Application of Differential Display RT‐PCR and EST/Microarray Technologies to the Analysis of Gene Expression in Response to Drought Stress and Elimination of Aflatoxin Contamination in Corn and Peanut

References

• Adams M. D., Kelley J. M., Gocayne J. D., Dubnick M., Polymeropoulos M. H., Xiao H., Merril C. R., Wu A., Olds B., Moreno R. F., Kerlavage A. R., McCombie W. R., Venter J. C. Complementary DNA sequencing: expressed sequence tags and human genome project. Science 1991; 252: 1651–1656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aharoni A., Vorst O. DNA microarrays for functional plant genomics. Plant Mol. Biol. 2002; 48: 99–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar D., Cotty P. J., Cleveland T. E. Genetic and biological control of aflatoxigenic fungi. Microbial Food Contamination, C. L. Wilson, S. Droby. CRC Press, Boca Raton 2001; 207–240
   Google Scholar
• Bowen K. L., Mack T. P. Relationship of damage from the lesser cornstalk borer to Aspergillus flavus contamination in peanuts. J. Entomol. Sci. 1993; 28: 29–42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buntin G. D., Lee R. D., Wilson D. M., McPherson R. M. Evaluation of yieldgard transgenic resistance for control of fall armyworm and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on corn. Florida Entomol. 2001; 84: 37–42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butrón A., Li R. G., Guo B. Z., Widstrom N. W., Snook M. E., Cleveland T. E., Lynch R. E. Molecular markers to increase corn earworm resistance in a maize population. Maydica 2001; 46: 117–124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y. G., Guo B. Z., Lee R. D., Lynch R. E. Identification of putative genes relating to drought stress in maize by differential display of mRNA. Mycopathologia 2002; 155: 90
   Google Scholar
• Chang P.‐K., Cary J. W., Bhatnagar D., Cleveland T. E., Bennett J. W., Linz J. E., Woloshuk C. P., Payne G. A. Cloning of the Aspergillus parasiticus apa‐2 gene associated with the regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993; 59: 3273–3279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang P.‐K., Ehrlich K. C., Yu J., Bhatnagar D., Cleveland T. E. Increased expression of Aspergillus parasiticus aflR, encoding a sequence‐specific DNA binding protein, relieves nitrate inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995; 61: 2372–2377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z.‐Y., Brown R. L., Lax A. R., Guo B. Z., Cleveland T. E., Russin J. S. Resistance to Aspergillus flavus in corn kernels is associated with a 14‐kDa protein. Phytopathology 1998; 88: 276–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z. Y., Brown R. L., Russin J. S., Lax A. R., Cleveland T. E. A corn trypsin inhibitor with antifungal activity inhibits Aspergillus flavus alpha‐amylase. Phytopathology 1999a; 89: 902–907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z. Y., Brown R. L., Lax A. R., Cleveland T. E., Russin J. S. Inhibition of plant‐pathogenic fungi by a corn trypsin inhibitor. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999b; 65: 1320–1324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z., Brown R. L., Cleveland T. E., Damann K. E. The use of proteomics to elucidate factors regulating the corn‐Aspergillus flavus interaction. Mycopathologia 2002; 155: 14
   Google Scholar
• Christensen A. H., Quail P. H. Sequence analysis and transcriptional regulation by heat shock of polyubiquitin transcripts from maize. Plant Mol. Biol. 1989; 12: 619–632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen A. H., Sharrock R. A., Quail P. H. Maize polyubiquitin genes: structure, thermal perturbation of expression and transcript splicing, and promoter activity following transfer to protoplasts by electroporation. Plant Mol. Biol. 1992; 18: 675–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleveland T. E., Bhatnagar D. Molecular regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Mycotoxins, Cancer and Health, G. A. Bray, D. H. Ryan. Pennington Center Nutrition Series. 1991; Vol. 1: 270–287
   Google Scholar
• Cleveland T. E., Cary J. W., Brown R. L., Bhatnagar D., Yu J., Chang P. K., Chlan C. A., Rajasekaran K. Use of biotechnology to eliminate aflatoxin in preharvest crops. Bull. Inst. Compr. Agr. Sci. Kinki Univ. 1997; 5: 75–90
   Google Scholar
• Cochard H. Xylem embolism and drought‐induced stomatal closure in maize. Planta 2002; 215: 466–471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole R. J., Dorner J. W., Holbrook C. C. Advances in mycotoxin elimination and resistance. Advance in Peanut Science, H. E. Pattee, H. T. Stalker. Amer. Peanut Res. Educ., 1995; 456–474
   Google Scholar
• Crickmore N., Zeigler D. R., Schnepf E., Van Rie J., Lereclus D., Baum J., Bravo A., Dean D. H. Bacillus thuringiensis toxin nomenclature. 2002, http://www.biols.susx.ac.uk/Home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/index.html (April 15, 2002)
   Google Scholar
• Cruickshank A. L., Wright G. C., Rachaputi N. R. “Streeton”‐ an aflatoxin tolerant peanut cultivar for the australian peanut industry. Proc. Amer. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc. 2000; 32: 27
   Google Scholar
• Diatchenko L., Lau Y. F., Campbell A. P., Chenchik A., Moqadam F., Huang B., Lukyanov S., Lukyanov K., Gurskaya N., Sverdlov E. D., Siebert P. D. Suppression subtractive hybridization: a method for generating differentially regulated or tissue‐specific cDNA probes and libraries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996; 12: 6025–6030
   Google Scholar
• Dowd P. F. Involvement of arthropods in the establishment of mycotoxigenic fungi under field conditions. Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food Safety, K. K. Sinha, D. Bhatagnar. Marcel Dekker, , NY 1998; 307–350
   Google Scholar
• Dowd P. F., Munkvold G. P. (1999) Association between insect damage and fumonison derived from field‐based insect control strategies. Proc. 40th Ann. Corn Dry Milling Conf., Peoria, IL, Jun, 3–41999
   Google Scholar
• Dowd P. F. Biotic and abiotic factors limiting efficacy of bt corn in indirectly reducing mycotoxin levels in commercial fields. J. Econ. Entomol. 2001; 94: 1067–1074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elzen P. van den, Lee K. Y., Townsend J., Bedbrook J. Simple binary vector for DNA transfer to plant cells. Plant Mol. Biol. 1985; 5: 149–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPA. Biopesticide Registration Action Document: Bacillus thuringiensis Plant‐Incorporated Protectants. 2001, http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/reds/brad_bt_pip2.htm
   Google Scholar
• Estruch J. J., Carozzi N. B., Desai N., Duck N. B., Warren G. W., Koziel M. G. Transgenic plants: an emerging approach to pest control. Nature Biotechnol. 1997; 15: 137–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing R. M., Kahla A. B., Poirot O., Lopez F., Audic S., Claverie J. M. Large‐scale statistical analyses of rice ESTs reveal correlated patterns of gene expression. Genome Res. 1999; 9: 950–959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes J., Brendel V., Gai X., Lal S., Chandler V. L., Elumalai R. P., Galbraith D. W., Pierson E. A., Walbot V. Comparison of RNA expression profiles based on maize expressed sequence tag frequency analysis and micro‐array hybridization. Plant Physiol. 2002; 128: 896–910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraley R. T., Rogers S. G., Horsch R. B., Sanders P. R., Flick J. S. Expression of bacterial genes in plant cells Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1983; 80: 4803–4807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavin A. C., Bosche M., Krause R., Grandi P., Marzioch M., Bauer A., Schultz J., Rick J. M., Michon A. M., Cruciat C. M. Functional organization of the yeast proteome by systematic analysis of protein complexes. Nature 2002; 415: 141–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo B. Z., Chen Z.‐Y., Brown R. L., Lax A. R., Cleveland T. E., Russin J. S., Mehta A. D., Selitrennikoff C. P., Widstrom N. W. Germination induces accumulation of specific proteins and antifungal activities in corn kernels. Phytopathology 1997; 87: 1174–1178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo B. Z., Widstrom N. W., Cleveland T. E., Lynch R. E. Control of preharvest aflatoxin contamination in corn: fungus‐plant‐insect interactions and control strategies. Recent Res. Devel. Ag. Food Chem. 2000; 4: 165–176
   Google Scholar
• Guo B. Z., Li R., Widstrom N. W., Lynch R. E., Cleveland T. E. Genetic variation in the maize population GT‐MAS:gk and the relationship with resistance to Aspergillus flavus. Theo. Appl. Genet. 2001; 103: 533–539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo B. Z., Butron A., Li H., Widstrom N. W., Lynch R. E. Restriction fragment length polymorphism assessment of the heterogeneous nature of maize population GT‐MAS:gk and field evaluation of resistance to aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. J. Food Product. 2002a; 65: 167–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo B. Z., Widstrom N. W., Holbrook C. C., Lee R. D., Coy A. E., Lynch R. E. Molecular genetic analysis of resistance mechanisms to aflatoxin formation in corn and peanut. Mycopathologia 2002b; 155: 78
   Google Scholar
• Guo B. Z., Cao Y., Coy A. E., Lee R. D., Holbrook C. C., Lynch R. E. Evaluation of drought tolerance and relationship with aflatoxin contamination. Phytopathology 2002c; 92: S33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo B. Z., Cao Y., Xu G., Holbrook C. C., Lynch R. E. (2002d) Characterization of Phospholipase D (PLD) in Peanut and PLD Expression Associated with Drought Stress. Proc. 34th Amer. Peanut Res. Edu. Soc., Research Triangle, NC, Jul, 16–192002
   Google Scholar
