The Presidentialist Tradition in Latin America

References

• in press . Haiti, life-president and monarchy; Brazil, monarchy of Dom Pedros I and II; Mexico, monarchy of Iturbide and Maximilian, as well as parliamentary; Paraguay, life-consulate of Dr. Francia; Chile, parliamentary; Bolivia, Bolivar as life-consul; Uruguay, colegiado and dual executives.
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• in press . Mexican emperors Augustin II (Iturbide) 1822–1823 and Maximilian (1864–1867) were both executed, as was Haitian Emperor Jacques I (1804–1806). King Henri of Haiti (1806–1820) committed suicide rather than face capture. Suicide is also in the Latin American tradition for presidents facing military insurrection and imminent capture, such as Getulic Vargas in Brazil (1954) and Salvador Allende of Chile (1973).
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• in press . See, for example, Loveman, B. The Constitution of Tyranny: Regimes of Exception in Spanish America; University of Pittsburgh Press: Pittsburgh, 1993.
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• For comparative analysis, see Sondrol, P.C. Power Play in Paraguay: The Rise and Fall of General Stroessner. 1996 . Institute for the Study of Diplomacy , Washington, DC : Pew Case Studies in International Affairs . case no. 612.
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• in press . Gonzalez, E. Cuba Under Castro: The Limits of Charisma; Houghton/ Mifflin: Boston, 1974; 146–167. Gonzalez perhaps best explicates this melding of personalism and ideology intofidelismo, comparing it to Stalinism where party and state institutions were subordinated to the fiat of the dictator. By this definition, fidelismo appears little different from melding authority and control into a leadership principle (Fuhrerprinzip) and absolutist regime (Fuhrerstat).
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• in press . Octavio Paz, cited in Johnson, K. F. Mexican Democracy. New York: Praeger, 1984, p. 63.
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• Zirker , D. 1998 . José Nun's “Middle-Class Coup” in Contemporary Perspective . Latin American Perspectives , 25 ( 5 ) : 73
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