Publication Cover
Drying Technology
An International Journal
Volume 19, 2001 - Issue 9
329
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

EXERGY ANALYSIS FOR THE FREEZING STAGE OF THE FREEZE DRYING PROCESS

, &
Pages 2303-2313 | Published online: 06 Feb 2007

REFERENCES

  • Liapis , A. I. and Bruttini , R. 1994 . A theory for the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze drying of pharmaceutical crystalline and amorphous solutes: Comparison between experimental data and theory . Separations Technology , 4 : 144 – 155 .
  • Liapis , A. I. and Brutini , R. 1995 . “ Freeze Drying ” . In Handbook of Industrial Drying , (Second Edition) Edited by: Mujumdar , A. S. 309 – 343 . New York, , New York, U.S.A. and Basel, Switzerland : Marcel Dekker, Inc. .
  • Liapis , A. I. and Bruttini , R. 1995 . Freeze drying of pharmaceutical crystalline and amorphous solutes in vials: Dynamic multi-dimensional models of the primary and secondary drying stages and qualitative features of the moving interface . Drying Technology , 13 : 43 – 72 .
  • Liapis , A. I. , Pikal , M. J. and Bruttini , R. 1996 . Research and development needs and opportunities in freeze drying . Drying Technology , 14 : 1265 – 1300 .
  • Pikal , M. J. and Shah , S. 1997 . Intravial distribution of moisture during the secondary drying stage of freeze drying . PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , 51 : 17 – 24 .
  • Mascarenhas , W. J. , Akay , H. U. and Pikal , M. J. 1997 . A computational model for finite element analysis of the freeze-drying process . Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. , 148 : 105 – 124 .
  • Sadikoglu , H. , Liapis , A. I. and Crosser , O. K. 1998 . Optimal control of the primary and secondary drying stages of bulk solution freeze drying in trays . Drying Technology , 16 : 399 – 431 .
  • Liapis , A. I. and Sadikolu , H. 1998 . Dynamic pressure rise in the drying chamber as a remote sensing method for monitoring the temperature of the product during the primary drying stage of freeze drying . Drying Technology , 16 : 1153 – 1171 .
  • Sheehan , P. and Liapis , A. I. 1998 . Modeling of the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze drying of pharmaceutical products in vials: Numerical results obtained from the solution of a dynamic and spatially multi-dimensional lyophilization model for different operational policies . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 60 : 712 – 728 .
  • Sadikoglu , H. 1998 . Dynamic Modeling and Optimal Control of the Primary and Secondary Drying Stages of Freeze Drying of Solutions in Trays and Vials , Ph.D. Dissertation Rolla, , Missouri, U.S.A. : Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla .
  • Sadikoglu , H. , Liapis , A. I. , Crosser , O. K. and Bruttini , R. 1999 . Estimation of the effect of product shrinkage on the drying times, heat input and condenser load of the primary and secondary drying stages of the lyophilization process in vials . Drying Technology , 17 : 2013 – 2035 .
  • Rey , L. and May , J. C. , eds. 1999 . Freeze-Drying/Lyophilization of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products New York, , New York, U.S.A. and Basel, Switzerland : Marcel Dekker, Inc. .
  • Liapis , A. I. , Bruttini , R. and Sadikoglu , H. 2000 . Optimal control of the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze drying of pharmaceuticals in vials . Twelfth International Drying Symposium (IDS 2000) . August 28–31 2000 , Noordwijkerhoot, The Netherlands.
  • Cornu , O. , Banse , X. , Docquier , P. L. , Luyckx , S. and Delloye , C. 2000 . Effect of freeze drying and gamma irradiation on the mechanical properties of human cancellous bone . Journal of Orthopaedic Research , 18 : 426 – 431 .
  • Franks , F. 1985 . Biophysics and Biochemistry at Low Temperatures Cambridge, , England : Cambridge University Press .
  • Petropoulos , J. H. , Petrou , J. K. and Liapis , A. I. 1991 . Network model investigation of gas transport in bidisperse porous adsorbents . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 30 : 1281 – 1289 .
  • Meyers , J. J. and Liapis , A. I. 1998 . Network modeling of the intraparticle convection and diffusion of molecules in porous particles packed in a chromatographic column . J. Chromatogr. A , 827 : 197 – 213 .
  • Meyers , J. J. and Liapis , A. I. 1999 . Network modeling of the convective flow and diffusion of molecules adsorbing in monoliths and in porous particles packed in a chromatographic column . J. Chromatogr. A , 852 : 3 – 23 .
  • Meyers , J. J. , Nahar , S. , Ludlow , D. K. and Liapis , A. I. 2001 . Determination of the pore connectivity and pore size distribution and pore spatial distribution of porous chromatographic particles from nitrogen sorption measurements and pore network modelling theory . J. Chromatogr. A , 907 : 57 – 71 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.