702
Views
351
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

INHIBITION OF CARCINOGENESIS BY ISOTHIOCYANATES*

Pages 395-411 | Published online: 10 Oct 2000

REFERENCES

  • World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington, DC 1997; 506–507
  • Potter J. D., Steinmetz K. Principles of Chemoprevention, B. W. Stewart, D. McGregor, P. Kleihues. International Agency for Research in Cancer, Lyons 1996; 61–90
  • Verhoeven D. T. H., Goldbohm R. A., van Poppel G., Verhagen H., van den P. A. Brandt. Epidemiological studies on Brassica vegetables and cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996; 5: 733–748
  • Chung F.-L., Juchatz A., Vitarius J., Hecht S. S. Effects of dietary compounds on α-hydroxylation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine and N′-nitrosonornicotine in rat target tissues. Cancer Res. 1984; 44: 2924–2928
  • Chung F.-L., Wang M., Hecht S. S. Effects of dietary indoles and isothiocyanates on N-nitrosodimethylamine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone α-hydroxylation and DNA methylation in rat liver. Carcinogenesis 1985; 6: 539–543
  • Wattenberg L. W. Inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1978; 60: 11–18
  • Wattenberg L. W. Inhibitors of chemical carcinogenesis. Adv. Cancer Res. 1978; 26: 197–226
  • Wattenberg L. W. Inhibition of carcinogenic effects of polycyclic hydrocarbons by benzyl isothiocyanate and related compounds. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1977; 58: 395–398
  • Fenwick G. R., Heaney R. K., Mawson R. Glucosinolates. Toxicants of Plant Origin, Volume II. Glycosides, P. R. Cheeke. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1989; 2–41
  • Verhoeven D. T. H., Verhagen H., Goldbohm R. A., Van den P. A. Brandt, Van Poppel G. A review of mechanisms underlying anticarcinogenicity by Brassica vegetables. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1997; 103: 79–129
  • Tookey H. L., VanEtten C. H., Daxenbichler M. E. Glucosinolates. Toxic Constituents of Plant Stuffs, I. E. Liener. Academic Press, New York 1980; 103–142
  • Chung F.-L., Morse M. A., Eklind K. I., Lewis J. Quantitation of human uptake of the anticarcinogen phenethyl isothiocyanate after a watercress meal. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1992; 1: 383–388
  • Hecht S. S., Chung F.-L., Richie J. P., Jr., Akerkar S. A., Borukhova A., Skowronski L., Carmella S. G. Effects of watercress consumption on metabolism of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in smokers. Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev. 1995; 1: 877–884
  • Hecht S. S. Cigarette smoking and cancer. Environmental and Occupational Medicine, W. N. Liener. Lippincott–Raven, New York 1998; 1479–1499
  • Getahun S. M., Chung F. L., Chung F. L. Conversion of glucosinolates to isothiocyanates in humans after ingestion of cooked watercress. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1999; 8: 447–451
  • Sasaki S. Inhibitory effects by α-naphthyl-isothiocyanate on liver tumorigenesis in rats treated with 3′-methyl-4-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene. J. Nara Med. Assoc. 1963; 14: 101–115
  • Sidransky H., Ito N., Verney E. Influence of α-naphthyl-isothiocyanate on liver tumorigenesis in rats ingesting ethionine and N-2-fluorenylacetamide. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1966; 37: 677–686
  • Lacassagne A., Hurst L., Xuong M. D. Inhibition, par deux naphthylisothiocyanates, de l'hepatocancérogène se produit, chez le rat, par le p-diméthylaminoazobenzè ne (DAB). C. R. Séances Soc. Biol. Fil. 1970; 164: 230–233
  • Ito N., Hiasa Y., Konishi Y., Marugami M. The development of carcinoma in liver of rats treated with m-toluylenediamine and the synergistic and antagonistic effects with other chemicals. Cancer Res. 1969; 29: 1137–1145
  • Makiura S., Kamamoto Y., Sugihara S., Hirao K., Hiasa Y., Arai M., Ito N. Effect of 1-naphthyl isothiocyanate and 3-methylcholanthrene on hepatocarcinogenesis in rats treated with diethylnitrosamine. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1973; 64: 101–104
  • Ito N., Matayoshi K., Matsumura K., Denda A., Kani T., Arai M., Makiura S. Effect of various carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic substances on development of bladder tumors in rats induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1974; 65: 123–130
  • Morse M. A., Amin S. G., Hecht S. S., Chung F.-L. Effects of aromatic isothiocyanates on tumorigenicity, O6-methylguanine formation, and metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in A/J mouse lung. Cancer Res. 1989; 49: 2894–2897
  • Wattenberg L. W. Inhibition of carcinogen-induced neoplasia by sodium cyanate, tert-butyl isocyanate, and benzyl isothiocyanate administered subsequent to carcinogen exposure. Cancer Res. 1981; 41: 2991–2994
  • Lin J.-M., Amin S., Trushin N., Hecht S. S. Effects of isothiocyanates on tumorigenesis by benzo[a]pyrene in murine tumor models. Cancer Lett. 1993; 74: 151–159
  • Wattenberg L. W. Inhibitory effects of benzyl isothiocyanate administered shortlybefore diethylnitrosamine or benzo[a]pyrene on pulmonary and forestomach neoplasia in A/J mice. Carcinogenesis 1987; 8: 1971–1973
  • Morse M. A., Reinhardt J. C., Amin S. G., Hecht S. S., Stoner G. D., Chung F.-L. Effect of dietary aromatic isothiocyanates fed subsequent to theadministration of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone on lung tumorigenicity in mice. Cancer Lett. 1990; 49: 225–230
  • Sugie S., Okumura A., Tanaka T., Mori H. Inhibitory effects of benzyl isothiocyanate and benzyl thiocyanate on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1993; 84: 865–870
  • Sugie S., Okamoto K., Okumura A., Tanaka T., Mori H. Inhibitory effects of benzyl thiocyanate and benzyl isothiocyanate on methylazoxymethanol acetate-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15: 1555–1560
  • Wilkinson J. T., Morse M. A., Kresty L. A., Stoner G. D. Effect of alkyl chain length on inhibition of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal tumorigenesis and DNA methylation by isothiocyanates. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 1011–1015
  • Hirose M., Yamaguchi T., Kimoto N., Ogawa K., Futakuchi M., Sano M., Shirai T. Strong promoting activity of phenylethyl isothiocyanate and benzyl isothiocyanate on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in F344 male rats. Int. J. Cancer 1998; 77: 773–777
  • Lubet R. A., Steele V. E., Eto I., Juliana M. M., Kelloff G. J., Grubbs C. J. Chemopreventive efficacy of arethole thithione, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, miconazole and phenethylisothiocyanatein the DMBA-induced rat mammary cancer model. Int. J. Cancer 1997; 72: 95–101
  • Futakuchi M., Hirose M., Miki T., Tanaka H., Oyaki M., Shirai T. Inhibition of DMBA-initiated rat mammary tumour development by 1-O-hexyl-2,3,5-trimethyl-hydroquinone, phenylethyl isothiocyanate, and novel synthetic ascorbic acid derivatives. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 1998; 7: 153–159
  • Chung F.-L., Kelloff G., Steele V., Pittman B., Zang E., Jiao D., Rigotty J., Choi C.-I., Rivenson A. Chemopreventive efficacy of arylalkyl isothiocyanates and N-acetylcysteine for lung tumorigenesis in Fischer rats. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 772–778
  • Hecht S. S., Trushin N., Rigotty J., Carmella S. G., Borukhova A., Akerkar S. A., Rivenson A. Complete inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone induced rat lung tumorigenesis and favorable modification of biomarkers by phenethyl isothiocyanate. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1996; 5: 645–652
  • Morse M. A., Wang C.-X., Stoner G. D., Mandal S., Conran P. B., Amin S. G., Hecht S. S., Chung F.-L. Inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced DNA adduct formation and tumorigenicity in lung of F344 rats bydietary phenethyl isothiocyanate. Cancer Res. 1989; 49: 549–553
  • Morse M. A., Eklind K. I., Amin S. G., Hecht S. S., Chung F.-L. Effects of alkyl chain length on the inhibition of NNK-induced lung neoplasia in A/J mice by arylalkyl isothiocyanates. Carcinogenesis 1989; 10: 1757–1759
  • Morse M. A., Eklind K. I., Hecht S. S., Jordan K. G., Choi C.-I., Desai D. H., Amin S. G., Chung F.-L. Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone lung tumorigenesis by arylalkyl isothiocyanates in A/J mice. Cancer Res. 1991; 51: 1846–1850
  • Morse M. A., Eklind K. I., Amin S. G., Chung F. L. Effect of frequency of isothiocyanate administration on inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced pulmonary adenoma formation in A/J mice. Cancer Lett. 1992; 62: 77–81
  • Matzinger S. A., Crist K. A., Stoner G. D., Anderson M. W., Pereira M. A., Steele V. E., Kelloff G. J., Lubet R. A., You M. K-ras mutations in lung tumors from A/J and A/JxTSG-p53 F1 mice treated with 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and phenethyl isothiocyanate. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 2487–2492
  • El-Bayoumy K., Upadhyaya P., Desai D., Amin S., Hoffmann D., Wynder E. Effects of 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate, phenethylisothiocyanate, indole-3-carbinol, and d-limonene individually and in combination on the tumorigenicity of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in A/J mouse lung. Anticancer Res. 1996; 16: 2709–2712
  • Jiao D., Smith T. J., Yang C. S., Pittman B., Desai D., Amin S., Chung F.-L. Chemopreventive activity of thiol conjugates of isothiocyanates for lung tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18: 2143–2147
  • Pereira M. A. Chemoprevention of diethylnitrosamine-induced liver foci and heptacellular adenomas in C3H mice. Anticancer Res. 1995; 15: 1953–1956
  • Siglin J. C., Barch D. H., Stoner G. D. Effects of dietary phenethyl isothiocyanate, ellagic acid, sulindac and calcium on the induction and progression of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 1101–1106
  • Stoner G. D., Morrissey D., Heur Y.-H., Daniel E., Galati A., Wagner S. A. Inhibitory effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate on N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine carcinogenesis in the rat esophagus. Cancer Res. 1991; 51: 2063–2068
  • Nishikawa A., Furukawa F., Uneyama C., Ikeezaki S., Tanakamaru Z., Chung F.-L., Takahashi M., Hayashi Y. Chemopreventive effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate on lung and pancreatic tumorigenesis in N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine-treated hamsters. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17: 1381–1384
  • Adam-Rodwell G., Morse M. A., Stoner G. D. The effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate on benzo[a]pyrene-induced tumors and DNA adducts in A/J mouse lung. Cancer Lett. 1993; 71: 35–42
  • Hecht S. S., Kenney P. M. J., Wang W., Trushin N., Upadhyaya P. Effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate and benzyl isothiocyanate, individually and in combination, on lung tumorigenesis induced in A/J mice by benzo[a]pyrene and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Cancer Lett. 2000; 150: 49–56
  • Witschi H., Espiritu I., Yu M., Willits N. H. The effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate, N-acetylcysteine and green tea on tobacco smoke-induced lung tumors in strain A/J mice. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19: 1789–1794
  • Nishikawa A., Furukawa F., Ikezaki S., Tanakamaru Z.-Y., Chung F.-L., Takahashi M., Hayashi Y. Chemopreventive effects of 3-phenylpropyl isothiocyanate on hamster lung tumorigenesis initiated with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1996; 87: 122–126
  • Stoner G. D., Adams C., Kresty L. A., Hecht S. S., Murphy S. E., Morse M. A. Inhibition of N-nitrosonornicotine-induced esophageal tumorgenesis by 3-phenylpropyl isothiocyanate. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19: 2139–2143
  • Hecht S. S., Trushin N., Rigotty J., Carmella S. G., Borukhova A., Akerkar S. A., Desai D., Amin S., Rivenson A. Inhibitory effects of 6-phenylhexyl isothiocyanate on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone metabolic activation and lung tumorigenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17: 2061–2067
  • Stoner G. D., Siglin J. C., Morse M. A., Desai D. H., Amin S. G., Kresty L. A., Toburen A. L., Heffner E. M., Francis D. J. Enhancement of esophageal carcinogenesis in male F344 rats by dietary phenylhexyl isothiocyanate. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 2473–2476
  • Rao C. V., Rivenson A., Simi B., Hamid R., Kelloff G. J., Steele V., Reddy B. S. Enhancement of experimental colon carcinogenesis by dietary 6-phenylhexyl isothiocyanate. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 4311–4318
  • Jiao D., Eklind K. I., Choi C. I., Desai D. H., Amin S. G., Chung F. L. Structure-activity relationships of isothiocyanates as mechanism-based inhibitors of 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 4327–4333
  • Jiao D., Smith T. J., Kim S., Yang C. S., Desai D., Amin S., Chung F. L. The essential role of the functional group in alkyl isothiocyanates for inhibition of tobacco-nitrosamine-induced lung tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17: 755–759
  • Zhang Y., Kensler T. W., Cho C.-G., Posner G. H., Talalay P. Anticarcinogenic activities of sulforaphane and structurally related synthetic norbornyl isothiocyanates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1994; 33: 3147–3150, USA
  • National Cancer Institute, Chemoprevention Branch and Agent Development Committee, Clinical development plan: Phenethyl isothiocyanate. J. Cell. Biochem. 1996; 265: 149–157
  • Morse M. A., Wang C.-X., Amin S. G., Hecht S. S., Chung F.-L. Effects of dietary sinigrin or indole-3ethylguanine-DNA-transmethylase activity and 4-carbinol on O6methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced DNA methylation and tumorigenicity in F344 rats. Carcinogenesis 1988; 9: 1891–1895
  • Smith T. K., Lund E. K, Johnson I. T. Inhibition of dimethylhydrazine-induced aberrant crypt foci and induction of apoptosis in rat colon following oral administration of the glucosinolate sinigrin. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19: 267–273
  • Wattenberg L. W., Hanley A. B., Barany G., Sparnins V. L., Lam L. K. T., Fenwick G. R. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by some minor dietary constituents. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Y. Hayashi. Japan Science Society Press, Tokyo 1986; 193–203
  • McDanell R., McLean A. E. M., Hanley A. B., Heaney R. K., Fenwick G. R. Chemical and biological properties of indole glucosinolates (glucobrassicins): A review. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1988; 26: 59–70
  • Stoewsand G. S. Bioactive organosulfur phytochemicals in Brassica oleracea vegetables—A review. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1995; 33: 537–543
  • Birt D. F., Pelling J. C., Pour P. M., Tibbels M. G., Schweickart L., Bresnick E. Enhanced pancreatic and skin tumorigenesis in cabbage-fed hamsters and mice. Carcinogenesis 1987; 8: 913–917
  • Barrett J. E., Klopfenstein C. F., Leipold H. W. Protective efforts of cruciferous, seed meals and hulls against colon cancer in mice. Cancer Lett. 1998; 127: 83–88
  • Moreno R. L., Kent U. M., Hodge K., Hollenberg P. F. Inactivation of cytochrome P450 2E1 by benzyl isothiocyanate. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1999; 12: 582–587
  • Moreno R. L., Hollenberg P. F. Differential effects of naturally occurring isothiocyanates on the activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 and the mutant P450 2E1. ISSX Proc. 1999; 15: 62
  • Kent U. M., Yanev S, Hollenberg P. F. Mechanism-based inactivation of cytochromes P450 2B1 and P450 2B6 by n-propylxanthate. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1999; 12: 317–322
  • Conaway C. C., Jiao D., Chung F.-L. Inhibition of rat liver cytochrome P450 isozymes by isothiocyanates and their conjugates: A structure-activity relationship study. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17: 2423–2427
  • Smith T. J., Yang C. S. Effects of food phytochemicals on xenobiotic metabolism and tumorigenesis. Food Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention. 1. Fruits and Vegetables, M.-T. Huang, T. Osawa, C.-T. Ho, R. T. Rosen. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1994; 17–48
  • Yang C. S., Smith T. J., Hong J.-Y. Cytochrome P-450 enzymes as targets for chemoprevention against chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity: Opportunities and limitations. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 1982s–1986s, (Suppl.)
  • Zhang Y., Talalay P. Anticarcinogenic activities of organic isothiocyanates: chemistry and mechanism. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 1976s–1981s, (Suppl.)
  • Zhang Y., Talalay P. Mechanism of differential potencies of isothiocyanates as inducers of anticarcinogenic Phase 2 enzymes. Cancer Res. 1998; 58: 4632–4639
  • Maheo K., Morel F., Lanouet S., Kramer H., Ferrec E. Le, Ketterer B., Guillouzo A. Inhibition of cyochromes P-450 and induction of glutathione S-transferases by sulforaphane in primary human and rat hepatocytes. Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 3649–3652
  • Staretz M. E., Hecht S. S. Effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate on the tissue distribution of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and metabolites in F344 rats. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 5580–5588
  • Staretz M. E., Koenig L., Hecht S. S. Effects of long term phenethyl isothiocyanate treatment on microsomal metabolism of 4-(methylnitrosamino)1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in F344 rats. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18: 1715–1722
  • Staretz M. E., Foiles P. G., Miglietta L. M., Hecht S. S. Evidence for an important role of DNA pyridyloxobutylation in rat lung carcinogenesis by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: Effects of dose and phenethyl isothiocyanate. Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 259–266
  • Smith T. J., Guo Z., Li C., Ning S. S., Thomas P. E., Yang C. S. Mechanisms of inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone bioactivation in mouse by dietary phenethyl isothiocyanate. Cancer Res. 1993; 53: 3276–3282
  • Smith T. J., Guo Z., Thomas M. A., Eklind K., Yang C. S., Yang C. S. Metabolism of 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in mouse lung microsomes and its inhibition by isothiocyanates. Cancer Res. 1990; 50: 6817–6822
  • Guo Z., Smith T. J., Wang E., Eklind K. I., Chung F.-L., Yang C. S. Structure-activity relationships of arylalkyl isothiocyanates for the inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone metabolism and the modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in rats and mice. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 1167–1173
  • Hecht S. S. Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1998; 11: 559–603
  • Nishikawa A., Lee I.-S., Uneyama C., Furukawa F., Kim H.-C., Kasahara K., Huh N., Takahashi M. Mechanistic insights into chemopreventive effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate in N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine-treated hamsters. Jpn. J. Cancer Resl. 1997; 88: 1137–1142
  • Morse M. A., Lu J., Gopalakrishnan R., Peterson L. A., Wani G., Stoner G. D., Huh N., Takahashi M. Mechanism of enhancement of esophageal tumorigenesis by 6-phenylhexyl isothiocyanate. Cancer Lett. 1997; 112: 119–125
  • Chen L., Mohr S. N., Yang C. S. Decrease of plasma and urinary oxidative metabolites of acetaminophen after consumption of watercress by human volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1996; 60: 651–660
  • Li Y., Wang E., Chen L., Stein A., Reuhl K., Yang C. ffects of phenethyl isothiocyanate on acetaminophen metabolism and hepatotoxicity in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997; 144: 306–314
  • Leclercq I., Desager J.-P., Horsmans Y. Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1998; 64: 144–149
  • Carmella S. G., Borukhova A., Akerkar S. A., Hecht S. S. Analysis of human urine for pyridine-N-oxide metabolites of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1997; 6: 113–120
  • Smith T. J., Guo Z., Guengerich F. P., Yang C. S. Metabolism of 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) by human cytochrome P450 1A2 and its inhibition by phenethyl isothiocyanate. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17: 809–813
  • Caporaso N., Whitehouse J., Monkman S., Boustead C., Morse H., Fox C., Boustead c., Idle J. R., Chung F.-L. In vitro but not in vivo inhibition of CYP2D6 by phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a constituent of watercress. Pharmacogenetics 1994; 4: 75–280
  • Murphy S. E., Hecht S. S., unpublished data
  • Hecht S. S., Carmella S. G., Murphy S. E. Effects of watercress consumption on urinary metabolites of nicotine in smokers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1999; 8: 907–913
  • Yu R., Jiao J.-J., Duh J.-L., Tan T.-H., Kong A.-N. T. henethyl isothiocyanate, a natural chemopreventive agent, activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 2954–2959
  • Chen Y.-R., Wang W., Kong A.-N. T., Tan T.-H. Molecular mechanisms of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated apoptosis induced by anticarcinogenic isothiocyanates. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 1769–1775
  • Yu R., Mandlekar S., Harvey K. J., Ucker D. S., Kong A.-N. T. Chemopreventive isothiocyanates induce apoptosis and caspase-3-3like protease activity. Cancer Res. 1998; 58: 402–408
  • Huang C., Ma W., Li J., Hecht S. S., Dong Z. Essential role of p53 in phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC)-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 1998; 58: 4102–4106
  • Probst-ensch N. M., Tannenbaum S. R., Chan K. K., Loetzer G. A., Ross R. K., Yu M. C. Absence of glutathione-S-transferase M1 gene increases cytochrome P450 1A2 activity among frequent consumers of cruciferous vegetables in a Caucasian population. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1998; 7: 635–638
  • Lin H. J., Probst-Hensch N. M., Louie A. D., Kau I. H., Witte J. S., Ingles S. A., Frankl H. D., Yu M. C., Yu M. C., Lee E. R., Haile R. W. lutahione transferase null genotype, broccoli, and lower prevalence of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1998; 7: 647–652

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.