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Original Articles

“IT IS A GIFT FROM THE CREATOR TO KEEP US IN HARMONY:” ORIGINAL (VS. ALTERNATIVE) DISPUTE RESOLUTION ON THE NAVAJO NATION

Pages 1379-1401 | Published online: 07 Feb 2007

REFERENCES

  • Some studies have found longer processing time for cases overall referred to ADR. Heise (Heise, M. Justice Delayed?: An Empirical Analysis of Civil Case Disposition Time. Case Western Reserve Law Review 2000, 50, 813–849, pp. 832, 847–848), for example, found that ADR cases took longer, but his sample included only cases that went to jury trial (so ADR was unsuccessful in all of his cases and would always add a step to the process). In addition, the cases were also more likely to involve a cross or counter claim
  • Biller , T. 1996 . Good Faith Mediation: Improving Efficiency, Cost, and Satisfaction in North Carolina′s Pre-trial Process . Campbell Law Review , 18 : 285 281–301, See
  • Kakalik , J.S. , Dunworth , T. , Hill , L.A. , McCaffrey , D. , Oshiro , M. , Pace , N.M. and Vaiana , M.E. 1997 . Just, Speedy, and Inexpensive? An Evaluation of Judicial Case Management under the Civil Justice Reform Act . Alabama Law Review , 49 : 41 17–49
  • Moss , D.C. 1994 . Reformers Tout ADR Programs: In a Cauldron of Federal Civil Justice Experiments, Some Rise to the Top . ABA Journal , 80 : 28 – 29 .
  • Nolan-Haley , J.M. 2001 . Lawyers′ Ethics in ADR . Fordham Urban Law Journal , 28 : 891 – 894 .
  • Sabatino , J.M. 1998 . ADR as “Litigation Lite”: Procedural and Evidentiary Norms Embedded Within Alternative Dispute Resolution . Emory Law Journal , 47 : 1299 1289–1349
  • Tyler , T.R. 1997 . Citizen Discontent with Legal Procedures: A Social Science Perspective on Civil Procedure Reform . American J. Comparative Law , 45 : 888 871–904
  • Adeyemi , A.A. 1994 . “ Personal Reparations in Africa: Nigeria and Gambia ” . In Alternatives to Imprisonment in Comparative Perspective Edited by: Zvekić , U. 55 Chicago : Nelson-Hall . 53–66
  • Meyer , J.F. 1998 . History Repeats Itself: Restorative Justice in Native American Communities . J. Contemporary Criminal Justice , 14 : 42 – 57 .
  • 1992 . “ Jubilee Policy Group ” . In Relational Justice: A New Approach to Penal Reform 10 – 11 . Cambridge, , UK : Jubilee Policy Group .
  • Umbreit , M.S. 1994 . Victim Meets Offender: The Impact of Restorative Justice and Mediation 1 Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press .
  • Stubbs , W. 1906 . Lectures on Early English History Edited by: Hassall , A. 144 New York : Longmans, Green and Company .
  • Some legal historians (e.g., Stubbs, W., Ed. Selected Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First; Clarendon: Oxford, 1900) argue that King Henry I pirated pieces of codes written by others, including the 1066 Statutes of William the Conqueror, which mentioned William′s peace and payment to him for crimes. This copying should come as no surprise to those who view law as a dynamic, changing body of social rules. In fact, it would be surprising if Henry I′s laws did not bear at least some resemblance to prior codes. That key parts were copied from other sources does indicate, however, that those ideas were not wholly Henry I′s
  • Reilly , S.A. 1999 . Our Legal Heritage: The First Thousand Years: 600–1600, King Æthelbert – Queen Elizabeth , 2 Chicago : S.A. Reilly . Available at: www.jollyroger.com (accessed March 2001), law #65
  • Secretary of the Interior. Report of the Secretary of the Interior Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1888; 2, p. xxix
  • Tso , T. 1992 . Moral Principles, Traditions, and Fairness in the Navajo Nation Code of Judicial Conduct . Judicature , 76 ( 1 ) : 16 15–21
  • Zion , J.W. 1993 . Indian Common Law in Tribal Courts: Why Use Traditional Law in a Tribal Court? . The Tribal Court Record , 6 ( 1 ) : 8 8–9
  • Zion , J.W. 1996 . The Moral Thread . The Tribal Court Record , : 7 4–7
  • Bradford , W.C. 2000 . Reclaiming Indigenous Legal Autonomy on the Path to Peaceful Coexistence: The Theory, Practice, and Limitations of Tribal Peacemaking in Indian Dispute Resolution . North Dakota Law Review , 76 : 551 – 604 .
  • Mcnamara , L. 2000 . Appellate Court Scrutiny of Circle Sentencing . The Manitoba Law Journal , 27 : 209 – 240 .
  • Porter , R.B. 1997 . Strengthening Tribal Sovereignty Through Peacemaking: How the Anglo-American Legal Tradition Destroys Indigenous Societies . Columbia Human Rights Law Review , 28 : 235 – 305 . Meyer, op. cit.
  • Some systems included punitive elements (e.g., corporal penalties, banishment, or death), but these sanctions were typically reserved for profoundly serious offenses
  • Dickson-Gilmore , E.J. 1992 . Finding the Ways of the Ancestors: Cultural Change and the Invention of Tradition in the Development of Separate Legal Systems . Canadian J. Criminology , 34 : 484 478–502
  • Morgan , L.H. 1851 . League of the Ho-De-No-Sau-Nee, or Iroquois Vol. 2 , 332 Rochester, NY : Sage and Brothers .
  • Yazzie , R. 1994 . “Life Comes from It”: Navajo Justice Concepts . New Mexico Law Review , 24 : 175 – 190 .
  • Zion , J.W. and Yazzie , R. 1997 . Indigenous Law in North America in the Wake of Conquest . Boston College International and Comparative Law Review , 20 : 55 55–84
  • Porter, op cit., p. 240
  • de Laguna , F. 1972 . Under Mount Saint Elias: The History and Culture of the Yakutat Tlingit 510 Washington : Smithsonian Institution . See, writing about the Tlingit children having to “wait on” those they injured until recovery
  • Marshall , M. 1991, March 15 . Values, Customs and Traditions of the Mi'Kmaq Nation . Micmac News , : 6 writing about the Mi′Kmaq
  • Vicenti , D. , Jimson , L.B. , Conn , S. and Kellogg , M.J.L. 1972 . Diné Bibee Haz'áanii: The Law of the People 147 Ramah, NM : Ramah Navajo High School Press . writing about traditional Navajo justice
  • Benson , B.L. 1991 . An Evolutionary Contractarian View of Primitive Law: The Institutions and Incentives Arising Under Customary Indian Law . The Review of Austrian Economics , 5 : 45 41–65
  • Of interest, the few actions that were viewed as affecting an entire society were met with serious sanctions. Accused witches among many tribes, for example, were put to death. Similarly, those who violated hunting taboos among the Sioux jeopardized the entire tribe's ability to secure food and were harshly punished by the “hunt police” (e.g.,
  • MacLeod , W.C. 1937 . Police and Punishment among Native Americans of the Plains . J. Criminal Law and Criminology , 28 : 187 181–201
  • Benson, op. cit., p. 49
  • Connors , J. 1993 . Resolving Disputes Locally in Rural Alaska . Mediation Quarterly , 10 ( 367–386 ) : 373 discussing an Alaskan Native who provided meat from a freshly killed moose to tribal elders after he had been driving while intoxicated
  • Griffiths , C.T. and Patenaude , A.L. 1990 . “ The Use of Community Service and Restitution in the Canadian North: The Prospects and Problems of ‘Localized’ Corrections ” . In Criminal Justice, Restitution, and Reconciliation Edited by: Galaway , B. and Hudson , J. 145–152 , 148 Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press . writing about offenders being ordered to provide fish or meat for their community's food programs
  • Moon , P. 1995, April 8 . Native Healing Helps Abusers . The Globe and Mail , : A1 – A8 .
  • Ross , R. Duelling Paradigms? Western Criminal Justice Versus Aboriginal Community Healing . Continuing Poundmaker and Riel's Quest: Presentations Made at a Conference on Aboriginal Peoples and Justice . Edited by: Gosse , R. , Henderson , J.Y. and Carter , R. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan : Purich Publishing .
