Prevention of carcinogenesis by tea polyphenols*^†

REFERENCES

• Graham H.N. Green Tea Composition, Consumption, and Polyphenol Chemistry. Prev. Med. 1992; 21: 334–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balentine D.A. Manufacturing and Chemistry of Tea. Phenolic Compounds in Food and their Effects on Health I: Analysis, Occurrence, and Chemistry, C.-T. Ho, M.-T. Huang, C.Y. Lee. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1992; Vol. 8: 102–117
   Google Scholar
• Balentine D.A., Wiseman S.A., Bouwens L.C.M. The Chemistry of Tea Flavonoids. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 1997; 37: 693–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiseman S.A., Balentine D.A., Frei B. Antioxidants in Tea. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 1997; 37: 705–718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice-Evans C. Implications of the Mechanisms of Action of Tea Polyphenols as Antioxidants in vitro for Chemoprevention in Humans. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1999; 220: 262–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice-Evans C.A., Miller N.J., Paganga G. Structure–Antioxidant Activity Relationships of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 1996; 20: 933–956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salah N., Miller N.J., Paganga G., Tijburg L., Bolwell G.P., Rice-Evans C. Polyphenolic Flavonols as Scavengers of Aqueous Phase Radicals and as Chain-breaking Anitoxidants. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1995; 322: 339–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller N.J., Castelluccio C., Tijberg L., Rice-Evans C. The Anti-oxidant Properties of Theaflavins and Their Gallate Esters — Radical Scavengers or Metal Chelators?. FEBS Lett. 1996; 392: 40–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam E. Natural Polyphenols and Vegetable Tannins as Drugs: Possible Modes of Action. J. Nat. Prod. 1996; 59: 205–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sazuka M., Itoi T., Suzuki Y., Odani S., Koide T., Isemura M. Evidence for the Interaction Between (−)-epigallocatechin Gallate and Human Plasma Proteins Fibronectin, Fibrinogen, and Histidine-rich Glycoprotein. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1996; 60: 1317–1319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L., Lee M.-J., Li H., Yang C.S. Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination of Tea Polyphenols in Rats. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1997; 9: 1045–1050
   Google Scholar
• Kim S., Lee M.-J., Hong J., Li C., Smith T.J., Yang G.-Y., Serril D.N., Yang C.S. Plasma and Tissue Levels of Tea Catechins in Rats and Mice During Chronic Consumption of Green Tea Polyphenols. Nutr. Cancer 2000; 37: 41–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das N.P., Griffiths L.A. Studies on Flavonoid Metabolism. Metabolism of (+)-[14C] Catechin in the Rat and Guinea Pig. Biochem. J. 1969; 115: 831–836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackett A.M., Griffiths L.A. The Disposition of 3-O-methyl-(+)-catechin in the Rat and the Marmoset Following Oral Administration. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 1983; 8: 35–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das N.P. Studies on Flavonoid Metabolism: Absorption and Metabolism of (+)-catechin in Man. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1971; 20: 3435–3445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okushio K., Matsumoto N., Kohri T., Suzuki M., Nanjo F., Hara Y. Absorption of Tea Catechins into Rat Portal Vein. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1996; 19: 326–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okushio K., Matsumoto N., Suzuki M., Nanjo F., Hara Y. Absorption of (−)-epigallocatechin Gallate into Rat Portal Vein. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1995; 18: 190–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M.-J., Wang Z.-Y., Li H., Chen L., Sun Y., Gobbo S., Balentine D.A., Yang C.S. Analysis of Plasma and Urinary Tea Polyphenols in Human Subjects. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 1995; 4: 393–399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unno T., Kondo K., Itakura H., Takeo T. Analysis of (−)-epigallocatechin Gallate in Human Serum Obtained After Ingesting Green Tea. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1996; 60: 2066–2068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C.S., Chen L., Lee M.J., Balentine D., Kuo M.C., Schantz S.P. Blood and Urine Levels of Tea Catechins After Ingestion of Different Amounts of Green Tea by Human Volunteers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1998; 7: 351–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C.S., Lee M.J., Chen L. Human Salivary Tea Catechin Levels and Catechin Esterase Activities: Implication in Human Cancer Prevention Studies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1999; 8: 83–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• August D.A., Landau J.M., Caputo D., Hong J., Lee M., Yang C.S. Ingestion of Green Tea Rapidly Decreases Prostaglandin E2 Levels in Rectal Mucosa in Humans. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Rev. 1999; 8: 709–713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorakova K., Dorr R.T., Valcic S., Timmermann B., Alberts D.S. Pharmacokinetics of the Green Tea Derivative, EGCG, by the Topical Route of Administration in Mouse and Human Skin. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1999; 43: 331–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanjo F., Mori M., Goto K., Hara Y. Radical Scavenging Activity of Tea Catechins and Their Related Compounds. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1999; 63: 1621–1623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C., Lee M.J., Sheng S., Meng X., Prabhu S., Winnik B., Huang B., Chung J.Y., Yan S., Ho C.T., Yang C.S. Structural Identification of Two Metabolites of Catechins and Their Kinetics in Human Urine and Blood After Tea Ingestion. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2000; 13: 177–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C.S., Wang Z.-Y. Tea and Cancer: A Review. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1993; 58: 1038–1049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreosti I.E., Wargovich M.J., Yang C.S. Inhibition of Carcinogenesis by Tea: The Evidence from Experimental Studies. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 1997; 37: 761–770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katiyar S.K., Mukhtar H. Tea in Chemoprevention of Cancer: Epidemiologic and Experimental Studies (Review). Int. J. Oncol. 1996; 8: 221–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C.S., Chen L., Lee M.-J., Landau J.M. Effects of Tea on Carcinogenesis in Animal Models and Humans (edited under the auspices of the American Institute for Cancer Research). Plenum Press, New York 1996; 51–61
   Google Scholar
• Yang C.S., Chung J.Y., Yang G.Y., Chhabra S.K., Lee M.J. Tea and Tea Polyphenols in Cancer Prevention. J. Nutr. 2000; 130: 472S–478S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z.Y., Hong J.-Y., Huang M.-T., Reuhl K.R., Conney A.H., Yang C.S. Inhibition of N-nitrosodiethylamine- and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced Tumorigenesis in A/J Mice by Green Tea and Black Tea. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 1943–1947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi S.T., Wang Z.Y., Smith T., Hong J.-Y., Chen W.-F., Ho C.-T., Yang C.S. Effects of Green Tea and Black Tea on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone Bioactivation, DNA Methylation, and Lung Tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 4641–4647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang G.-Y., Wang Z.-Y., Kim S., Liao J., Seril D., Chen X., Smith T.J., Yang C.S. Characterization of Early Pulmonary Hyperproliferation, Tumor Progression and Their Inhibition by Black Tea in a 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1 Butanone (NNK)-induced Lung Tumorigenesis Model with A/J Mice. Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 1889–1894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau J.M., Wang Z.-Y., Yang G.-Y., Ding W., Yang C.S. Inhibition of Spontaneous Formation of Lung Tumors and Rhabdomyosarcomas in A/J Mice by Black and Green Tea. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19: 501–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung F.L., Wang M., Rivenson A., Iatropoulos M.J., Reinhardt J.C., Pittman B., Ho C.T., Amin S.G. Inhibition of Lung Carcinogenesis by Black Tea in Fischer Rats Treated with a Tobacco-specific Carcinogen: Caffeine as an Important Constituent. Cancer Res. 1998; 58: 4096–4101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z.Y., Huang M.-T., Ferraro T., Wong C.Q., Lou Y.-R., Reuhl K., Latropoulos M., Yang C.S., Conney A.H. Inhibitory Effect of Green Tea in the Drinking Water on Tumorigenesis by Ultraviolet Light and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in the Skin of SKH-1 Mice. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 1162–1170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z.-Y., Huang M.-T., Lou Y.-R., Xie J.-G., Reuhl K.R., Newmark H.L., Ho C.-T., Yang C.S., Conney A.H. Inhibitory Effects of Black Tea, Green Tea, Decaffeinated Black Tea, and Decaffeinated Green Tea on Ultraviolet B Light-induced Skin Carcinogenesis in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated SKH-1 Mice. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 3425–3428
   Google Scholar
• Conney A.H., Lu Y.-P., Lou Y.-r., Xie J.-G., Huang M.-T. Inhibitory Effect of Green and Black Tea on Tumor Growth. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1999; 220: 229–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schut H.A., Yao R. Tea as a Potential Chemopreventive Agent in PhIP Carcinogenesis: Effects of Green Tea and Black Tea on PhIP–DNA Adduct Formation in Female F-344 rats [In Process Citation]. Nutr. Cancer 2000; 36: 52–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamane T., Hagiwara N., Tateishi M., Akachi S., Kim M., Okuzumi J., Kitao Y., Inagake M., Kuwata K., Takahashi T. Inhibition of Azoxymethane-induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rat by Green Tea Polyphenol Fraction. Jpn J. Cancer Res. 1991; 82: 1336–1339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yin P., Zhao J., Cheng S., Hara Y., Zhu Q., Liu Z. Experimental Studies of the Inhibitory Effects of Green Tea Catechin on Mice Large Intestinal Cancers Induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Cancer Lett. 1994; 79: 33–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisburger J.H., Rivenson A., Reinhardt J., Aliaga C., Braley J., Pittman B., Zang E. Effect of Black Tea on Azoxymethane-induced Colon Cancer. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19: 229–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers A.E., Hafer L.J., Iskander Y.S., Yang S. Black Tea and Mammary Gland Carcinogenesis by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in Rats Fed Control or High Fat Diets. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19: 1269–1273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiki J., Suganuma M., Suguri H., Takagi K., Yoshizawa S., Ootsuyama A., Tanooka H., Okuda T., Kobayashi M., Sugimura T. New Antitumor Promoters: (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate and Sarcophytol A and B. Antimutagenesis and Anticarcinogenesis Mechanisms II, Y.U. Kuroda, D.M. Shankel, M.D. Walters. Plenum Press, New York 1990; 205–212
   Google Scholar
• Sakata K., Ikeda T., Imoto S., Wada N., Takeshima K., Yoneyama K., Enomoto K., Kitajima M. Effect of Green Tea Extract and Tamoxifen on Mammary Carcinogenesis and Estrogen Metabolism of Mouse. Proc. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symp. 1995; 101
   Google Scholar
• Liao S., Umekita Y., Guo J., Kokontis J.M., Hiipakka R.A. Growth Inhibition and Regression of Human Prostate and Breast Tumors in Athymic Mice by Tea Epigallocatechin Gallate. Cancer Lett. 1995; 96: 239–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blot W.J., Chow W.H., McLaughlin J.K. Tea and Cancer — a Review of the Epidemiological Evidence (Review). Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 1996; 5: 425–438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlmeier L., Weterings K.G., Steck S., Kok F.J. Tea and Cancer Prevention: An Evaluation of the Epidemiologic Literature. Nutr. Cancer 1997; 27: 1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschman J.L. Green Tea and Cancer in Humans: A Review of the Literature. Nutr. Cancer 1998; 31: 151–159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai K., Suga K., Nakachi K. Lead Article: Cancer-preventive Effects of Drinking Green Tea Among a Japanese Population. Prev. Med. 1997; 26: 769–775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kono S. Green Tea and Colon Cancer (letter to the editor). Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1992; 83(6)669
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu G.P., Hsieh C.C. Risk Factors for Stomach Cancer: A Population-based Case-control Study in Shanghai. Cancer Causes Control 1991; 2: 169–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu G.P., Hsieh C.C., Wang L.Y., Yu S.Z., Li X.L., Jin T.H. Green-Tea Consumption and Risk of Stomach Cancer: A Population-based Case-control Study in Shanghai, China. Cancer Causes Control 1995; 6: 532–538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memik F., Nak S.G., Gulten M., Ozturk M. Gastric Carcinoma in Northwestern Turkey: Epidemiologic Characteristics. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 1992; 11: 335–338
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansson L.E., Nyren O., Bergstrom R., Wolk A., Lindgren A., Baron J., Adami H.O. Diet and Risk of Gastric Cancer. A Population-based Case-control Study in Sweden. Int. J. Cancer 1993; 55: 181–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinlen L.J., Willows A.N., Goldblatt P., Yudkin J. Tea Consumption and Cancer. Br. J. Cancer 1988; 58: 397–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H.H., Wu H.Y., Chuang Y.C., Chang A.S., Chao H.H., Chen K.Y., Chen H.K., Lai G.M., Huang H.H., Chen C.J. Epidemiologic Characteristics and Multiple Risk Factors of Stomach Cancer in Taiwan. Anticancer Res. 1990; 10: 875–881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilbrun L.K., Nomura A., Stemmermann G.N. Black Tea Consumption and Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study. Br. J. Cancer 1986; 54: 677–683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman T.J., Tangrea J.A., Pietinen P., Malila N., Virtanen M., Taylor P.R., Albanes D. Tea and Coffee Consumption and Risk of Colon and Rectal Cancer in Middle-aged Finnish men. Nutr. Cancer 1998; 31: 41–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji B.T., Chow W.H., Hsing A.W., McLaughlin J.K., Dai Q., Gao Y.T., Blot W.J., Fraumeni J.F., Jr. Green Tea Consumption and the Risk of Pancreatic and Colorectal Cancers. Int. J. Cancer 1997; 70: 255–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewes F.J., Koo L.C., Meisgen T.J., Rylander R. Lung Cancer Risk and Mutagenicity of Tea. Environ. Res. 1990; 52: 23–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldbohm R.A., Hertog M.G.L., Brants H.A.M., van Poppel G., van den Brandt P.A. Consumption of Black Tea and Cancer Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1996; 88: 93–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertog M.G.L., Fesken E.J.M., Hollman P.C.H., Katan M.B., Dromhout D. Dietary Antioxidant Flavonoids and Risk for Coronary Heart Disease: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 1993; 342: 1007–1011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno Y., Wakai K., Genka K., Ohmine K., Kawamura T., Tamakoshi A., Aoki R., Senda M., Hayashi Y., Nagao K., , et al. Tea Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: A Case-control study in Okinawa, Japan. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1995; 86: 1027–1034
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee I.P., Kim Y.H., Kang M.H., Roberts C., Shim J.S., Roh J.K. Chemopreventive Effect of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Against Cigarette Smoke-induced Mutations (SCE) in Humans. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 1997; 27: 68–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakachi K., Suemasu K., Suga K., Takeo T., Imai K., Higashi Y. Influence of Drinking Green Tea on Breast Cancer Malignancy Among Japanese Patients. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1998; 89: 254–261
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gao Y.T., McLaughlin J.K., Blot W.J., Ji B.T., Dai Q., Fraumeni J.J. Reduced Risk of Esophageal Cancer Associated with Green Tea Consumption. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1994; 86: 855–858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhtar H., Ahmad N. Mechanism of Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Green Tea. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1999; 220: 234–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C.S. Tea and Health. Nutrition 1999; 15: 946–949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, G. C.; Chen, H. Y. Relationship between antimutagenic activity and major components of various Teas. Mutagenesis 1996, 11, 37–41.
   Google Scholar
• Lee S.F., Liang Y.C., Lin J.K. Inhibition of 1,2,4-benzenetriol-generated Active Oxygen Species and Induction of Phase II Enzymes by Green Tea Polyphenols. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1995; 98: 283–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele V.E., Kelloff G.J., Balentine D., Boone C.W., Mehta R., Bagheri D., Sigman C.C., Zhu S., Sharma S. Comparative Chemopreventive Mechanisms of Green Tea, Black Tea and Selected Polyphenol Extracts Measured by in Vitro Bioassays. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21: 63–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katiyar S., Agarwal R., Wood G.S. Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-caused Tumor Promotion in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-initiated SENCAR Mouse Skin by a Polyphenolic Fraction Isolated from Green Tea. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 6890–6897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou F.Q. A Study of Prevention of Atherosclerosis with Tea-pigment. The Int. Tea–Quality–Human Health Symp. (China), Abstract 1987; 141–143
   Google Scholar
• Ho C.T., Chen Q., Shi H., Zhang K.Q., Rosen R.T. Antioxidative Effect of Polyphenol Extract Prepared from Various Chinese Teas. Prev. Med. 1992; 21: 520–525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katiyar S.K., Agarwal R., Wang Z.Y., Bhatia A.K., Mukhtar H. (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in Camellia sinensis Leaves from Himalayan Region of Sikkim: Inhibitory Effects Against Biochemical Events and Tumor Initiation in Sencar Mouse Skin. Nutr. Cancer 1992; 18: 73–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang M.-T., Ho C.-T., Wang Z.Y., Ferraro T., Finnegan-Olive T., Lou Y.-R., Mitchell J.M., Laskin J.D., Newmark H., Yang C.S., Conney A.H. Inhibitory Effect of Topical Application of a Green Tea Polyphenol Fraction on Tumor Initiation and Promotion in Mouse Skin. Carcinogenesis (Lond.) 1992; 13: 947–954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu G., Han C., Chen J. Inhibition of Oncogene Expression by Green Tea and (−)-epigallocatechin Gallate in Mice. Nutr Cancer 1995; 24: 203–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komori A., Yatsunami J., Okabe S., Abe S., Hara K., Suganuma M., Kim S.J., Fujiki H. Anticarcinogenic Activity of Green Tea Polyphenols. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 1993; 23: 186–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaunig J.E. Chemopreventive Effects of Green Tea Components on Hepatic Carcinogenesis. Prev. Med. 1992; 21: 510–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lea M.A., Xiao Q., Sadhukhan A.K., Cottle S., Wang Z.Y., Yang C.S. Inhibitory Effects of Tea Extract and (−)-epigallocatechin Gallate on DNA Synthesis and Proliferation of Hepatoma and Erythroleukemia Cells. Cancer Lett. 1993; 68: 231–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao S., Hiipakka R.A. Selective Inhibition of Steroid 5 Alpha-reductase Isozymes by Tea Epicatechin-3-gallate and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1995; 214: 833–838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang G.-Y., Liu Z., Seril D.N., Liao J., Ding W., Kim S., Bondoc F., Yang C.S. Black Tea Constituents, Theaflavins, Inhibit 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1 Butanone (NNK)-induced Lung Tumorigenesis in A/J Mice. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18: 2361–2365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong Z., Ma W.-Y., Huang C., Yang C.S. Inhibition of Tumor Promoter-induced AP-1 Activation and Cell Transformation by Tea Polyphenols, (−)-epigallocatechin Gallate and Theaflavins. Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 4414–4419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung J.Y., Huang C., Meng X., Dong Z., Yang C.S. Inhibition of Activator Protein 1 Activity and Cell Growth by Purified Green Tea and Black Tea Polyphenols in H-ras-transformed Cells: Structure–activity Relationship and Mechanisms Involved. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 4610–4617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiki H., Suganuma M., Okabe S., Sueoka N., Komori A., Sueoka E., Kozu T., Tada Y., Suga K., Imai K., Nakachi K. Cancer Inhibition by Green Tea. Mutat. Res. 1998; 402: 307–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang Y.C., Chen Y.C., Lin Y.L., Lin-Shiau S.Y., Ho C.T., Lin J.K. Suppression of Extracellular Signals and Cell Proliferation by the Black Tea Polyphenol, Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate [published erratum appears in Carcinogenesis 20(7):1383]. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20: 733–736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang Y.C., Lin-Shiau S.Y., Chen C.F., Lin J.K. Suppression of Extracellular Signals and Cell Proliferation Through EGF Receptor Binding by (−)-epigallocatechin Gallate in Human A431 Epidermoid Carcinoma Cells. J. Cell Biochem. 1997; 67: 55–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitano K., Nam K.Y., Kimura S., Fujiki H., Imanishi Y. Sealing Effects of (−)-epigallocatechin Gallate on Protein Kinase C and Protein Phosphatase 2A. Biophys. Chem. 1997; 65: 157–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okabe S., Suganuma M., Hayashi M., Sueoka E., Komori A., Fujiki H. Mechanisms of Growth Inhibition of Human Lung Cancer Cell Line, PC-9, by Tea Polyphenols. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1997; 88: 639–643
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmad N., Feyes D.K., Nieminen A.-L., Agarwal R., Mukhtar H. Green Tea Constituent Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and Induction of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Carcinoma Cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1997; 89: 1881–1886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibasami H., Achiwa Y., Fujikawa T., Komiya T. Induction of Programmed Cell Death (apoptosis) in Human Lymphoid Leukemia Cells by Catechin Compounds. Anticancer Res. 1996; 16: 1943–1946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z.P., Schell J.B., Ho C.T., Chen K.Y. Green Tea Epigallocatechin Gallate Shows a Pronounced Growth Inhibitory Effect on Cancerous Cells but not on Their Normal Counterparts. Cancer Lett. 1998; 129: 173–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibasami H., Komiya T., Achiwa Y., Ohnishi K., Kojima T., Nakanishi K., Akashi K., Hara Y. Induction of Apoptosis in Human Stomach Cancer Cells by Green Tea Catechins. Oncol. Rep. 1998; 5: 527–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang G.-Y., Liao J., Kim K., Yurkow E.J., Yang C.S. Inhibition of Growth and Induction of Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cell Lines by Tea Polyphenols. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19: 611–616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y., Cao R. Angiogenesis Inhibited by Drinking Tea. Nature 1999; 398: 381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar