The Antiinflammatory Activity of Budesonide on Human Airway Epithelial Cells is Lasting After Removal of the Drug from Cultures

REFERENCES

• Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Publication No. 97-4051. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institutes. April 1997, 1–11
   Google Scholar
• Barnes P.J., Adcock I.M. Anti-inflammatory Actions of Steroids: Molecular Mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1993; 14: 436–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieslander E., Delander E.L., Jarkelid L., Hjertberg E., Tunek A., Brattsand R. Pharmacologic Importance of Reversible Fatty Acid Conjugation of Budesonide Studied in a Rat Cell Line In Vitro. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1998; 19: 477–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brattsand R., Axelsson B. Basis of Airway Selectivity of Inhaled Glucocorticoids. Inhaled Glucocorticoids in Asthma, Mechanism and Clinical Actions, R.P. Schleimer, W.W. Busse, P.M. O’Byrne. Lung Biology in Health and Disease Series, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 1997; Vol. 97: 351–379
   Google Scholar
• Miller-Larson A., Mattsson H., Hjerteberg E., Dahlback M., Tunek A., Brattsand R. Reversible Fatty Acid Conjugation of Budesonide: A Novel Mechanism for Prolonged Retention of Topically Applied Steroid in Airway Tissue. Drug Metabol. Dispos. 1998; 26: 623–630
   Google Scholar
• Tunek A., Sjodin K., Hallstrom G. Reversible Formation of Fatty Acid Esters of Budesonide, an Antiasthma Glucocorticoid, in Human Lung and Liver Microsomes. Drug Metabol. Dispos. 1997; 25: 1311–1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agertoft L., Pedersen P., Randomized A. Double-Blind Dose Reduction Study to Compare the Minimal Effective Dose of Budesonide Turbuhaler and Fluticasone Propionate Diskhaler. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1997; 99: 773–780
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moller X., Stromberg L., Oldaeus G., Arwestrom E., Kjellman M. Efficacy of Once-Daily Versus Twice-Daily Administration of Budesonide by Turbuhaler in Children with Stable Asthma. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1999; 28: 337–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross J.R.M., Mohan G., Andersson B., Taylor M.D., Richardson P.D.I. Budesonide Once-Daily in Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 1991; 12: 507–515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirpalani H., Gauldie J. Differentiation and Effector Function of Pulmonary Fibroblasts. Asthma and Rhinitis, W.W. Busse, S.T. Holgate. Blackwell Science, Oxford 1995; 539–553
   Google Scholar
• Raeburn D., Webber S.E. Proinflammatory Potential of the Airway Epithelium in Bronchial Asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 2226–2233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes P.J. Airway Epithelial Receptors. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 4: 371–379
   Google Scholar
• Xaubet A., Mullol J., Holgate S.T., Lòpez E. Comparison of the Role of Nasal Polyp and Normal Nasal Mucosal Epithelial Cells on In Vitro Eosinophil Survival: Mediation by GM-CSF and Inhibition by Dexamethasone. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1994; 24: 307–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manolitsas N.D., Trigg C.J., McAulay A.E., Wang J.H., Jordan S.E., D’Ardenne A.J., Davies R.J. The Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and the Beta 1-Integrins in Asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 1439–1444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignola A.M., Campbell A.M., Chanez P., Bousquet J., Pascale P.-L., Michel F.-B., Goddard P. HLA-DR and ICAM-1 Expression on Bronchial Epithelial Cells in Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1993; 148: 689–694
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez R., Silvestri M., Cordone A., Morelli M.C., Rossi G.A. Budesonide Inhibits Eosinophil Chemotaxis Through Epithelial Monolayers and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression in C5a-Activated Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Eur. Respir. J. 1998; 12: 421s