• Hajela R. K., Horvath D. P., Gilmour S. J., Thomashow M. F. Molecular cloning and expression of COR (Cold‐Regulated) genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1990; 93: 1246–1252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa P. M., Bressan R. A., Zhu J. K., Bohnert H. J. Plant cuticular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 2000; 51: 463–499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayford M. B., Medford J. I., Hoffman N. L., Rogers S. G., Klee H. J. Development of a plant transformation selection system based on expression of genes encoding gentamicin acetyltransferases. Plant Physiol. 1988; 86: 1216–1222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hille J., Verheggen F., Roelvink P., Franssen H., Kammen A. van, Zabel P. Bleomycin resistance: a new dominant selectable marker for plant. Cell. Plant Mol. Biol. 1986; 7: 171–176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook C. C., Matheron M. E., Wilson D. M., Anderson W. F., Will M. E., Norden A. J. Development of a large‐scale field system for screening peanut for resistance to preharvest aflatoxin contamination. Peanut Sci. 1994; 21: 20–22
   Google Scholar
• Holbrook C. C., Kvien C. K., Ruckers K. S., Wilson D. M., Hook J. E. Preharvest aflatoxin contamination in drought tolerant and intolerant peanut genotypes. Peanut Sci. 2000; 27: 45–48
   Google Scholar
• Horn B. W., Greene R. L., Dorner J. W. Effect of corn and peanut cultivation on soil populations of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus in Southwestern Georgia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995; 61: 2472–2475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsch R., Fraley R., Rogers S., Fry J., Klee H., Shah D., McCormick S., Niedermeyer J., Hoffmann N. Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of plants. Plant Biol. 1986; 3: 317–329
   Google Scholar
• Hubank M., Schatz D. G. Identifying differences in mRNA expression by representational difference analysis of cDNA. Nucl. Acids. Res. 1994; 25: 5640–5648
   Google Scholar
• Jefferson R. A. The GUS reporter gene system. Nature 1989; 342: 837–838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kado C. I. Molecular mechanisms of crown gall tumorigenesis. Critical Rev. Plant Sci. 1991; 10: 1–32
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantety R. V., La Rota M., Matthews D. E., Sorrells M. E. Data mining for simple sequence repeats in expressed sequence tags from barley, maize, rice, sorghum and wheat. Plant. Mol. Biol. 2002; 48: 501–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein T. M., Wolf E. D., Wu R., Sanford J. C. High‐velocity microprojectiles for delivering nucleic acids into living cells. Nature 1987; 327: 70–73
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolesnichenko A. V., Pobezhimova T. P., Grabelnych O. I., Voinikov V. K. Stress‐induced protein CSP 310: a third uncoupling system in plants. Planta 2002; 215: 279–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koncz C., Olsson O., Langridge W. H.R., Schell J., Szalay A. A. Expression and assembly, of functional bacterial luciferase in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 131–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lander E. S., et al. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001; 409: 860–921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H., Butrón A., Jiang T., Guo B. Z., Coy A. E., Lee R. D., Widstrom N. W., Lynch R. E. (2000) Evaluation of Corn Germplasm Tolarance to Drought Stress and Effects on Aflatoxin Production. Proceedings of Aflatoxin/Fumonisin Elimination Workshop, Yosemite, CA, Oct, 25–272000
   Google Scholar
• Liang P., Pardee A. B. Differential display of eudaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science 1992; 257: 967–971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo M., Guo B. Z., Dang P., Lee R. D., Holbrook C. C., Niedz R. P., Lynch R. E. (2002) Gene Expression Profiling in Kernel Developing Stages as Influenced by Drought Stress in Corn and Peanut. Proceedings of the 2nd Fungal Genomics, 3rd Fumonisin Elimination and 15th Aflatoxin Elimination Workshop, San Antonio, TX, October, 23–252002
   Google Scholar
• Lynch R. E., Wilson D. M. Enhanced infection of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., seeds with Aspergillus flavus group fungi due to external scarification of peanut pods by the lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller). Peanut Sci. 1991; 18: 110–116
   Google Scholar
• Lynch R. E., Hamm J. J., Myers R. E., Guyer D., Stein J. Baseline susceptibility of the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Cry1Ab toxin: 1998–2000. J. Entomol Sci. 2002, (In press)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch R. E., Guo B. Z., Timper P., Wilson J. P. Improving host‐plant resistance to pests. Pest Management Science 2002, (In press)
   Google Scholar
