 : 10942 – 10949 .
  • Huddleston , J. G. , Visser , A. E. , Reichert , W. M. , Willauer , H. D. , Broker , G. A. and Rogers , R. D. 2001 . Characterization and comparison of hydrophilic and hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquids incorporating the imidazolium cation . Green Chem. , 3 ( 4 ) : 156 – 164 .
  • Anthony , J. L. , Maginn , E. J. and Brennecke , J. F. 2002 . Solubilities and thermodynamic properties of gases in the ionic liquid 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate . J. Phys. Chem. B , 106 : 7315 – 7320 .
  • Shariati , A. and Peters , C. J. 2002 . High‐pressure phase behavior of systems with ionic liquids: measurements and modeling of the binary system fluoroform + 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate . J. Supercrit. Fluids , 24 : 111 – 121 .
  • Scurto , A. M. , Aki , S. N.V.K. and Brennecke , J. F. 2002 . CO2 as a separation switch for ionic liquid/organic mixtures . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 124 : 10276 – 10277 .
  • Kazarian , S. G. , Briscoe , R. J. and Welton , T. 2000 . Combining ionic liquids and supercritical fluids: in situ ATR‐IR study of CO2 Dissolved in two ionic liquids at high pressures . Chem. Commun. , : 2047 – 2048 .
  • Kazarian , S. G. , Sakellarios , N. and Gordon , C. M. 2002 . High‐pressure CO2‐induced reduction of the melting temperature of ionic liquids . Chem. Commun. , : 1314 – 1315 .
  • Laszlo , J. A. and Compton , D. L. 2001 . α‐Chymotrypsin catalysis in imidazolium‐based ionic liquids . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 75 : 181 – 186 .
  • Brown , R. A. , Pollet , P. , McKoon , E. , Eckert , C. A. , Liotta , C. L. and Jessop , P. G. 2001 . Asymmetric hydrogenation and catalyst recycling using ionic liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 123 : 1254 – 1255 .
  • Reetz , M. T. , Wiesenhofer , W. , Francio , G. and Leitner , W. 2002 . Biocatalysis in ionic liquids: batchwise and continuous flow processes using supercritical carbon dioxide as the mobile phase . Chem. Commun. , : 992 – 993 .
  • Lozano , P. , de Diego , T. , Carrie , D. , Vaultier , M. and Iborra , J. L. 2002 . Continuous green biocatalytic processes using ionic liquids and supercritical carbon dioxide . Chem. Commun. , : 692 – 693 .
  • Keiper , J. S. , Simhan , R. , DeSimone , J. M. , Wignall , G. D. , Melnichenko , Y. B. and Frielinghaus , H. 2002 . New phosphate fluorosurfactants for carbon dioxide . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 124 : 1834 – 1835 .
  • Raveendran , P. and Wallen , S. L. 2002 . Sugar acetates as novel, renewable CO2‐philes . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 124 : 7274 – 7275 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.