   Google Scholar
• Oddera S., Silvestri M., Sacco O., Scarso L., Lantero S., Quaglia R., Morelli M.C., Rossi G.A. Effects of “Systemic” Budesonide Concentrations on In Vitro Allergen-Induced Activation of Blood Mononuclear Cells Isolated from Asthmatic Patients. Allergy 1995; 50: 397–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi G.A., Sacco O., Balbi B., Oddera S., Mattioni T., Corte G., Ravazzoni C., Allegra L. Human Ciliated Bronchial Epithelial Cells: Expression of the HLA-DR Antigens and of the HLA-DR Alpha Gene, Modulation of the HLA-DR Antigens by Gamma Interferon and Antigen Presenting Function in the Mixed Leucocyte Reaction. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1990; 3: 431–440
   Google Scholar
• Muirhead K.A., Schmitt T.C., Muirhead A.R. Determination of Linear Fluorescence Intensities from Flow Cytometric Data Accumulated with Logarithmic Amplifiers. Cytometry 1983; 3: 251–256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Segal D.M., Titus J.A., Stephany D.A. Fluorescence Flow Cytometry in the Study of Lymphoid Cell Receptors. Methods Enzymol. 1987; 150: 478–492
   Google Scholar
• Lantero S., Alessandri G., Spallarossa D., Scarso L., Rossi G.A. LFA-1 Expression by Blood Eosinophils Is Increased in Atopic Asthmatic Children and Involved in Eosinophil Locomotion. Eur. Respir. J. 1998; 12: 1094–1098
   Google Scholar
• Oddera S., Silvestri M., Lantero S., Sacco O., Rossi G.A. Modulation of ICAM-1 Molecule Expression on Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells by a Short-Acting Beta2 Agonist: Fenoterol. J. Asthma 1998; 35: 401–408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacco O., Lantero S., Scarso L., Galietta L.J.V., Spallarossa D., Silvestri M., Rossi G.A. Modulation of HLA-DR Antigen and ICAM-1 Molecule Expression on Airway Epithelial Cells by Sodium Nedocromil. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999; 83: 49–54
   Google Scholar
• Montefort S., Holgate S.T. Adhesion Molecules and Their Role in Inflammation. Respir. Med. 1991; 85: 91–99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clutterbuck E.J., Hirst E.M.A., Sanderson C.J. Human Interleukin 5 (IL-5) Regulates the Production of Eosinophils in Human Bone Marrow Cultures: Comparison and Interaction with IL-1, IL-3, IL-6 and GM-CSF. Blood 1989; 73: 1504–1512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleich G.J. The Eosinophil and Bronchial Asthma: Current Understanding. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1990; 85: 422–428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattoli S., Mattoso V.L., Soloperto M., Allegra L., Fasoli A. Cellular and Biochemical Characteristics of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Symptomatic Nonallergic Asthma. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1991; 87: 794–802
   Google Scholar
• Miadonna A., Gibelli S., Lorini M., Tedesci A., Oddera S., Rossi G.A., Crimi E. Evidence for TH0 Activity in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cells from Atopic Asthmatic Patients. Lung 1997; 175: 195–209
   Google Scholar
• Montefort S., Roche W.R., Howarth P.H., Djukanovic R., Gratziou C., Caroll M., Smith L., Britten K.M., Haskard D., Lee T.H., Holgate S.T. Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-1 (ELAM-1) Expression in the Bronchial Mucosa of Normal and Asthmatic Subjects. Eur. Respir. J. 1992; 90: 1379–1385
   Google Scholar
• Tosi M.F., Stark J.M., Smith C.W., Hamedani A., Gruenert D.C., Infeld M.D. Induction of ICAM-1 Expression on Human Airway Epithelial Cells by Inflammatory Cytokines: Effects on Neutrophil-Epithelial Cells Adhesion. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1992; 7: 214–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden M., Brattsand R. Effects of a Corticosteroid, Budesonide, on Alveolar Macrophages and Blood Monocytes Secretion of Cytokines: Differential Sensitivity of GM-CSF, IL-1beta, and IL-6. Pulm. Pharmacol. 1994; 7: 43–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar