ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATE–NITROGEN AND EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHORUS IN THE SOIL PROFILE UNDER VARIOUS ALTERNATIVE CROPPING SYSTEMS

REFERENCES

• Seyfried , M. S. and Rao , P.S. C. 1991 . Nutrient Leaching Loss from Two Contrasting Cropping Systems in the Humid Tropics. . Trop. Agric. (Trinidad and Tobago) , 68 : 9 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , J. H. , Wood , C. F. , Thurlow , D. L. and Ruf , M. E. 1992 . Tillage and Crop Rotation Effects on Fertility Status of a Hapludult Soil. . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 56 : 1577 – 1582 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brar , S.P. S. , Singh , B. , Singh , J. and Benbi , D. K. 1993 . Effects of Long-Term Application of Fertilizer and Crop Sequences on Phosphorus in an Ustochrept in Punjab. . Trop. Agric. (Trinidad and Tobago) , 70 : 315 – 319 .
   Google Scholar
• Guillard , K. , Griffin , G. F. , Allinson , D. W. , Yamartino , W. R. , Rafey , M. M. and Pietryzk , S. W. 1995 . Nitrogen Utilization of Selected Cropping Systems in the U.S. Northeast. II. Soil Profile Nitrate Distribution and Accumulation. . Agron. J. , 87 : 199 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowie , B. A. , Hastie , M. , Hunt , S. B. , Asghar , M. , Lack , D. W. and Asghar , M. 1996 . “ Surface Soil Nutrient Distribution Following Zero Tillage and Traditional Tillage Management. ” . In In Proceedings of 8th Australian Agronomy Conference 160 – 163 . Toowoomba, Queensland, , Australia
   Google Scholar
• Katupitiya , A. , Eisenhauer , D. E. , Furguson , R. B. , Spalding , R. F. , Rueth , F. W. and Bobier , M. W. 1997 . Long-Term Tillage and Crop Rotation Effects on Residual Nitrate in the Crop Root Zone and Nitrate Accumulation in the Intermediate Vadose Zone. . Trans. ASAE , 40 : 1321 – 1327 .
   Google Scholar
• Vos , J. , van-Der-Putten , P.E. L. , Muktar-Hussan , H. , van-Dam , A. M. and Leffelaar , P. A. 1998 . Field Observations on Nitrogen Catch Crops. II. Root Length and Root Length Distribution in Relation to Species and Nitrogen Supply. . Plant Soil , 210 : 149 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikitishen , V. , Dmitrokova , L. K. , Zaborin , A. V. and Lichko , V. I. 1990 . Formation of Nitrate Maximum and Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilizer Application. . Pochvovedenie , 2 : 241 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , C. A. , Lafond , G. P. , Zentner , R. P. and Jame , Y. W. 1994 . Nitrate Leaching in a Udic Haploboroll as Influenced by Fertilization and Legumes. . J. Environ. Qual. , 23 : 195 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , C. A. , Read , D.W. L. , Winkleman , G. E. and McAndrew , D. W. 1984 . First 12 Years of a Long-Term Crop Rotation Study in South Western Saskatchewan: Bicarbonate-P Distribution in Soil and P Uptake by the Plant. . Can. J. Soil Sci. , 64 : 125 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab , A. P. , Owensby , C. E. and Kulyingyoung , S. 1990 . Changes in Soil Chemical Properties Due to 40 Years of Fertilization. . Soil Sci. , 149 : 35 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCollum , R. E. 1991 . Buildup and Decline in Soil Phosphorus: 30 Year Trends on a Typic Umprabult. . Agron. J. , 83 : 77 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benbi , D. K. and Biswas , C. R. 1999 . Nutrient Budgeting for Phosphorus and Potassium in a Long-Term Fertilizer Trial. . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. , 54 : 125 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , L. D. , Spratt , E. D. , Read , D.W. L. , Warder , F. G. and Fergusan , W. S. 1977 . Residual Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer. II. For Wheat and Flax Grown on Chernozemic Soils in Manitoba. . Can. J. Soil Sci. , 57 : 263 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entz , M. H. , Bullied , W. J. , Foster , D. A. , Gulden , R. and Vessey , K. 2001 . Extraction of Subsoil Nitrogen by Alfalfa, Alfalfa-Wheat, and Perennial Grass Systems. . Agron. J. , 93 : 495 – 503 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , T. A. and Russelle , M. P. 1991 . Alfalfa and the Nitrogen Cycle in the Corn Belt. . J. Soil Water Conserv. , 44 : 229 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Voorhees , W. B. and Holt , R. F. Management of Alfalfa to Conserve Soil Moisture 494 Univ. of Minnesota: . St. Paul, MN, 1969; Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull.
   Google Scholar
• Varvel , G. E. and Peterson , T. A. 1990 . Residual Soil Nitrogen as Affected by Continuous Two-Year, and Four-Year Crop Rotation Systems. . Agron. J. , 82 : 958 – 962 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard , D. G. and Kalra , Y. P. “ Nitrate and Exchangeable Ammonium Nitrogen. ” . In In Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis Edited by: Carter , M. R. Vol. 1993 , Ann Ardor, MI : Can. Soc. Soil Sci., Lewis Publishers: .
   Google Scholar
• Qian , P. , Schoenau , J. J. and Karmanos , R. R. 1994 . Simultaneous Extraction of Phosphorus and Potassium with a New Soil Test: A Modification of Kelowna Extraction. . Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. , 25 : 627 – 635 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1989 . “ SAS Institute. ” . In SAS/STAT User's Guide Vol. 4 , Cary, NC : Statistical Institute Systems, Inc.: . Version 6, 4th Ed.
   Google Scholar
• Kolbe , M. , Jaechel , U. and Schuster , M. 1999 . Development of the Nutrient Contents and pH-Value in the Soil Depth Profile During Conversion to Organic Agriculture. . Zeitschhrift-fuer-kulturtechnik-und-Landent Wicklung , 40 : 145 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , C. A. and Lafond , G. P. 1994 . The Effects of Tillage System and Crop Rotations on Soil Chemical Properties of a Black Chernozemic Soil. . Can. J. Soil Sci. , 74 : 301 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , C. A. , deJong , R. and Zentner , R. P. 1984 . Effect of Cropping, Summerfallow and Fertilizer Nitrogen on Nitrate–Nitrogen Lost by Leaching on a Brown Chernozemic Soil. . Can. J. Soil Sci. , 64 : 61 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zentner , R. P. , Campbell , C. A. , Beiderbeck , V. O. , Miller , P. R. , Selles , F. and Fernandez , M. R. 2001 . In Search of a Sustainable Cropping System for the Semiarid Canadian Prairies. . J. Sust. Agric. , 18 : 117 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen , R. J. , Hensler , R. F. , Attoe , O. J. , Witzel , S. A. and Peterson , L. A. 1970 . Fertilizer Nitrogen and Crop Rotation in Relation to Movement of Nitrate Nitrogen Through Soil Profiles. . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. , 34 : 448 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izaurralde , R. C. , Feng , Y. , Robertson , J. A. , McGill , W. B. , Juma , N. G. and Olsen , B. M. 1995 . Long-Term Influence of Cropping Systems, Tillage Methods and N Sources on Nitrate Leaching. . Can. J. Soil Sci. , 75 : 497 – 505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt , S. A. 1996 . Alternatives to Summerfallow and Subsequent Wheat and Barley Yield on a Dark Brown Soil. . Can. J. Plant Sci. , 76 : 223 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Malhi , S. S. , Zentner , R. P. and Heier , K. 2001 . Effectiveness of Alfalfa in Reducing Fertilizer N Input for Optimizing Forage Yield, Protein Yield, Returns and Energy Performance of Bromegrass-Alfalfa Mixtures. . Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. , in press.
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , R. A. and Halvorson , A. D. 1997 . Crop Rotation and Tillage Effects on Phosphorus Distribution in the Central Great Plains. . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 61 : 1418 – 1422 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagar , B. I. , Stewart , J.W. B. and Moir , J. O. 1986 . Changes with Time in the Form and Availability of Residual Fertilizer Phosphorus on Chernozemic Soils. . Can. J. Soil Sci. , 66 : 105 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng , Z. , Simard , R. R. , Lafond , J. and Parent , L. E. 2001 . Changes in Phosphorus Fraction of a Humic Gleysol as Influenced by Cropping System and Nutrient Source. . Can. J. Soil Sci. , 81 : 175 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read , D.W. L. and Campbell , C. A. 1981 . Bio-Cycling of Phosphorus in Soil by Plant Roots. . Can. J. Soil Sci. , 61 : 587 – 589 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , L. Soil Available Phosphorus in Relation to Soil Classification. 11–12 . March 1980; , Calgary, Alberta, Canada. pp. 256 – 275 . Calgary, Alberta, , Canada
   Google Scholar
• Leitch , R. H. , McGill , K. S. and Chauh , H. Soil Test Methods and Trends in Phosphorus Studies of Western Canada Soils. In Western Canada Phosphate Symposium Proceedings of the Alta Soil Science Workshop . March 11–12, 1980; , Calgary, Alberta, Canada. pp. 24 – 64 . Calgary, Alberta, , Canada
   Google Scholar
• Adetunji , M. T. 1994 . Phosphorus Requirement of a Maize-Cow Peas Sequential Cropping on a Paleudult. . Fert. Res. , 39 : 161 – 166 .
   Google Scholar