MUTATIONS FLANKING THE POLYGLUTAMINE REPEAT IN THE MODULATORY DOMAIN OF RAT GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR LEAD TO AN INCREASE IN AFFINITY FOR HORMONE

REFERENCES

• Danielsen M. Structure and Function of the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Nuclear Hormone Receptors, M. G. Parker. Academic Press. 1991; 39–78
   Google Scholar
• Bamberger C. M., Schulte H. M., Chrousos G. P. Molecular Determinants of Glucocorticoid Receptor Function and Tissue Sensitivity to Glucocorticoids. Endocr. Rev. 1996; 17(3)245–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan W., Stensgard B., Caucutt G., Bartha B., McMahon N., Alnemri E. S., Litwack G., Toft D. Nucleotides and Two Functional States of hsp90. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272(12)8007–8012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morishima Y., Murphy P. J., Li D. P., Sanchez E. R., Pratt W. B. Stepwise Assembly of a Glucocorticoid Receptor.hsp90 Heterocomplex Resolves Two Sequential ATP-Dependent Events Involving First hsp70 and then hsp90 in Opening of the Steroid Binding Pocket. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275(24)18054–18060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iniguez-Lluhi J. A., Lou D. Y., Yamamoto K. R. Three Amino Acid Substitutions Selectively Disrupt the Activation But Not the Repression Function of the Glucocorticoid Receptor N Terminus. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272(7)4149–4156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vayssiere B. M., Dupont S., Choquart A., Petit F., Garcia T., Marchandeau C., Gronemeyer H., Resche-Rigon M. Synthetic Glucocorticoids That Dissociate Transactivation and AP-1 Transrepression Exhibit Antiinflammatory Activity. Vivo. Mol. Endocrinol. 1997; 11(9)1245–1255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeley R. P., Gill E., van Zutphen B., Kenyon C. J., Sutcliffe R. G. Polymorphisms of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene in Laboratory and Wild Rats: Steroid Binding Properties of Trinucleotide CAG Repeat Length Variants. Mamm. Genome 1998; 9(3)198–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashley C. T., Jr., Warren S. T. Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion and Human Disease. Annu. Rev. Genet. 1995; 29: 703–728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mhatre A. N., Trifiro M. A., Kaufman M., Kazemi-Esfarjani P., Figlewicz D., Rouleau G., Pinsky L. Reduced Transcriptional Regulatory Competence of the Androgen Receptor in X-Linked Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy. Nat. Genet. 1993; 5(2)184–188, [Published Erratum Appears in Nat. Genet. 1994, 6 (2), 214]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsumori K., Terai A., Oka H., Segawa T., Ogura K., Yoshida O., Ogawa O. Androgen Receptor CAG Repeat Length Polymorphism in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Correlation with Adenoma Growth. Prostate 1999; 41(4)253–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowsing A. T., Yong E. L., Clark M., McLachlan R. I., de Kretser D. M., Trounson A. O. Linkage Between Male Infertility and Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion in the Androgen-Receptor Gene. Lancet 1999; 354(9179)640–643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenyon C. J., Panarelli M., Zagato L., Torielli L., Heeley R. P., Holloway C. D., Fraser R., Casari G., Sutcliffe R. G., Bianchi G. Glucocorticoid Receptor Polymorphism in Genetic Hypertension. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 1998; 21(1)41–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miesfeld R., Rusconi S., Godowski P. J., Maler B. A., Okret S., Wikstrom A. C., Gustafsson J. A., Yamamoto K. R. Genetic Complementation of a Glucocorticoid Receptor Deficiency by Expression of Cloned Receptor cDNA. Cell 1986; 46(3)389–399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusconi S., Severne Y., Georgiev O., Galli I., Wieland S. A Novel Expression Assay to Study Transcriptional Activators. Gene 1990; 89(2)211–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanz R. B., Wieland S., Hug M., Rusconi S. A Transcriptional Repressor Obtained by Alternative Translation of a Trinucleotide Repeat. Nucleic Acids Res. 1995; 23(1)138–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner C. L., Griffin J. E., Wilson J. D., Jacobs L. D., Murray K. R., Fischbeck K. H., Dickoff D., Griggs R. C. X-Linked Spinomuscular Atrophy: A Kindred with Associated Abnormal Androgen Receptor Binding. Neurology 1992; 42(11)2181–2184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean H. E., Choi W. T., Rekaris G., Warne G. L., Zajac J. D. Abnormal Androgen Receptor Binding Affinity in Subjects with Kennedy's Disease (Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995; 80(2)508–516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullah A., Trifiro M. A., Panet-Raymond V., Alvarado C., de Tourreil S., Frankel D., Schipper H. M., Pinsky L. Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy: Polyglutamine-Expanded Androgen Receptor is Proteolytically Resistant In Vitro and Processed Abnormally in Transfected Cells. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1998; 7(3)379–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler R., Leigh P. N., McPhaul M. J., Gallo J. M. Truncated Forms of the Androgen Receptor are Associated with Polyglutamine Expansion in X-Linked Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1998; 7(1)121–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tut T. G., Ghadessy F. J., Trifiro M. A., Pinsky L., Yong E. L. Long Polyglutamine Tracts in the Androgen Receptor are Associated with Reduced Trans-Activation, Impaired Sperm Production, and Male Infertility. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997; 82(11)3777–3782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao P. W., Lin D. L., Nakao R., Chang C. The Linkage of Kennedy's Neuron Disease to ARA24, the First Identified Androgen Receptor Polyglutamine Region-Associated Coactivator. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274(29)20229–20234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbajo P., Christensen K., Edwards D. P., Skafar D. F. Binding of [3H]Progesterone to the Human Progesterone Receptor: Differences Between Individual and Mixed Isoforms. Endocrinology 1996; 137(6)2339–2346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetel M. J., Jung S., Carbajo P., Ladtkow T., Skafar D. F., Edwards D. P. Hinge and Amino-Terminal Sequences Contribute to Solution Dimerization of Human Progesterone Receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 1997; 11(8)1114–1128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou Z. X., Lane M. V., Kemppainen J. A., French F. S., Wilson E. M. Specificity of Ligand-Dependent Androgen Receptor Stabilization: Receptor Domain Interactions Influence Ligand Dissociation and Receptor Stability. Mol. Endocrinol. 1995; 9(2)208–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieken E. S., Miesfeld R. L. Transcriptional Transactivation Functions Localized to the Glucocorticoid Receptor N Terminus are Necessary for Steroid Induction of Lymphocyte Apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12(2)589–597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spanjaard R. A., Chin W. W. Reconstitution of Ligand-Mediated Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity by Trans-Acting Functional Domains. Mol. Endocrinol. 1993; 7(1)12–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu M., Chakraborti P. K., Garabedian M. J., Yamamoto K. R., Simons S. S. Modular Structure of Glucocorticoid Receptor Domains is Not Equivalent to Functional Independence. Stability and Activity of the Steroid Binding Domain are Controlled by Sequences in Separate Domains. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271(35)21430–21438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPhaul M. J., Marcelli M., Tilley W. D., Griffin J. E., Isidro-Gutierrez R. F., Wilson J. D. Molecular Basis of Androgen Resistance in a Family with a Qualitative Abnormality of the Androgen Receptor and Responsive to High-Dose Androgen Therapy. J. Clin. Invest. 1991; 87(4)1413–1421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemppainen J. A., Lane M. V., Sar M., Wilson E. M. Androgen Receptor Phosphorylation, Turnover, Nuclear Transport, and Transcriptional Activation. Specificity for Steroids and Antihormones. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267(2)968–974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond M. I., Robinson M. R., Yamamoto K. R. Regulation of Expanded Polyglutamine Protein Aggregation and Nuclear Localization by the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000; 97(2)657–661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giguere V., Hollenberg S. M., Rosenfeld M. G., Evans R. M. Functional Domains of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor. Cell 1986; 46(5)645–652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenberg S. M., Evans R. M. Multiple and Cooperative Trans-Activation Domains of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor. Cell 1988; 55(5)899–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lange P., Koper J. W., Huizenga N. A., Brinkmann A. O., de Jong F. H., Karl M., Chrousos G. P., Lamberts S. W. Differential Hormone-Dependent Transcriptional Activation and–Repression by Naturally Occurring Human Glucocorticoid Receptor Variants. Mol. Endocrinol. 1997; 11(8)1156–1164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chamberlain N. L., Driver E. D., Miesfeld R. L. The Length and Location of CAG Trinucleotide Repeats in the Androgen Receptor N-Terminal Domain Affect Transactivation Function. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994; 22(15)3181–3186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choong C. S., Kemppainen J. A., Zhou Z. X., Wilson E. M. Reduced Androgen Receptor Gene Expression with First Exon CAG Repeat Expansion. Mol. Endocrinol. 1996; 10(12)1527–1535
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamei Y., Xu L., Heinzel T., Torchia J., Kurokawa R., Gloss B., Lin S. C., Heyman R. A., Rose D. W., Glass C. K., Rosenfeld M. G. A CBP Integrator Complex Mediates Transcriptional Activation and AP-1 Inhibition by Nuclear Receptors. Cell 1996; 85(3)403–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z., Jones S., Hagood J. S., Fuentes N. L., Fuller G. M. STAT3 Acts as a Co-Activator of Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272(49)30607–30610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocklin E., Wissler M., Gouilleux F., Groner B. Functional Interactions Between Stat5 and the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Nature 1996; 383(6602)726–728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar