Removal of Enteric Bacteria in Constructed Treatment Wetlands with Emergent Macrophytes: A Review

REFERENCES

• Kadlec , R. H. and Knight , R. L. 1996 . Treatment wetland , 893 pp. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Dias , V. and Vymazal , J. , eds. 2003 . The use of aquatic macrophytes for wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands , Lisbon, , Portugal : Instituto da Conservacao da Natureza and Instituto Nacional de Água .
   Google Scholar
• Stevik , T. K. , Aa , K. , Ausland , G. and Hanssen , J. F. 2004 . Retention and removal of pathogenic bacteria in wastewater percolating through porous media: A review . Water Research , 38 : 1355 – 1367 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidel , K. 1976 . “ Macrophytes and water purification ” . In Biological control of water pollution , Edited by: Tourbier , J. and Pierson , R. W. Jr. 109 – 121 . Philadelphia, PA : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gersberg , R. M. , Gearheart , R. A. and Ives , M. 1989 . “ Pathogen removal in constructed wetlands ” . In Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment , Edited by: Hammer , D. A. 431 – 445 . Chelsea, Michigan : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Hagendorf , U. , Diehl , K. , Feuerpfeil , I. , Hummel , A. and Szewzyzk , R. Retention of microbiological organisms in constructed wetlands . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 391 – 397 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Dufour , A. P. 1977 . “ Escherichia coli: The fecal coliform ” . In Bacterial indicators/health hazards associated with water , Edited by: Hoadley , A. W. and Dutka , B. J. 48 – 58 . Philadelphia, PA : American Society for Testing and Materials .
   Google Scholar
• Clausen , E. M. , Green , B. L. and Litsky , W. 1977 . “ Fecal streptococci: Indicators of pollution ” . In Bacterial indicators/health hazards associated with water , Edited by: Hoadley , A. W. and Dutka , B. J. 247 – 264 . Philadelphia, PA : American Society for Testing and Materials .
   Google Scholar
• Litsky , W. , Rosenbaum , M. I. and France , R. L. 1953 . A Comparison of the most probable numbers of coliform bacteria and enterococci in raw sewage . Appl. microbiol. , 1 : 247 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Croft , C. C. 1959 . A comparative study of media for detection of enterococci in water . Amer. J. Publ. Health , 49 : 1379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansola , G. , Cortijo , R. , Gonzáles , J. M. and Luis , E. 2000 . Constructed wetlands application based on M.H.E.A. system for rural population wastewater treatment . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 1007 – 1014 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Axler , R. , Henneck , J. and McCarthy , B. 2000 . Residential Subsurface flow treatment wetlands in northern Minnesota . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf.Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 893 – 901 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Bavor , H. J. , Roser , D. J. and McKersie , S. 1987 . “ Nutrient removal using shallow lagoon-solid matrix macrophyte systems ” . In Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery , Edited by: Reddy , K. R. and Smith , W. H. 227 – 235 . Orlando, FL : Magnolia Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Bisogni , G. L. , Crepaldi , S. , Ruschetta , S. , Paolini , C. , Pennati , D. and Malcevschi , S. 2000 . Experimental wetland system unit for an RBC plant in the North Italy . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf.Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 1175 – 1181 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Cabello , A. , Arias , C. A. , Brix , H. and Johansen , N.-H. 2002 . Removal of bacteriologic indicator organisms from municipal wastewater in an experimental two-stage vertical flow constructed wetland system . Proc. 8th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2002 , Arusha. pp. 743 – 751 . IWA and University of Dar es Salaam .
   Google Scholar
• Choate , K. D. , Watson , J. T. and Steiner , G. R. 1990 . Demonstration of constructed wetlands for treatment of municipal wastewaters , 1 – 107 . Chattanooga, TN : Tennessee Valley Authority . Monitoring Report for the Period: March 1988 to October 1989. Tech. Report TVA/WR/WQ—90/11
   Google Scholar
• Conte , G. , Martinuzzi , N. , Giovanelli , L. , Masi , F. and Pucci , B. 2000 . Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in central Italy . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 869 – 872 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Dahab , M. F. and Surampalli , R. Y. 2001 . Subsurface-flow constructed wetlands treatment in the plains: Five years of experience . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 44 ( 11–12 ) : 375 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison , L. , Headley , T. and Edmonds , M. 2001 . On-site wastewater treatment by reed bed in the moist subtropics . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 44 ( 11–12 ) : 353 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durán-de-Bazúa , C. , Haberl , R. , Kreiner , L. , Ranjani-Krishnan , Luna-Pabello , V. M. , Fenoglio-Limón , F. E. , Kneidinger , C. , Millán-Hernández , S. , Miranda-Rios , M. , Ramírez-Carillo , H. F. , ; Salinas-Castillo , N. V. , Sánchez-García , H. , Schaller , P. and Soto-Esquivel , M. G. 2000 . Artificial wetlands: Viable options for rural, suburban, and urban areas in Mexico . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 873 – 879 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Elias , J. M. , Salati Filho , E. and Salati , E. Performance of constructed wetland system for public water supply . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . pp. 1539 – 1544 . Gainesville : IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Fetter , C. W. Jr. , Sloey , W. E. and Spangler , F. L. 1976 . Potential replacement of septic tank drain fields by artificial marsh wastewater treatment systems . Ground Water , 14 : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Gearheart , R. A. , Klopp , F. and Allen , G. 1989 . “ Constructed free surface wetlands to treat and receive wastewater: Pilot project to full scale ” . In Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment , Edited by: Hammer , D. A. 121 – 137 . Chelsea, MI : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Gersberg , R. M. , Brenner , R. , Lyon , S. R. and Elkins , B. V. 1987 . “ Survival of bacteria and viruses in municipal wastewaters applied to artificial wetlands ” . In Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery , Edited by: Reddy , K. R. and Smith , W. H. 237 – 245 . Orlando, FL : Magnolia Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Hendrey , G. R. , Clinton , J. , Blumer , K. and Lewin , K. 1979 . Lowland recharge project operations, physical, chemical and biological changes 1975–1978 , Brookhaven, New York : Brookhaven National Laboratory . Final Report to the Town of Brookhaven
   Google Scholar
• Herskowitz , J. 1986 . Listowel artificial marsh project report , 1 – 253 . Toronto, , Canada : Water Resources Branch . Project No. 128 RR. Ontario Ministry of the Environment
   Google Scholar
• Hill , V. R. and Sobsey , M. D. 2001 . Removal of Salmonella and microbial indicators in constructed wetlands treating swine wastewater . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 44 ( 11–12 ) : 215 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantawanichkul , S. , Somprasert , S. , Aekasin , U. and Shutes , R. B.E. 2002 . Nitrogen removal by two experimental combined constructed wetland systems in tropical climate . Proc. 8th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2002 . pp. 894 – 902 . Arusha : IWA and University of Dar es Salaam .
   Google Scholar
• Karpiscak , M. M. , Sanchez , L. R. , Freitas , R. J. and Gerba , C. P. 2001 . Removal of bacterial indicators and pathogens from dairy wastewater by multi-component treatment system . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 44 ( 11/12 ) : 183 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaseva , M. E. , Mbwette , T. S. , Katima , J. H. and Mashauri , D. A. 2000 . Performance of a sub-surface horizontal flow constructed wetland in polishing upward flow anaerobic sludge blanket pre-treated domestic wastewater under tropical conditions—A case study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 1051 – 1059 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Knight , R. L. and Kadlec , R. H. 1996 . Free water surface wetlands for wastewater treatment: A technology assessment. , Gainesville, Florida, , USA : CH2M Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Lavigne , R. L. and Jankiewicz , J. 2000 . Artificial wetland treatment technology and it's use in the Amazon rain forests of Ecuador . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 813 – 819 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Mbuligwe , S. E. 2000 . Evolution and role of pseudo-natural wetland systems in attenuation of pollution: A case study in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 1163 – 1170 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Meira , C. M.S. , Ceballos , B. S.O. , Sousa , J. T. and König , A. A comparative study of constructed wetlands for water pollution control using gravel and sand as substrate . Proc. 8th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . pp. 1096 – 1101 . Arusha : IWA and University of Dar es Salaam .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , G. 1989 . “ Use of artificial cattail marshes to treat sewage in northern Ontario, Canada. In ” . In Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment , Edited by: Hammer , D. A. 636 – 642 . Chelsea, MI : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura , K. , Miki , O. and Shimatani , Y. 2000 . Compact wetland system for urban area in Japan . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 963 – 969 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Okurut , T. O. and ; van Bruggen , J.J. A. Distribution and removal of faecal coliforms in a constructed wetland in Uganda . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 451 – 457 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Pucci , B. , Conte , G. , Martinuzzi , N. , Giovanelli , L. and Masi , F. 2000 . Design and performance of a horizontal flow constructed wetland for treatment of dairy and agricultural wastewater in the “Chianti” countryside . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 1133 – 1136 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Salati Filho , E. , Marcondes , D. S. , Salati , E. , Elias , J. M. and Nogueira , S. F. 2000 . Assessment of the efficiency of constructed wetland system—Pilot plant for tertiary treatment . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 971 – 977 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Sherstka , R. R. , Haberl , R. , Laber , J. , Manandhar , R. and Mader , J. 2001 . Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Nepal . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 44 ( 11–12 ) : 381 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenström , T. A. and Carlander , A. 2001 . Occurrence and die-off of indicator organisms in the sediment in two constructed wetlands . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 44 ( 11–12 ) : 223 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolberg , F. V. and Vergeles , Y. I. 2000 . The constructed wetlands technology for de-eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 1531 – 1537 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Tanner , C. C. , Clayton , J. S. and Upsdell , M. P. 1995 . Effect of loading rate and planting on treatment of dairy farm wastewaters—I . Removal of oxygen demand, suspended solids and faecal coliforms. Water Research , 29 : 17 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Tole , M. P. and Khisa , K. 2000 . The performance of a tropical constructed wetland system: The case of the carnivore/splash constructed wetland, Nairobi, Kenya . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 1183 – 1190 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Warren , A. , Decamp , O. and Ramirez , E. 2000 . Removal kinetics and viability of bacteria in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 493 – 500 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , J. T. 1990 . Design and performance of the constructed wetland wastewater treatment system at Phillips High School, Bear Creek, Alabama , 1 – 73 . Chattanooga, TN : Tennessee Valley Authority . Tech. Report TVA/WR/WQ—90/5
   Google Scholar
• Watson , J. T. , Diodato , F. D. and Lauch , M. 1987 . “ Design and performance of the artificial wetlands wastewater treatment plant at Iselin, Pennsylvania ” . In Aquatic plants for water treatment and resource recovery , Edited by: Reddy , K. R. and Smith , W. H. 263 – 270 . Orlando, FL : Magnolia Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , J. T. , Choate , K. D. and Steiner , G. R. 1990 . “ Performance of constructed wetland treatment systems at Benton, Hardin, and Pembroke, Kentucky, during the early vegetation establishment phase ” . In Constructed wetlands in water pollution control , Edited by: Cooper , P. F. and Findlater , B. C. 171 – 182 . Oxford, UK : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolverton , B. C. 1989 . “ Aquatic plant/microbial filters for treating septic tank effluent ” . In Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment , Edited by: Hammer , D. A. 173 – 178 . Chelsea, MI : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Miescier , J. J. and Cabelli , V. J. 1982 . Enterococci and other microbial indicators in municipal wastewater effluents . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 54 : 1399 – 1406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crook , J. 1990 . “ Water reclamation ” . In Encyclopedia of physical science and technology , Edited by: Myers , R. 157 – 187 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Verlichini , P. and Masotti , L. 2000 . Constructed wetlands: A viable buffer system for “natural” wastewater disinfection . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 481 – 491 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Gopal , B. and Goel , U. 1993 . Competition and allelopathy in aquatic plant communities . Botanical Review , 59 : 155 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neori , A. , Reddy , K. R. , [Cgrave]ízková-Kon[cgrave]alová , H. and Agami , M. 2000 . Bioactive chemicals and biological-biochemical activities and their functions in rhizospheres of wetland plants . Botanical Review , 66 : 351 – 378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadbent , P. , Bakker , K. F. and Waterworth , Y. 1971 . Bacteria and actinomycetes antagonistic to fungal root pathogens in Australian soils . Aust. J. Biol. Sci. , 24 : 925 – 944 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kansiime , F. and Nalubega , M. 1999 . Wastewater treatment by a natural wetland: The Nakivubo Swamp, Uganda. Processes and implications , Rotterdam, The Netherlands : A.A. Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Kansiime , F. and ; van Bruggen , J.J. A. 2000 . Distribution and retention of faecal coliforms in the Nakivubo wetland in Kampala, Uganda . Proc. 7th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control . 2000 , Gainesville. pp. 469 – 479 . IWA and University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Vymazal , J. , Ottová , V. , Balcarová , J. and Dousová , H. 2003 . “ Seasonal variation in fecal indicators removal in constructed wetlands with horizontal subsurface flow ” . In Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in cold climates , Edited by: Mander , Ü. and Jenssen , P. 237 – 258 . Southampton, , UK : WIT Press . Advances in Ecological Sciences 11
   Google Scholar