Exposure to Low Doses of Endosulfan and Chlorpyrifos Modifies Endogenous Antioxidants in Tissues of Rats

References

• Klaunig , J. E. , Xu , Y. , Isenberg , J. S. , Bachowski , S. , Kolaja , K. L. , Kiang , J. , Stevenson , D. and Salborg , E. F. Jr. 1998 . The role of oxidative stress in chemical carcinogenesis . Environ. Health Perspect. , 106 ( 1 ) : 289 – 295 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsumura , F. 1995 . Mechanism of action of dioxin‐type chemicals, pesticides and other xenobiotics affecting nutritional indexes . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 61 (3 suppl) : 695S – 701S .
   Google Scholar
• Gallo , M. A. and Lawryk , N. J. 1991 . “ Organophosphorus pesticides ” . In Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology Edited by: Hayes , E. J. and Laws , E. R. Vol. 2 , 917 – 1123 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ray , D. E. and Richards , P. G. 2001 . The potential for toxic effects of chronic, low‐dose exposure to organophosphates . Toxicol. Lett. , 120 : 343 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tordoir , W. F. and Sittert , N. J. 1994 . Organochlorines . Toxicology , 91 : 51 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinzow , B. J. and McLean , A. 1994 . Critical evaluation of current concepts in exposure assessment . Clin. Chem. , 40 ( 7 pt. 2 ) : 1368 – 1375 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baliga , R. , Zhang , Z. and Shah , S. V. 1996 . Role of cytochrome P450 in hydrogen peroxide‐induced cytotoxicity to LLC‐PK1 cells . Kidney Int. , 50 ( 4 ) : 1118 – 1124 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fawthrop , D. J. , Boobis , A. R. and Davies , D. S. 1991 . Mechanisms of cell death . Arch. Toxicol. , 65 ( 6 ) : 437 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snelling , W. M. and Dodd , D. E. 1990 . “ Inhalation studies ” . In Handbook of In Vivo Toxicity Testing Edited by: Arnold , D. L. , Grice , H. C. and Krewski , D. R. 190 – 246 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sun , Y. , Oberley , L. W. and Li , Y. 1988 . A simple clinical assay of superoxide dismutase . Clin. Chem. , 34 : 497 – 500 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aebi , H. 1984 . Catalase in vitro . Methods Enzymol. , 105 : 121 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , G. , Dembeic , D. and Marcus , J. 1970 . Measurement of catalase activity in tissue extracts . Anal. Biochem. , 34 : 30 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flohé , L. and Gunzler , W. A. 1984 . Assays of glutathione peroxidase . Methods Enzymol. , 105 : 114 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , M. A. , Cerniglia , G. J. and Zaman , A. 1990 . Microtiter plate assay for the measurement of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in large numbers of biological samples . Anal. Biochem. , 190 : 360 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamano , T. and Morito , S. 1992 . Hepatotoxicity of trichlorofon and dichlorovos in isolated rat hepatocytes . Toxicology , 76 ( 1 ) : 69 – 77 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azzalis , L. A. , Junquiera , V.B. C. , Simon , K. , Giavarotti , L. , Silva , M. A. , Simizu , K. , Barros , S.B. M. , Farga , C. and Porta , E. A. 1995 . Prooxidant and antioxidant hepatic factors in rats chronically fed an ethanol regimen and treated with an acute dose of lindane . Free Radic. Biol. Med. , 19 ( 2 ) : 147 – 159 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Junqueira , V.B. C. , Kosh , O. R. , Arisi , A. C. , Fusaro , A. P. , Azzalis , L. A. , Barros , S. B. , Cravero , A. , Farre , S. and Videla , L. A. 1997 . Regression of morphological alterations and oxidative stress–related parameters after acute lindane–induced hepatotoxicity in rats . Toxicology , 117 ( 2–3 ) : 199 – 205 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang , F. L. and DiSilvestro , R. A. 1992 . Lindane induced rat liver lipid peroxidation without depressed Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase activities . Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 70 ( 5 pt 1 ) : 392 – 393 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Descampiaux , B. , Leroux , J. R. , Peucelle , C. and Erb , F. 1996 . Assay of free‐radical toxicity and antioxidant effect on the hep 3B cell line: A test survey using lindane . Cell Biol. Toxicol. , 12 ( 1 ) : 19 – 28 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slaughter , M. R. , Thakker , H. and O'Brian , P. J. 2002 . Effect of diquat on the antioxidant system and cell growth in human neuroblastoma cells . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 178 ( 2 ) : 63 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panemangalore , M. and Bebe , F. N. 2000 . Dermal exposure to pesticides modifies antioxidant enzymes in tissues of rats . J. Environ. Sci. Health , B35 ( 4 ) : 399 – 416 .
   Google Scholar
• Bagchi , D. , Bhattacharya , G. and Stocks , S. J. 1996 . In vitro and in vivo induction of heat shock (stress) protein (HSP) gene expression by selected pesticides . Toxicology , 112 ( 1 ) : 57 – 68 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rohrdanz , E. and Kahl , R. 1998 . Alterations in antioxidant enzyme expression in response to hydrogen peroxide . Free Radic. Biol. Med. , 24 ( 1 ) : 27 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culotta , V. C. 2000 . “ Superoxide dismutase, oxidative stress, and cell metabolism ” . In Current Topics in Cellular Regulation Edited by: Stadtman , E. R. and Chock , P. B. Vol. 36 , 117 – 132 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Diplock , A. 1994 . “ Antioxidants and free radical scavengers ” . In Free Radical Damage and its Control Edited by: Rice‐Evans , C. A. and Burton , R. H. 113 – 130 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Gultekin , F. , Delibas , N. , Yasar , S. and Kilinc , I. 2001 . In vivo changes in antioxidant systems and protective role of melatonin and a combination of vitamin C and vitamin E on oxidative damage in erythrocytes induced by chlorpyrifos‐ethyl in rats . Arch. Toxicol. , 75 ( 2 ) : 88 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell , B. and Gutteridge , J.M. C. 2000 . Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine , 3rd Ed. Oxford, , UK : Oxford Univ. Press . 105 pp
   Google Scholar
• Brigelius‐Flohé , R. 1999 . Tissue specific functions of individual glutathione peroxidases . Free Radic. Biol. Med. , 27 ( 9–10 ) : 951 – 965 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayoumi , A. E. , Garcia‐Fernandez , A. J. , Ordonez , C. , Perez‐Pertejo , Y. , Cubria , J. C. , Reguera , R. M. , Balana‐Fouce , R. and Ordonez , D. 2001 . Cyclodiene organochrorine insecticide‐induced alterations in the sulfur‐redox cycle in CHO‐K1 cells . Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part C Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 130 ( 3 ) : 315 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukamoto , M. , Tampo , Y. , Sawada , M. and Yonada , M. 2002 . Paraquat‐induced oxidative stress and dysfunction of the glutathione redox cycle in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 178 ( 2 ) : 82 – 92 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sies , H. 1999 . Glutathione and its role in cellular functions . Free Radic. Biol. Med. , 27 ( 9 ) : 916 – 921 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu , S. C. 2000 . “ Regulation of glutathione synthesis ” . In Current Topics in Cellular Regulation Edited by: Stadtman , E. R. and Chock , P. B. Vol. 36 , 95 – 116 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mahboob , M. and Siddiqui , M. K. 2001 . Alterations in hepatic detoxifying enzymes induced by new organophosphorus insecticides following subchronic exposure in rats . J. Appl. Toxicol. , 21 ( 6 ) : 501 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton , P. E. 1995 . “ Inhalation toxicology ” . In CRC Handbook of Toxicology Edited by: Derelanko , M. J. and Hollinger , M. A. 217 – 278 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar