PARTNERSHIP AS A SOCIAL NETWORK MEDIATOR FOR RESOLVING GLOBAL CONFLICT : THE CASE OF THE WORLD COMMISSION ON DAMS

REFERENCES

• Bailey , E.E. 1999 . A Regulatory Framework for the 21st Century . Eastern Economic Journal , 25 ( 3 ) : 253 – 263 . See
   Google Scholar
• Summers , L.H. 2000 . Development and Integration: A New Global Consensus. Excerpts from Remarks to the United Nations Economic and Social Council, New York, July 5, 2000 . Presidents & Prime Ministers , 9 ( 4 ) : 7 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Mudacumura , G.M. 2000 . Participative Management in Global Transformational Change . International Journal of Public Administration , 13 ( 12 ) : 2051 – 2083 . See
   Google Scholar
• Reinicke , W. and Deng , F. 2000 . “ International Develo-pment Research Centre, for the Global Public Policy Project ” . In Critical Choices, The United Nations, Networks and the Future of Global Governance Ottawa
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Reinicke , W.H. 1998 . Global Public Policy: Governing without Government? Washington, DC : The Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , J.Z. , Pruitt , D.G. and Kim , S.H. 1994 . Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement , 2 New York : McGraw-Hill Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 31
   Google Scholar
• Moore , C.W. 1996 . The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict , 2 San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Such a model is advocated by the American Arbitration Association in its joint conciliation approach. Originally developed for use in U.S. – China trade, it calls for one conciliator from each country, who jointly seek to conciliate each dispute, drawing upon their unique understanding of the business thinking, laws, and culture of the respective countries
   Google Scholar
• Swacker , F.W. , Redden , K.R. and Wenger , L.B. 1995 . World Trade Without Barriers: The Word Trade Organization (WTO) and Dispute Resolution Charlottesville, VA : Michie Butterworth, law publishers . See
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler , M. 1982 . “ Lecture in Divorce Mediation Seminar ” . Boulder, CO qtd. in Moore, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Kolb , D.M. 1983 . The Mediators Cambridge, MA : M.I.T. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stulberg , J. 1981 . The Theory and Practice of Mediation: A Reply to Professor Suskind . Vermont Law Review , 6 ( 1 ) : 85 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , R. and Ury , W. 1991 . Getting to Yes: Negotiating without Giving In , 2 Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Mnookin , R.H. , Peppet , S.R. and Tulumello , A.S. 2000 . Beyond Winning: Negotiating to Create Value in Deals and Disputes Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press/Belknap . See
   Google Scholar
• Moore, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Lovell , H. 1952 . The Pressure of Lever in Mediation . Industrial and Labor Relations Review , 6 ( 1 ) : 20 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , R.M. 1999 . Trust and Distrust in Organizations: Emerging Perspectives, Enduring Questions . Annual Review of Psychology , 569 ( 1 )
   Google Scholar
• Tonkiss , F. and Passey , A. 1999 . Trust, Confidence and Voluntary Organisations: Between Values and Institutions . Sociology , 33 ( 2 ) : 257 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Luhmann , N. 1988 . “ Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Perspectives ” . In Trust: The Making and Breaking of Cooperative Relations Edited by: Gambetta , D. Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom , E. 1990 . Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . See
   Google Scholar
• Brinkerhoff , J.M. 2002 . Government-NGO Partnership: A Defining Framework . Public Administration and Development , 22 ( 1 ) : 19 – 30 . For a detailed discussion of partnership′s defining dimensions, see
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , M. 1996 . Too Close for Comfort? The Impact of Official Aid on Nongovernmental Organizations . World Development , 24 ( 6 ) : 961 – 973 . See, for example
   Google Scholar
• The case description is drawn from primary workshop notes, meeting reports, presentations by WCD members, press releases, media coverage, and in-depth interviews. The final description was vetted by an individual who has been involved in the WCD since its inception
   Google Scholar
• Pottinger , L. 1997 . Dam Industry Faces Judgment Day . World Rivers Review , 12 ( 3 )
   Google Scholar
• Liebenthal , A. et al . August 15, 1996 . “ Operations Evaluation Department ” . In The World Bank′s Experience with Large Dams: An Overview of Impacts Washington, DC : The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Liebenthal, A. Personal Interview; Jennifer Brinkerhoff, Washington, DC, October 4, 1999
   Google Scholar
• Greene , G. and Picciotto , R. Preface . Large Dams: Learning from the Past Looking at the Future: Workshop Proceedings . April 11–12 1997 , Gland, Switzerland. Edited by: Dorcey , T. , Steiner , A. , Acreman , M. and Orlando , B. pp. ii Cambridge, , U.K. : IUCN (World Conservation Union) and The World Bank . Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Liebenthal , A. 1998 . Partnership Case Studies: Large Dams. Presentation at the Training Workshop on Making Development Partnerships Work, SDV/LLC and NGO Unit, World Bank . May 19–21 1998 , Elkridge, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Dorcey , T. , Steiner , A. , Acreman , M. and Orlando , B. , eds. Large Dams: Learning from the Past Looking at the Future: Workshop Proceedings . April 11–12 1997 , Gland, Switzerland. pp. 9 Cambridge, , U.K. : IUCN (World Conservation Union) and The World Bank . Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Libenthal 1998, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• McCully , P. 1997 . Independent Commission to Review World′s Dams . World Rivers Review , 12 ( 3 )
   Google Scholar
• McCully June 1997, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Liebenthal, A. Personal Communication; Jennifer Brinkerhoff, Washington, DC, June 13, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Dorcey et al., op cit.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Shripad Dharmadhikary, Narmada Bachao Andolan; qtd. in McCully June 1997, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• See Pottinger, op cit.
   Google Scholar
• This record included leading a review and reform of South Africa′s water management policy, and receiving the 1983 Prix UNESCO award for the advancement of human rights, and the 1996 Gold Medal Award for conservation from the World Wide Fund for Nature – South Africa (World Commission on Dams. South African Water Minister to Head New World Commission on Dams. World Commission on Dams Press Release, September 24, 1997). In March 2000, Asmal also received the 2000 Stockholm Water Prize in recognition of his work as South Africa′s Water Affairs and Forestry Minister from 1994–1999
   Google Scholar
• McCully, P. NGOs Condemn World Bank/IUCN Dam Building Commission. International Rivers Network Press Release, November 25, 1997
   Google Scholar
• McCully, P. World Bank Dam Evaluation ‘Seriously Deficient’: NGOs Demand Independent Review and Moratorium on World Bank Support of Large Dams. International Rivers Network Press Release, April 7, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Liebenthal 1999, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Continuing concerns included under-representation of technical experience on environmental issues and large dam alternatives, the exclusion of critics of large dams with engineering backgrounds, and the lack of a Latin American “who is trusted by NGOs and affected people′s groups” in the region (International Rivers Network. Status Note on World Commission on Dams: Agreement Reached on List of Commissioners. International Rivers Network Press Release, February 9, 1998)
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Armistead, T.F. Dam Conflicts Threaten Growth: Global Group Seeks New Consensus on Megaproject Risks and Rewards. Engineering News Record, September 14, 1998
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Dams. Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making. The Report of the World Commission on Dams; Earthscan Publications Ltd., for the World Commission on Dams: London, 2000a
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Dams. Interim Report, July 1999; Author: Cape Town, South Africa, 1999
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Dams. The Future… News beyond the life of the Commission: The Eternal Website. World Commission on Dams Newsletter 2000c, 8 (December)
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Dams. World Commission on Dams Meeting at Tarbela. World Commission on Dams Press Release, June 22, 1999
   Google Scholar
• See Dorcey et al., op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Asmal, K. Editorial. World Commission on Dams Newsletter 1999, 3(June)
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Dams. Meeting of Opposites′ in Prague a Success. Forum Accepts Dam Commission Challenge. World Commission on Dams Press Release, March 26, 1999
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Dams. 55-Member WCD Forum to Gather in Prague. World Commission on Dams Newsletter 1999, 2 (March). The International Rivers Network and Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save the Narmada Movement) were also closely involved in monitoring the WCD and assisting to coordinate NGO input.
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Dams. Foundation Announces Million-Dollar Funding For Partnership in Global Policymaking on Dams. World Commission on Dams Press Release, May 19, 1999
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Dams. Early Success in Fundraising. World Commission on Dams Newsletter 1998, 1(December)
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Dams. Fundraising and Finances. http://www.dams.org/about/funding.htm (accessed July 2000b).
   Google Scholar
• WCD July 1999, op. cit.; Liebenthal 1999, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Asmal, K. Message from the Chair. World Commission on Dams Newsletter 1999, 2(March)
   Google Scholar
• Armistead, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Asmal, K. An Opportunity for the WCD and ICID to Interact. Address to delegates of the 17th Congress of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Granada, Spain. World Commission on Dams Press Release, September 14, 1999
   Google Scholar
• WCD July 1999, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Participants of the European NGO hearing on WCD-related issues. Letter to all Commissioners, the World Commission on Dams, Bratislava, Slovakia, January 19, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Bart Schultz, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage; qtd. in WCD 2000a, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Dam Builders and Dam Busters: Should Dams Be Built? The Economist, April 19, 1997
   Google Scholar
• See Wong, S. Japanese Ex-Im Bank Approves $302 Million Loan for Private Dam in Philippines: Funding Decided Despite Opposition of Local Government, Residents, and NGOs, Incomplete Environmental Impact Assessment. International Rivers Network Press Release, November 9, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Dams. 68-Member Forum Gives Nod of Approval to WCD′s Progress. World Commission on Dams Newsletter 2000e, 6(April)
   Google Scholar
• See World Commission on Dams. Even before releasing its report the WCD process is having ripple effects worldwide…. World Commission on Dams Newsletter 2000d, 7(August)
   Google Scholar
• Tilak Ranaviraja, Minister of Mahaweli Development, Sri Lanka; qtd. in WCD 2000e, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• WCD 2000d, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• WCD 2000a, op. cit., 25.
   Google Scholar
• See Bosshard, P.; McCully, P. From Commission to Action: An NGO Call to Public Financial Institutions. Endorsed by 109 NGOs from 39 Countries, November, 16 2000. http://www.irn.org/wcd/ ngocall.shtml and http://www.dams.org/report/reaction_ngo.htm (accessed January 2001). James Bay Cree Nation and the Pimicikamak Cree Nation. Statement on the occasion of the release of the World Commission on Dams final report, November, 16 2000. http://www.dams.org/report/reaction_cree.htm (accessed January 2001)
   Google Scholar
• International Commission on Large Dams; International Hydropower Association; International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. Open Letter from ICOLD, IHA, and ICID on the Final Report of the World Commission on Dams, November, 13, 2000. http://www.dams. org/report/reaction_icold_et_al.htm (accessed January 2001)
   Google Scholar
• International Commission on Large Dams. ICOLD Open Letter to the WCD Chair, November 30, 2000. http://www.dams.org/report/ reaction_icold2.htm (accessed January 2001)
   Google Scholar
• Khagram , S. 2000 . “ Toward Democratic Governance for Sustainable development: Transnational Civil Society Organizing Around Big Dams ” . In The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society Edited by: Florini , A.M. 83 – 114 . Washington, DC : Japan Center for International Exchange and Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . See
   Google Scholar
• Dorcey et al., op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• WCD 2000d, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• ICOLD et al., op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Moore op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• The Secretariat was not housed within any implicated organization, nor was it based in any geographic location that might favor any particular interest (i.e., Washington, DC, or the locale of an intense large dam dispute)
   Google Scholar
• See Brinkerhoff, J.M. Global Public Policy, Partnership, and the Case of the World Commission on Dams. Public Administration Review 2002 62(3), 317–329
   Google Scholar
• Asmal 2000, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Annan, K. We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century; United Nations: New York, 2000
   Google Scholar
• See Shin, R.W.; Chen, Y.C. Seizing Global Opportunities for Accomplishing Agencies′ Missions: The Case of ISO 14000. Public Administration Quarterly 2000, 24(1), 69–94
   Google Scholar
• Cutter , W. , Bowman , J.S. and d′Andrea Tyson , L. 2000 . New World, New Deal . Foreign Affairs , 79 ( 2 ) : 80 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Currie , D. 1999 . The Global Corporation: Sharing the Regulatory Responsibility . Business Strategy Review , 10 ( 2 ) : 19 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• See ICOLD, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• See, for example, Wong, op. cit.; Anonymous, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Liebenthal 1999, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Yaffee , S.L. 1995 . “ The Wisdom of the Spotted Owl: Policy Lessons for a New Century ” . Washington, DC : Island Press . See
   Google Scholar