  • Some serious offenders are jailed in addition to completing the program. In addition to more therapeutic elements, participants in the program help elders and organize community events.
  • Ross, 1994, op. cit., p. 244
  • Griffiths , C.T. and Hamilton , R. 1996 . “ Sanctioning and Healing: Restorative Justice in Canadian Aboriginal Communities ” . In Restorative Justice: International Perspectives Edited by: Galaway , B. and Hudson , J. 176 – 177 . Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press . 175–191
  • Griffiths & Hamilton, ibid.
  • Griffiths & Hamilton, ibid., p. 183
  • Bluehouse , P. 1997 . Peacemaking. Unpublished manuscript 16
  • Haile , B. 1954 . Property Concepts of the Navajo 280 Washington, DC : Catholic University of America Press .
  • Meyer, J.F. Reintegration is Traditional: An Evaluation of the Navajo Nation's Yaa Da'Ya (Young Adjudicated Adult Upward Bound) Program, A report presented to the Navajo Nation Judicial Branch, Window Rock, AZ, 1999
  • Leonard , C.J. 1999 . The Procedural Guide for the Traditional Background and Behavior; Diné Window Rock, AZ : Center for Substance Abuse Treatment . See
  • Eastman did not mention whether the retaliation murder followed an unsuccessful request for reparations or whether reparations had even been sought
  • Deloria , V. and Lytle , C.M. 1983 . American Indians, American Justice 169 Austin, TX : University of Texas Press .
  • Crow Dog , L. and Erdoes , R. 1995 . Four Generations of Sioux Medicine Men 37 New York : HarperCollins Publishers . Ex Parte Crow Dog, 109 U.S. 556 (1883), p. 558
  • 1884 . “ United States Bureau of Indian Affairs ” . In Regulations of the Indian Department 89 – 90 . Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
  • 18 U.S.C. § 1153
  • That list has since been expanded to include 13 crimes
  • Snyder-Joy , Z.K. 1996 . “ Self-determination and American Indian Justice: Tribal Versus Federal Jurisdiction on Indian Lands ” . In Native Americans, Crime, and Justice Edited by: Nielsen , M.O. and Silverman , R.A. 40 – 43 . Boulder, CO : Westview . Deloria & Lytle, op. cit., p. 170
  • Boyden, J.S.; Miller, W.E. Report of Survey of Law and Order Conditions of the Navajo Indian Reservation. Unpublished material reproduced at the National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC, 1942, March 23, p. 70
  • Deloria & Lytle, op. cit., pp. 15–21
  • Yazzie , R. and Zion , J.W. 1996 . “ Navajo Restorative Justice: The Law of Equality and Justice ” . In Restorative Justice: International Perspectives Edited by: Galaway , B. and Hudson , J. 158 Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press . 157–173
  • Porter, op. cit., pp. 236, 283
  • Porter, op. cit., p. 276
  • Tso, op. cit., p. 16
  • Lowery , D.L. 1993 . Developing a Tribal Common Law Jurisprudence: The Navajo Experience, 1969–1992 . American Indian Law Review , 18 : 383 379–438
  • Navajo Nation v. Platero, 19 Indian Law Reporter 6049 (Navajo Nation Supreme Court, 1991)
  • Austin , R.D. 1993 . Freedom, Responsibility, and Duty: ADR and the Navajo Peacemaker Court . The Judges' J. , 32 ( Spring ) : 10 9–11, 47–48
  • Bluehouse , P. and Zion , J.W. 1993 . Hozhooji Naat'aanii: The Navajo Justice and Harmony Ceremony . Mediation Quarterly , 10 : 332 327–337
  • Tso, op. cit.
  • Zion , J.W. and Zion , E.B. 1993 . Hozho' Sokee'–Stay Together Nicely: Domestic Violence under Navajo Common Law . Arizona State Law J. , 25 : 422 – 23 . 407–426
  • Providing non-obligatory advice seems common among tribal nations (e.g., Dickson-Gilmore, op. cit., pp. 486–88, writing of the Kahnawke Mohawk; Mansfield, E. Balance and Harmony: Peacemaking in Coast Salish Tribes of the Pacific Northwest. Mediation Quarterly 1993, 10, 339–353, pp. 342, 347, writing about the Coastal Salish)
  • Ross , R. 1996 . “ Leaving our White Eyes Behind: The Sentencing of Native Accused ” . In Native Americans, Crime, and Justice Edited by: Nielsen , M.O. and Silverman , R.A. 157 Boulder, CO : Westview .
  • Ross, ibid., p. 157
  • Yazzie and Zion, op. cit., p. 170
  • Goldberg , C.E. 1997 . Overextended Borrowing: Tribal Peacemaking Applied in Non-Indian Disputes . Washington Law Review , 72 : 1003 – 1019 . For example
  • Arsenault , L.A. 2000 . The Great Excavation: “Discovering” Navajo Tribal Peacemaking within the Anglo-American Family System . Ohio State J. Dispute Resolution , 15 : 795 – 823 .
  • Coker , D. 1999 . Enhancing Autonomy for Battered Women: Lessons from Navajo Peacemaking . UCLA Law Review , 47 : 13 – 44, 46 . 1–111
  • The author has travelled to the Navajo Nation on five occasions since 1997 and stayed a total of six months conducting interviews (more than 80 have been completed), observing peacemaking sessions, examining peacemaking case files, and doing general fieldwork. Even when not physically on the reservation, the author continues to research the Navajo system of justice
  • Manolescu , K. 1999, July 1 . The Traditional Dispute Resolution Process . Navajo Times , : A12 For example
  • Bradford, op. cit., p. 580
  • McElrea , F.W.M. 1996 . “ The New Zealand Youth Court: A model for use with adults ” . In Restorative Justice: International Perspectives Edited by: Galaway , B. and Hudson , J. 78 Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press . 69–83
  • Ross, 1994, op. cit., p. 245; Yazzie, op. cit., p. 184
  • For example, Coker, op. cit., p. 44; Zion and Zion, op. cit., p. 424
  • Sabatino, op. cit., p. 1303
  • Tyler, op. cit., pp. 882–83
  • Ross, 1994, op. cit., p. 246

BIBLIOGRAPHY

  • Adeyemi , A.A. 1994 . “ Personal Reparations in Africa: Nigeria and Gambia ” . In Alternatives to Imprisonment in Comparative Perspective Edited by: Zvekic´ , U. 53 – 66 . Chicago : Nelson-Hall .
  • Arsenault , L.A. 2000 . The Great Excavation: “Discovering” Navajo Tribal Peacemaking within the Anglo-American Family System . Ohio State J. Dispute Resolution , 15 : 795 – 823 .
  • Austin , R.D. 1993 . Freedom, Responsibility, and Duty: ADR and the Navajo Peacemaker Court . The Judges' J. , 32 ( Spring ) : 47 – 48 . 9–11
  • Benson , B.L. 1991 . An Evolutionary Contractarian View of Primitive Law: The Institutions and Incentives Arising under Customary Indian Law . The Review of Austrian Economics , 5 : 41 – 65 .
  • Bluehouse, P. Peacemaking. Unpublished manuscript, 1997
  • Bluehouse , P. and Zion , J.W. 1993 . Hozhooji Naat'aanii: The Navajo Justice and Harmony Ceremony . Mediation Quarterly , 10 : 327 – 337 .
  • Boyden , J.S. and Miller , W.E. 1942, March 23 . “ Unpublished material reproduced at the National Archives and Records Administration ” . In Report of Survey of Law and Order Conditions of the Navajo Indian Reservation Washington, DC
  • Bradford , W.C. 2000 . Reclaiming Indigenous Legal Autonomy on the Path to Peaceful Coexistence: The Theory, Practice, and Limitations of Tribal Peacemaking in Indian Dispute Resolution . North Dakota Law Review , 76 : 551 – 604 .
  • Coker , D. 1999 . Enhancing Autonomy for Battered Women: Lessons from Navajo Peacemaking . UCLA Law Review , 47 : 1 – 111 .
  • Connors , J. 1993 . Resolving Disputes Locally in Rural Alaska . Mediation Quarterly , 10 : 367 – 386 .
  • Crow Dog , L. and Erdoes , R. 1995 . Four Generations of Sioux Medicine Men New York : HarperCollins Publishers .
  • de Laguna , F. 1972 . Under Mount Saint Elias: The History and Culture of the Yakutat Tlingit Washington : Smithsonian Institution .
  • Deloria , V. and Lytle , C.M. 1983 . American Indians, American Justice Austin, TX : University of Texas Press .
  • Dickson-Gilmore , E.J. 1992 . Finding the Ways of the Ancestors: Cultural Change and the Invention of Tradition in the Development of Separate Legal Systems . Canadian J. Criminology , 34 : 478 – 502 .
  • Ex Parte Crow Dog, 109 U.S. 556 (1883)
  • Goldberg , C.E. 1997 . Overextended Borrowing: Tribal Peacemaking Applied in Non-Indian Disputes . Washington Law Review , 72 : 1003 – 1019 .
  • Griffiths , C.T. and Hamilton , R. 1996 . “ Sanctioning and Healing: Restorative Justice in Canadian Aboriginal Communities ” . In Restorative Justice: International Perspectives Edited by: Galaway , B. and Hudson , J. 175 – 191 . Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press .
  • Griffiths , C.T. and Patenaude , A.L. 1990 . “ The Use of Community Service and Restitution in the Canadian North: The Prospects and Problems of ‘Localized’ Corrections ” . In Criminal Justice, Restitution, and Reconciliation Edited by: Galaway , B. and Hudson , J. 145 – 152 . Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press .
  • Haile , B. 1954 . Property Concepts of the Navajo Washington, DC : Catholic University of America Press .
  • Heise , M. 2000 . Justice Delayed?: An Empirical Analysis of Civil Case Disposition Time . Case Western Reserve Law Review , 50 : 813 – 849 .
  • 1992 . “ Jubilee Policy Group ” . In Relational Justice: A New Approach to Penal Reform Cambridge, , UK : Jubilee Policy Group .
  • Kakalik , J.S. , Dunworth , T. , Hill , L.A. , McCaffrey , D. , Oshiro , M. , Pace , N.M. and Vaiana , M.E. 1997 . Just, Speedy, and Inexpensive? An Evaluation of Judicial Case Management under the Civil Justice Reform Act . Alabama Law Review , 49 : 17 – 49 .
  • Leonard , C.J. 1999 . The Procedural Guide for the Traditional Background and Behavior Window Rock, AZ : Diné Center for Substance Abuse Treatment .
  • Lowery , D.L. 1993 . Developing a Tribal Common Law Jurisprudence: The Navajo Experience, 1969–1992 . American Indian Law Review , 18 : 379 – 438 .
  • Manolescu , K. 1999, July 1 . The Traditional Dispute Resolution Process . Navajo Times , : A12
  • Mansfield , E. 1993 . Balance and Harmony: Peacemaking in Coast Salish Tribes of the Pacific Northwest . Mediation Quarterly , 10 : 339 – 353 .
  • Marshall , M. 1991, March 15 . Values, Customs and Traditions of the Mi'Kmaq Nation . Micmac News , : 6 – 9 .
  • McElrea , F.W.M. 1996 . “ The New Zealand Youth Court: A model for use with adults ” . In Restorative Justice: International Perspectives Edited by: Galaway , B. and Hudson , J. 69 – 83 . Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press .
  • Mcnamara , L. 2000 . Appellate Court Scrutiny of Circle Sentencing . The Manitoba Law J. , 27 : 209 – 240 .
  • Meyer , J.F. 1998 . History Repeats Itself: Restorative Justice in Native American Communities . J. Contemporary Criminal Justice , 14 : 42 – 57 .
  • Meyer, J.F. Reintegration is Traditional: An Evaluation of the Navajo Nation's Yaa Da'Ya (Young Adjudicated Adult Upward Bound) Program, A report presented to the Navajo Nation Judicial Branch, Window Rock, AZ, 1999
  • Moon , P. 1995, April 8 . Native Healing Helps Abusers . The Globe and Mail , : A1 – A8 .
  • Morgan , L.H. 1851 . League of the Ho-De-No-Sau-Nee, or Iroquois Vol. 2 , Rochester, NY : Sage and Brothers .
  • Moss , D.C. 1994 . Reformers Tout ADR Programs: In a Cauldron of Federal Civil Justice Experiments, Some Rise to the Top . ABA J. , 80 : 28 – 29 .
  • Navajo Nation v. Platero, 19 Indian Law Reporter 6049 (Navajo Nation Supreme Court, 1991)
  • Nolan-Haley , J.M. 2001 . Lawyers' Ethics in ADR . Fordham Urban Law J. , 28 : 891 – 894 .
  • Porter , R.B. 1997 . Strengthening Tribal Sovereignty Through Peacemaking: How the Anglo-American Legal Tradition Destroys Indigenous Societies . Columbia Human Rights Law Review , 28 : 235 – 305 .
  • Reilly , S.A. 1999 . Our Legal Heritage: The First Thousand Years: 600–1600, King Æthelbert – Queen Elizabeth , 2 Chicago : S.A. Reilly . Available at: www.jollyroger.com (accessed March 2001)
  • Ross , R. Duelling Paradigms? Western Criminal Justice Versus Aboriginal Community Healing . Continuing Poundmaker and Riel's Quest: Presentations Made at a Conference on Aboriginal Peoples and Justice . Edited by: Gosse , R. , Henderson , J.Y. and Carter , R. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan : Purich Publishing .
  • Ross , R. 1996 . “ Leaving Our White Eyes Behind: The Sentencing of Native Accused ” . In Native Americans, Crime, and Justice Edited by: Nielsen , M.O. and Silverman , R.A. Boulder, CO : Westview .
  • Sabatino , J.M. 1998 . ADR as “Litigation Lite”: Procedural and Evidentiary Norms Embedded Within Alternative Dispute Resolution . Emory Law J. , 47 : 1289 – 1349 .
  • 1888 . “ Secretary of the Interior ” . In Report of the Secretary of the Interior Vol. 2 , Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
  • Snyder-Joy , Z.K. 1996 . “ Self-determination and American Indian Justice: Tribal Versus Federal Jurisdiction on Indian Lands ” . In Native Americans, Crime, and Justice Edited by: Nielsen , M.O. and Silverman , R.A. Boulder, CO : Westview .
  • Stubbs , W. , ed. 1900 . Selected Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First Oxford : Clarendon .
  • Stubbs , W. 1906 . Lectures on Early English History Edited by: Hassall , A. New York : Longmans, Green and Company .
  • Tso , T. 1992 . Moral Principles, Traditions, and Fairness in the Navajo Nation Code of Judicial Conduct . Judicature , 76 ( 1 ) : 15 – 21 .
  • Tyler , T.R. 1997 . Citizen Discontent with Legal Procedures: A Social Science Perspective on Civil Procedure Reform . American J. Comparative Law , 45 : 871 – 904 .
  • 1884 . “ United States Bureau of Indian Affairs ” . In Regulations of the Indian Department Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
  • Umbreit , M.S. 1994 . Victim Meets Offender: The Impact of Restorative Justice and Mediation Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press .
  • Vicenti , D. , Jimson , L.B. , Conn , S. and Kellogg , M.J.L. 1972 . Diné Bibee Haz'áanii: The Law of the People Ramah, NM : Ramah Navajo High School Press .
  • Yazzie , R. 1994 . “Life Comes from It”: Navajo Justice Concepts . New Mexico Law Review , 24 : 175 – 190 .
  • Yazzie , R. and Zion , J.W. 1996 . “ Navajo Restorative Justice: The Law of Equality and Justice ” . In Restorative Justice: International Perspectives Edited by: Galaway , B. and Hudson , J. 157 – 173 . Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press .
  • Zion , J.W. 1993 . Indian Common Law in Tribal Courts: Why use Traditional Law in a Tribal Court? . The Tribal Court Record , 6 ( 1 ) : 8 – 9 .
  • Zion , J.W. 1996 . The Moral Thread . The Tribal Court Record , : 4 – 7 .
  • Zion , J.W. and Yazzie , R. 1997 . Indigenous Law in North America in the Wake of Conquest . Boston College International and Comparative Law Review , 20 : 55 – 84 .
  • Zion , J.W. and Zion , E.B. 1993 . Hozho' Sokee' – Stay Together Nicely: Domestic Violence under Navajo Common Law . Arizona State Law J. , 25 : 407 – 426 .

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