Publication Cover
Drying Technology
An International Journal
Volume 22, 2004 - Issue 7
122
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Heating Policies during the Primary and Secondary Drying Stages of the Lyophilization Process in Vials: Effects of the Arrangement of Vials in Clusters of Square and Hexagonal Arrays on Trays

, , &
Pages 1539-1575 | Published online: 06 Feb 2007

References

  • Liapis , A.I. and Bruttini , R. 1994 . A theory for the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze drying of pharmaceutical crystalline and amorphous solutes: comparison between experimental data and theory . Separations Technology , 4 : 144 – 155 .
  • Liapis , A.I. and Bruttini , R. “ Freeze drying ” . In Handbook of Industrial Drying, , 2nd Ed. Edited by: Mujumdar , A.S. 309 – 343 . New York, New York, , USA : Marcel Dekker, Inc. . and Basel, Switzerland, 1995;
  • Liapis , A.I. and Bruttini , R. 1995 . Freeze drying of pharmaceutical crystalline and amorphous solutes in vials: dynamic multi-dimensional models of the primary and secondary drying stages and qualitative features of the moving interface . Drying Technology , 13 : 43 – 72 .
  • Liapis , A.I. , Pikal , M.J. and Bruttini , R. 1996 . Research and development needs and opportunities in freeze drying . Drying Technology , 14 : 1265 – 1300 . [CSA]
  • Pikal , M.J. and Shah , S. 1997 . Intravial distribution of moisture during the secondary drying stage of freeze drying . PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , 51 : 17 – 24 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Mascarenhas , W.J. , Akay , H.U. and Pikal , M.J. 1997 . A computational model for finite element analysis of the freeze-drying process . Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. , 148 : 105 – 124 . [CROSSREF]
  • Sadikoglu , H. , Liapis , A.I. and Crosser , O.K. 1998 . Optimal control of the primary and secondary drying stages of bulk solution freeze drying in trays . Drying Technology , 16 : 399 – 431 . [CSA]
  • Liapis , A.I. and Sadikoglu , H. 1998 . Dynamic pressure rise in the drying chamber as a remote sensing method for monitoring the temperature of the product during the primary drying stage of freeze drying . Drying Technology , 16 : 1153 – 1171 .
  • Sheehan , P. and Liapis , A.I. 1998 . Modelling of the primary and secondary drying stages of the freeze drying of pharmaceutical products in vials: numerical results obtained from the solution of a dynamic and spatially multi-dimensional lyophilization model for different operational policies . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 60 : 712 – 728 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
  • Sadikoglu , H. Dynamic Modelling and Optimal Control of the Primary and Secondary Drying Stages of Freeze Drying of Solutions in Trays and Vials . Ph.D. dissertation . Rolla Missouri, , U.S.A. : Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla .
  • Sadikoglu , H. , Liapis , A.I. , Crosser , O.K. and Bruttini , R. 1999 . Estimation of the effect of product shrinkage on the drying times, heat input and condenser load of the primary and secondary drying stages of the lyophilization process in vials . Drying Technology , 17 : 2013 – 2035 .
  • Rey , L. and May , J.C. , eds. Freeze-Drying/Lyophilization of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products New York, New York, , U.S.A. : Marcel Dekker, Inc. . and Basel, Switzerland, 1999
  • Liapis , A.I. , Bruttini , R. and Sadikoglu , H. Twelfth International Drying Symposium (IDS 2000) . August 28–31 2000 . Optimal Control of the Primary and Secondary Drying Stages of the Freeze Drying of Pharmaceuticals in Vials , The Netherlands : Noordwijkerhoot .
  • Cornu , O. , Banse , X. , Docquier , P.L. , Luyckx , S. and Delloye , C. 2000 . Effect of freeze drying and gamma irradiation on the mechanical properties of human cancellous bone . Journal of Orthopaedic Research , 18 : 426 – 431 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Millman , M.J. , Liapis , A.I. and Marchello , J.M. 1985 . An analysis of the lyophilization process using a sorption-sublimation model and various operational policies . AIChE J. , 31 : 1594 – 1604 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
  • Bruttini , R. , Crosser , O.K. and Liapis , A.I. 2001 . Exergy analysis for the freezing stage of the freeze drying process . Drying Technology , 19 : 2303 – 2313 . [CROSSREF]
  • Franks , F. 1985 . Biophysics and Biochemistry at Low Temperatures Cambridge, , England : Cambridge University Press .
  • Sheehan , P. Modelling of the Primary and Secondary Drying Stages of the Freeze Drying of Pharmaceutical Products in Vials: Numerical Results Obtained from the Solution of a Dynamic and Spatially Multi-Dimensional Lyophilization Model for Different Operational Policies . MS thesis . Rolla, Missouri, , U.S.A. : Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla .
  • ISO 8362-1: (E). Injection containers for injectables and accessories—Part 1: Injection vials made of glass tubing, 1989 ,
  • Gray , W.A. and Müller , R. 1974 . Engineering Calculations in Radiative Heat Transfer Oxford, , England : Pergamon Press .
  • Gan , K.H. Report No. 20 . Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri, U.S.A., 2003

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.