PHYSICAL METHODS FOR IN VITRO ANALYTICAL IMAGING IN THE MICROSCOPIC RANGE IN BIOLOGY, USING RADIOACTIVE OR STABLE ISOTOPES (REVIEW ARTICLE)

REFERENCES

• Knight , M. R. , Campbell , A. K. , Smith , S. M. and Trewavas , A. J. 1991 . Transgenic Plant Aequorin Reports the Effect of Touch and Cold Shock and Fungal Elicitors on Cytosolic Calcium . Nature , 352 : 524 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roomans , G. M. , Gupta , B. L. , Leapman , R. D. and von Zglinicki , T. 1994 . [Editors] The Science of Biological Microanalysis . Scanning Microscopy , 8 ( supplement ) : 1 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Jeanguillaume , C. , Tencé , M. , Zhang , L. and Ballongue , P. 1996 . Practical Aspects of Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) in Biology . Cell. Mol. Biol. , 42 : 439 – 450 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irigaray , J. L. , Barbotteau , Y. , Chassot , E. and Oudadesse , H. 2000 . Trace Elements Cartography by the PIXE Method at the Interfaces of an Implant Coated with Bioglass . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 18 : 499 – 503 .
   Google Scholar
• Oudadesse , H. , Irigaray , J. L. and Chassot , E. 2000 . Detection of Metallic Elements Migration Around a Prosthesis by Neutron Activation Analysis and by the PIXE Method . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 18 : 505 – 510 .
   Google Scholar
• Palsgard , E. , Lindh , U. , Roomans , G. M. and Grime , G. W. 1996 . Tetrahydrofuran Freeze-Substituted Pancreas Analysed by Nuclear Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 14 : 615 – 631 .
   Google Scholar
• Janssens , K. 1995 . [Guest Editor] Microscopic and Ultratrace X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (I) . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 13 : 83 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Janssens , K. 1996 . [Guest Editor] Microscopic and Ultratrace X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (II) . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 14 : 461 – 604 .
   Google Scholar
• Grass , F. 1996 . [Guest Editor] Short-Time Activation Analysis, High-Rate γ-spectroscopy and X-ray Techniques . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 14 : 1 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Wamwangi , D. M. , Rathore , I. V.S. , Katia , S. K. and Mangala , M. J. 2000 . Trace Element Analyses of Pollen, Bee Tissue and Honey by Total Reflection and Radioisotope Excited X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 18 : 303 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Nicolis , I. , Deschamps , P. , Curis , E. , Chevallier , P. , Corriol , O. , Colomb , V. and Bénazeth , S. 2000 . Using Hair as a Diagnostic Tool: X-ray Fluorescence Monitoring of the Zn Content of Hairs of Patients Under Parenteral Nutrition . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 18 : 511 – 516 .
   Google Scholar
• Massiot , P. , Lizon , C. , Bailly , I. , Le Foll , L. , Rateau , G. and Fritsch , P. 1998 . Combination of Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry and Autoradiography for Physicochemical Characterization of Inhaled Actinide Oxide . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 16 : 183 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Nagata , T. and Kawahara , I. 1999 . Radioautographic Study of the Synthesis of Sulfomucin in Digestive Organs of Mice . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 17 : 339 – 355 .
   Google Scholar
• Wittendorp-Rechenmann , E. and Thellier , M. 1993 . Specific Methods for the Imaging of Radioactive Tracers . Plant Physiol. Biochem. , 31 : 609 – 619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittendorp-Rechenmann , E. 1994 . High Resolution Autoradiographic Imaging of 22Na in Biological Systems . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 12 : 123 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Fourré , C. , Petiet , A. and Colas-Linhart , N. 1996 . Mutual Contribution by ≪track≫ Microradioautography Method (MRA) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) Microscopy: Prospects in Technetium Dosimetry at the Cellular Level . Cell. Mol. Biol. , 42 : 385 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittendorp-Rechenmann , E. , Namer , I. J. , Steibel , J. , Lam , D. C. and Pouliquen , D. 1998 . Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles Containing Liposomes as Potential Specific Contrast Agent for Brain MR Imaging: Initial Feasibility Study by a Combined Approach with 59Fe-Activated Track-Autoradiography . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 16 : 523 – 534 .
   Google Scholar
• Gros , C. , Cuer , P. and Rechenmann , R. V. 1952 . Sur la mise au Point d'une méthode de repérage cellulaire des éléments radioactifs “trace-histophotographique” . C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 234 : 2236 – 2238 .
   Google Scholar
• Charpak , G. , Dominik , W. and Zaganidis , N. 1989 . Optical Imaging of the Spatial Distribution of β-particles Emerging from Surfaces . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 86 : 1741 – 1745 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribollet , E. , Dreifuss , J. J. , Charpak , G. , Dominik , W. and Zaganidis , N. 1991 . Localization and Quantification of Tritiated Compounds in Tissue Sections with a Gaseous Detector of β-particles: Comparison with Film Autoradiography . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 88 : 1466 – 1468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leblanc , M. , Raymond , C. , Tricoire , H. and Valentin , L. 1988 . SOFI: A Scintillating Optical Fibre Imager . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. , 273 ( A ) : 583 – 587 .
   Google Scholar
• Charon , Y. , Bendali , M. , Cuzon , J. C. , Leblanc , M. , Mastrippolito , R. , Tricoire , H. and Valentin , L. 1990 . HRRI: A High Resolution β− Imager for Biological Applications . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. , 292 ( A ) : 179 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Luckey , G. US Patent 3, 859, 527 . 1975 .
   Google Scholar
• Barker , D. L. , Johnston , R. F. and Pickett , S. C. 1990 . Autoradiography Using Storage Phosphor Technology . Electrophoresis , 11 : 355 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh , M. A. , El-Demerdash , A. , Jones , J. , Mohammed , Z. , Kamel , A. , Blancato , J. N. and Dary , C. 2000 . Detection of Malathion in Dermally Treated Rats Using Electronic Autoradiography and FT-IR Microscopy . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 18 : 121 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Ficq , A. 1951 . Autoradiographie par neutrons: dosage du lithium dans les embryons d'amphibiens . C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 233 : 1684 – 1685 .
   Google Scholar
• Faraggi , H. , Kohn , A. and Doumerc , J. 1952 . Sur une technique autoradiographique par irradiation neutronique de mise en évidence du constituant boré dans les aciers au Bore . C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 235 : 714 – 716 .
   Google Scholar
• Thellier , M. , Stelz , T. and Wissocq , J. C. 1976 . Radioautography Using Homogeneous Detectors . J. Microscopie Biol. Cell. , 27 : 157 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Thellier , M. , Hennequin , E. , Heurteaux , C. , Martini , F. , Pettersson , M. , Fernandez , T. and Wissocq , J. C. 1988 . Quantitative Estimations in Neutron Capture Radiography . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B , 30 : 567 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignol , J. P. , Abbe , J. C. , Thellier , M. and Stampfler , A. 1944 . Neutron Capture Radiography Applied to Investigation of Boron-10 Distribution in Animals: Improvements in Techniques of Imaging and Quantitative Analysis . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B , 94 : 516 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Ouznadji , H. , Wissocq , J. C. , Martini , F. , Ouznadji , S. and Thellier , M. 2000 . NCR: Technical Aspects and Application to Lithium Mapping in Mouse Embryos . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 18 : 143 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Heurteaux , C. , Ripoll , C. , Ouznadji , S. , Ouznadji , H. , Wissocq , J. C. and Thellier , M. 1991 . Lithium Transport in the Mouse Brain . Brain Res. , 547 : 122 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , N. J. 1994 . Lithium Ions have Limited Intracellular Access: Implication for Cell Regulation and Pharmacology . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 12 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Thellier , M. , Wissocq , J. C. and Ripoll , C. 1997 . NCR and SIMS Study of Whether Lithium Ions Have Limited Intracellular Access . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 15 : 93 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Larsson , B. , Gabel , D. and Börner , H. G. 1984 . Boron Loaded Macromolecules in Experimental Physiology: Tracing by Neutron Capture Radiography . Phys. Med. Biol. , 29 : 361 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini , F. and Thellier , M. 1993 . Boron Distribution in Parenchyma Cells of Clover Leaves . Plant Physiol. Biochem. , 31 : 777 – 786 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindh , U. , Frisk , P. , Nyström , J. , Danersund , A. , Hudecek , R. , Lindvall , A. and Thunell , S. 1997 . Nuclear Microscopy in Biomedical Analysis, with Special Emphasis on Clinical Metal Biology . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B , 130 : 406 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretto , P. and Llabador , Y. 1997 . The Nuclear Microprobe: An Insight of Applications in Cell Biology . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B , 130 : 324 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coote , G. , Gauldie , R. , Trompetter , W. , Vickridge , I. and Markwitz , I. 1999 . Twenty Years of Proton Microprobe Research in Biominerals: A Tribute to Graeme Ernest Coote, 1935–1997 . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B , 158 : 1 – 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przybylowicz , W. , Mesjasz-Przybylowicz , J. , Prozesky , V. and Pineda , C. 1997 . Botanical Applications in Nuclear Microscopy . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B , 130 : 335 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trocellier , P. , Toulhoat , N. , Courel , P. , Massiot , P. , Michaud , V. and Mercier , F. 1993 . Real Capabilities of Nuclear Microprobe Analysis for Isotope Ratio Measurement . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B , 83 : 377 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massiot , P. , Michaud , V. , Sommer , F. , Grignon , N. , Gojon , A. , Ripoll , C. and Thellier , M. 1993 . Nuclear Microprobe Analysis of 14N and 15N in Soybean Leaves . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B , 82 : 465 – 473 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massiot , P. , Sommer , F. , Gojon , A. , Grignon , N. , Lefebvre , F. , Thellier , M. and Ripoll , C. 1994 . Comparison of Three Different Methods of Analytical Imaging of the Stable Isotopes of Nitrogen for Application to Plant Studies . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 12 : 103 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Michelet , C. and Moretto , P. 1999 . STIM Tomography at the Cell Level . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B , 158 : 361 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaing , R. and Slodzian , G. 1962 . Microanalyse par Émission Ionique Secondaire . J. Microsc. , 1 : 395 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Slodzian , G. , Daigne , B. , Girard , F. , Boust , F. and Hillion , F. 1990 . Cartographie Paralléle de Plusieurs Éléments ou Isotopes par Balayage avec une Sonde Ionique Submicronique: Premiers Résultats . C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris , 311 : 57 – 64 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slodzian , G. and Galle , P. 1992 . Cartographie de Matériaux et d'échantillons Biologiques Par Microscopie Ionique à Balayage . La Vie des Sciences, Comptes-Rendus, Série Générale , 9 : 157 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Levi-Setti , R. , Chabala , J. M. and Wang , Y. L. 1988 . Aspects of High-Resolution Imaging with a Scanning Ion Microprobe . Ultramicroscopy , 24 : 97 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi-Setti , R. , Chabala , J. M. , Gavrilov , K. , Espinosa , R. and Le Beau , M. M. 1996 . Advances in High Resolution SIMS Studies of BrdU-labelled Human Metaphase Chromosomes . Cell. Mol. Biol. , 42 : 301 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaumann , L. , Galle , P. , Thellier , M. and Wissocq , J. C. 1988 . Imaging the Distribution of the Stable Isotopes of Nitrogen, 14N and 15N, in Biological Samples by “Secondary Ion Emission Microscopy” . J. Histochem. Cytochem. , 36 : 37 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gojon , A. , Grignon , N. , Tillard , P. , Massiot , P. , Lefebvre , F. , Thellier , M. and Ripoll , C. 1996 . Imaging and Microanalysis of 14N and 15N by SIMS Microscopy in Yeast and Plant Samples . Cell. Mol. Biol. , 42 : 351 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grignon , N. , Jeusset , J. , Lebeau , E. , Moro , C. , Gojon , A. and Fragu , P. 1999 . SIMS Localization of Nitrogen in the Leaf of Soybean: Basis of Quantitative Procedures by Localized Measurements of Isotopic Ratios . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 17 : 477 – 490 .
   Google Scholar
• Lhuissier , F. , Lefebvre , F. , Gibouin , D. , Demarty , M. , Thellier , M. and Ripoll , C. 2000 . Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging of the Fixation of 15N-labelled NO in Pollen Grains . J. Microscopy , 198 : 108 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lhuissier , F. , Lefebvre , F. , Gibouin , D. , Sénéchal , H. , Mayer , C. , Desvaux , F. X. , Thellier , M. , Peltre , C. and Ripoll , C. 1999 . Structural and Biochemical Study of the Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Tree and Grass Pollen: Labelling CO with 18O . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 17 : 461 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• Burns , M. 1992 . Role of SIMS Microscopy in Solving Biological Problems . Biol. Cell. , 74 : 3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazof , D. , Linton , R. W. , Volk , R. J. and Rufty , T. W. 1992 . The Application of SIMS to Nutrient Tracer Studies in Plant Physiology . Biol. Cell , 74 : 127 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fragu , P. , Briançon , C. , Fourré , C. , Clerc , J. , Casiraghi , O. , Jeusset , J. , Omri , F. and Halpern , S. 1992 . SIMS Microscopy in the Biomedical Field . Biol. Cell. , 74 : 5 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galle , P. 1970 . Sur Une Nouvelle Méthode d'Analyse Cellulaire Utilisant le Phénomène d'Émission Ionique Secondaire . Ann. Phys. Biol. Med. , 42 : 83 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Ripoll , C. , Jauneau , A. , Lefebvre , F. , Demarty , M. and Thellier , M. 1992 . SIMS Determination of the Distribution of the Main Mineral Cations in the Depth of the Cuticle and the Pecto-Cellulosic Wall of Epidermal Cells of Flax Stems: Problems Encountered with SIMS Depth Profiling . Biol. Cell , 74 : 135 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffree , R. A. , Markich , S. J. , Lefebvre , F. , Thellier , M. and Ripoll , C. 1995 . Shell Microlaminations of the Freshwater Bivalve Hyridella depressa as an Archival Monitor of Manganese Water Concentration: Experimental Investigation by Depth Profiling Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry . Experientia , 51 : 838 – 848 .
   Google Scholar
• Morrison , G. H. , Gay , I. and Chandra , S. 1994 . Ion Microscopy in Biology . Scanning Microscopy , 8 ( supplement ) : 359 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , S. P.H.T. , Bronk , C. R. and Hedges , R. E.M. 1990 . The Design of a Radiocarbon Microprobe for Tracer Mapping in Biological Specimens . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B , 52 : 405 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman , S. P.H.T. 1993 . Imaging SIMS with an Accelerator and Biomedical Applications . Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B , 79 : 627 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dérue , C. , Gibouin , D. , Lefebvre , F. , Rasser , B. , Robin , A. , Le Sceller , L. , Verdus , M. C. , Demarty , M. , Thellier , M. and Ripoll , C. 1999 . A New Cold Stage for SIMS Analysis and Imaging of Frozen-Hydrated Biological Samples . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 17 : 451 – 460 .
   Google Scholar
• Tantsyrev , G. D. and Pronchev , G. B. 1999 . FAB Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Water Solutions . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 17 : 49 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Eeckhaoudt , S. , Van Vaeck , L. , Gijbels , R. and Van Grieken , R. E. 1994 . Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry in Biology and Biomedicine . Scanning Microscopy , 8 ( supplement ) : 335 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• Muller , J. F. , Krier , G. and Chamel , A. 1994 . La Désorption Laser et Ses Applications en Biologie Végétale et Dans Les Sciences de l'Environnement . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 12 : 145 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsugoshi , T. , Chiba , H. , Yokoyama , T. , Furuya , K. and Kikuchi , T. 1998 . Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Heterogeneous Samples Using Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry, and Application to Environmental Monitoring . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 16 : 47 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Thellier , M. , Ripoll , C. , Quintana , C. , Sommer , F. , Chevallier , P. and Dainty , J. 1993 . Physical Methods to Locate Metal Atoms in Biological Systems . Methods in Enzymology , 227 : 535 – 586 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelmann , L. 1994 . Optimal Freeze-Drying of Cryosections and Bulk Specimens for X-ray Microanalysis . Scanning Microscopy , 8 ( supplement ) : 67 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Quintana , C. and Bonnet , N. 1994 . Improvement in Biological X-ray Microanalysis: Cryoembedding for Specimen Preparation and Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Data Interpretation . Scanning Microscopy , 8 ( supplement ) : 83 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Sitte , H. , Edelmann , L. , Hässig , H. , Kleber , H. and Lang , A. 1994 . A New Versatile System for Freeze-Substitution, Freeze Drying and Low Temperature Embedding of Biological Specimens . Scanning Microscopy , 8 ( supplement ) : 47 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Grignon , N. , Halpern , S. , Jeusset , J. , Briançon , C. and Fragu , P. 1997 . Localization of Chemical Elements and Isotopes in the Leaf of Soybean (Glycine max) by SIMS Microscopy: Critical Choice of Sample Preparation Procedure . J. Microsc. , 186 : 51 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernius , M. T. , Chandra , S. and Morrison , G. H. 1985 . Cryogenic Sample Stage for the CAMECA IMS-3f Ion Microscope . Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 56 : 1347 – 1351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra , S. , Bernius , M. T. and Morrison , G. H. 1986 . Intracellular Localization of Diffusible Elements in Frozen-Hydrated Biological Specimens with Ion Microscopy . Anal. Chem. , 58 : 493 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colliver , T. L. , Brummel , C. L. , Pacholski , M. L. , Swanek , F. D. , Ewing , A. G. and Winograd , N. 1997 . Atomic and Molecular Imaging at the Single-Cell Level with TOF-SIMS . Anal. Chem. , 69 : 2225 – 2231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon , D. M. Jr , Pacholski , M. L. , Winograd , N. and Ewing , A. G. 2000 . Molecule Specific Imaging of Freeze-Fractured, Frozen-Hydrated Model Membrane Systems Using Mass Spectrometry . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 122 : 603 – 610 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois , C. A. , Gibaud , A. , Dennebouy , R. , Slodzian , G. , Malfoy , B. and Dutrillaux , B. 1995 . Efficiency and Resolution of SIAM for the Detection of Br-dU, a Comparison with Immunofluorescence Microscopy . J. Trace Microprobe Techn. , 13 : 317 – 319 .
   Google Scholar