Publication Cover
Drying Technology
An International Journal
Volume 21, 2003 - Issue 7
182
Views
43
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Optimal Control of the Primary Drying Stage of Freeze Drying of Solutions in Vials Using Variational Calculus

, &
Pages 1307-1331 | Published online: 06 Feb 2007

References

  • Liapis , A.I. and Bruttini , R. 1995 . Freeze-drying of pharmaceutical crystalline and amorphous solutes in vials: dynamic multi-dimensional models of the primary and secondary drying stages and qualitative features of the moving interface . Drying Technology , 13 ( 1 & 2 ) : 43 – 72 .
  • Sheehan , P. and Liapis , A.I. 1998 . Modeling of the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze drying of pharmaceutical products in vials: numerical results obtained from the solution of a dynamic and spatially multi-dimensional lyophilization model for different operational policies . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 60 ( 6 ) : 712 – 728 .
  • Sadikoglu , H. , Liapis , A.I. and Crosser , O.K. 1998 . Optimal control of the primary and secondary drying stages of bulk solution freeze drying in trays . Drying Technology , 16 ( 3 & 5 ) : 399 – 431 .
  • Sadikoglu , H. 1998 . “ Dynamic modelling and optimal control of the primary and secondary drying stages of freeze drying of solution in trays and vials ” . In Ph.D. Dissertation Department of Chemical Engineering Rolla, Missouri, , USA : University of Missouri-Rolla .
  • Litchfield , R.J. and Liapis , A.I. 1979 . An adsorption-sublimation model for a freeze dryer . Chemical Engineering Science , 34 ( 9 ) : 1085 – 1090 .
  • Millman , M.J. , Liapis , A.I. and Marchello , J.M. 1985 . An analysis of the lyophilization process using a sorption-sublimation model and various operational policies . AIChE J. , 31 ( 10 ) : 1594 – 1604 .
  • Tang , M.M. , Liapis , A.I. and Marchello , J.M. A Multidimensional Model Describing the Lyophilization of a Pharmaceutical Product in a Vial . Proceedings of the Fifth International Drying Symposium . Edited by: Mujumdar , A.S. Vol. 1 , pp. 57 – 65 . New York, NY, , U.S.A : Hemisphere Publishing Corporation .
  • Bruttini , R. , Rovero , G. and Baldi , G. 1991 . Experimentation and modelling of pharmaceutical lyophilization using a pilot plant . Chemical Engineering Journal , 45 ( 3 ) : 175 – 177 .
  • Liapis , A.I. and Bruttini , R. 1994 . A theory for the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze-drying of pharmaceutical crystalline and amorphous solutes: comparison between experimental data and theory . Separations Technology , 4 ( 3 ) : 144 – 155 .
  • Liapis , A.I. and Bruttini , R. 1995 . “ Freeze drying ” . In Handbook of Industrial Drying, , 2nd Ed. Edited by: Mujumdar , A.S. 309 – 343 . New York, Basel : Marcel Dekker Inc. .
  • Liapis , A.I. , Pikal , M.J. and Bruttini , R. 1996 . Research and development needs and opportunities in freeze drying . Drying Technology , 14 : 1265 – 1300 .
  • Sadikoglu , H. and Liapis , A.I. 1997 . Mathematical modelling of the primary and secondary drying stages of bulk solution freeze drying in trays: parameter estimation and model discrimination by comparison of theoretical results with experimental data . Drying Technology , 15 ( 3 & 4 ) : 791 – 810 .
  • Mellor , J.D. 1978 . Fundamentals of Freeze Drying 386 London, , England : Academic Press .
  • Liapis , A.I. and Litchfield , R.J. 1979 . Optimal control of a freeze dryer I: theoretical development and quasi steady state analysis . Chemical Engineering Science , 34 ( 7 ) : 975 – 981 .
  • Litchfield , R.J. and Liapis , A.I. 1982 . Optimal control of a freeze dryer II: dynamic analysis . Chemical Engineering Science , 37 ( 1 ) : 45 – 55 .
  • Litchfield , R.J. , Farhadpour , F.A. and Liapis , A.I. 1981 . Cyclical pressure freeze drying . Chemical Engineering Science , 36 ( 7 ) : 1233 – 1238 .
  • Villadsen , J. and Michelsen , M.L. 1978 . Solution of Differential Equation Models by Polynomial Approximation 446 New Jersey, , U.S.A : Prentice HallEnglewood Cliffs .
  • Holland , C.D. and Liapis , A.I. 1983 . Computer Methods for Solving Dynamic Separation Problems 475 New York, NY, , U.S.A : McGraw-Hill .
  • Liapis , A.I. and Litchfield , R.J. 1979 . Numerical solution of moving boundary transport problems in finite media by orthogonal collocation . Computers in Chemical Engineering , 3 ( 1 & 4 ) : 615 – 621 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.