• Maarouf EI H., Zuily‐Fodil Y., Gareil M., d'Arcy‐Lameta, Pham‐Thi A. T. Enzymatic activity and gene expression under water stress of phopholipase D in two cultivars of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. Differing in drought tolerance. Plant Mol. Biol. 1999; 39: 1257–1265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marçon P. C., Young L. J., Steffey K. L., Siegfried B. D. Baseline susceptibility of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. J. Econ. Entomol. 1999; 92: 279–285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElroy D., Zhang W., Cao J., Wu R. Isolation of an efficient actin promoter for use in rice transformation. Plant Cell 1990; 2: 163–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillian W. W., Wilson D. M., Widstrom N. W. Aflatoxin contamination of preharvest corn of georgia: a six‐year study of insect damage and visible Aspergillus flavus. J. Environ. Qual. 1985; 14: 200–202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekhedov S., Martínez de Ilárduya O., Ohlrogge J. Toward a functional catalog of the plant genome. A survey of genes for lipid biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 2000; 122: 389–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munkvold G. P., Hellmich R. L., Showers W. B. Reduced fusarium ear rot and symptomless infections in kernels of maize genetically engineered for european corn borer resistance. Phytopathology 1997; 87: 1071–1077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munkvold G. P., Hellmich R. L. Comparison of fumonisin concentration in kernels of transgenic maize hybrids and nontransgenic hybrids. Plant Dis. 1999a; 83: 130–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munkvold G. P., Hellmich R. L. Genetically Modified, Insect Resistant Corn: Implications for Disease Management. APSnet Feature, Oct 15 thru Nov 30. 1999b, http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/BtCorn/Top.html
   Google Scholar
• Murai N., Sutton D. W., Murray M. G., Slighton J. L., Merlo D. J. Phaseolin gene from bean is expressed after transfer to sunflower via tumor‐inducing plasmid vectors genetic engineering, Ti plasmid, Agrobacterium tumifaciens. Science 1983; 222: 476–482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton S. B., Cormier S. M., Smith M., Jones R. C., Schubauer‐Berigan M. Predicting levels of stress from biological assessment data: empirical models from the eastern corn belt plains, Ohio, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002; 21: 1168–1175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odell J. T., Knowlton S., Lin W., Mauvais C. J. Properties of an isolated transcription stimulating sequence derived from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Plant Mol. Biol. 1988; 10: 263–272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostlie K. R., Hutchison W. D., Hellmich R. L. Bt Corn and European Corn Borer. NCR publication 602. Univ. Minn, St. Paul, MN 1997, 18 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Ozias‐Akins P., Yang H., Perry E., Akasaka Y., Niu C., Holbrook C., Lynch R. E. Transgenic peanut for preharvest aflatoxin reduction. Mycopathologia 2002; 155: 98
   Google Scholar
• Payne G. A., Brown M. P. Genetics and physiology of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1998; 36: 329–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polidoros A. N., Mylona P. V., Scandalios J. G. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing the maize cat2 gene have altered catalase levels that affect plant‐pathogen interactions and resistance to oxidative stress. Transgenic Res. 2001; 10: 555–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccardi F., Gazeau P., Vienne D. de., Zivy M. Protein changes in response to progressive water deficit in maize: quantitative variation and polypeptide identification. Plant Physiol. 1998; 117: 1253–1263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucker K. S., Kvien C. K., Holbrook C. C., Hook J. E. Identification of peanut genotypes with improved drought avoidance traits. Peanut Sci. 1995; 21: 14–18
   Google Scholar
• Sanders T. H., Cole R. J., Blankenship P. D., Dorner J. W. Aflatoxin contamination of peanut from plants drought stressed in pod or root zones. Peanut Sci. 1993; 20: 5–8
   Google Scholar
• Sang Y., Zheng S., Li W., Huang B., Wang X. Regulation of plant water loss by manipulating the expression of phospholipase dalpha. Plant J. 2001; 28: 135–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoni V., Bellini C., Caboche M. Use of two‐dimensional protein‐pattern analysis for the characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. Planta 1994; 192: 557–566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent T. D. Isolation of differentially expressed genes. Meth. Enzymol. 1987; 152: 423–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauter A., Hartung W. The contribution of internode and mesocotyl tissues to root‐to‐shoot signalling of abscisic acid. J. Exp. Bot. 2002; 53: 297–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheen J., Hwang S., Niwa Y., Kobayashi H., Galbraith D. M. Green‐fluorescent protein as a new vital marker in plant cells. Plant J. 1995; 8: 777–784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegfried B. D., Spencer T., Nearman J. Baseline susceptibility of the corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to the Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Econ. Entomol. 2000; 93: 1265–1268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims S. R., Pershing J. C., Reich B. J. Field evaluation of transgenic corn containing a Bacillus thuringiensis berliner insecticidal protein gene against Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 1996; 31: 340–346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singsit C., Adang M. J., Lynch R. E., Anderson W. F., Wang A., Cardineau G., Ozias‐Akins P. Expression of a Bacillus thuringiensis cryIA© gene in transgenic peanut plants and its efficacy against lesser cornstalk borer. Transgenic Res. 1996; 5: 1–8
   Google Scholar
• Stalker D. M., McBride K. E., Malyj L. D. Herbicide resistance in transgenic plants expressing a bacterial detoxification gene. Science 1988; 242: 419–423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian G., Adams M. D., Venter J. C., Broder S. Implications of the human genome for understanding human biology and medicine. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2001; 286: 2296–2307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svab Z., Harper E. C., Jones D. G., Maliga P. Aminoglycoside‐3'‐adenyltransferase confers resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin in nicotiana tabacum. Plant Mol. Biol. 1990; 14: 197–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timko M. P., Kausch A. P., Castresana C., Fassler J., Herrera‐Estrella L., Broeck G. van den, Montagu M. van, Schell J., Cashmore A. R. Light regulation of plant gene expression by an upstream enhancer‐like element. Nature 1985; 318: 579–582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venter J. C., et al. The sequence of the human genome. Science 2001; 291: 1304–1351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissinger A., Wu M., Liu Y. S., Ingram K., Rajasekaran K., Cleveland T. E. Development of transgenic peanut with enhanced resistance against preharvest aflatoxin contamination. Mycopathologia 2002; 155: 97
   Google Scholar
• Widstrom N. W. The aflatoxin problem with corn grain. Adv. Agron. 1996; 56: 219–280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins M. R., Sanchez J. C., Gooley A. A., Appel R. D., Humphery‐Smith I., Hochstrasser D. F., Williams K. L. Progress with proteome projects: why all proteins expressed by a genome should be identified and how to do it. Biotech. Genet. Engineer. Rev. 1996; 13: 19–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams W. P., Sagers J. B., Hanten J. A., Davis F. M., Buckley P. M. Transgenic corn evaluated for resistance to fall armyworm and southwestern corn borer. Crop Sci. 1997; 37: 957–962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windham G. L., Williams W. P., Davis F. M. Effects of the southwestern corn borer on Aspergillus flavus kernel infection and aflatoxin accumulation in maize hybrids. Plant Dis. 1999; 83: 535–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woloshuk C. P., Huh G. H., Fakhoury A. Progress toward determining if alpha‐amylase inhibitors can reduce aflatoxin contamination in maize. Mycopathologia 2002; 155: 102
   Google Scholar
• Woo Y. M., Hu D. W., Larkins B. A., Jung R. Genomics analysis of genes expressed in maize endosperm identifies novel seed proteins and clarifies patterns of zein gene expression. Plant Cell. 2001; 13: 2297–2317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu G., Guo B. Z., Holbrook C. C., Lynch R. E. Identification and partial sequence of a PLD‐like gene encoding for phospholipase D in peanut. J. Peanut Sci. 2001; 30: 1–10
   Google Scholar
• Xu G., Guo B. Z., Lynch R. E. Identification of the drought‐inducible genes in peanut by mRNA differential display. Mycopathologia 2002; 155: 92
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi‐Shinozaki K., Koizumi M., Urao S., Shinozaki K. Molecular cloning and characterization of 9 cDNAs for genes that are responsive to desiccation to Arabidopsis thaliana: Sequence analysis of one cDNA clone that encodes a putative transmembrane channel protein. Plant Cell Physiol. 1992; 33: 217–224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye G. N., Daniell H., Sanford J. C. Optimization of delivery of foreign DNA into higher‐plant chloroplast. Plant Mol. Biol. 1990; 15: 809–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J., Chang P.‐K., Cary J. W., Wright M., Bhatnagar D., Cleveland T. E., Payne G. A., Linz J. E. Comparative mapping of aflatoxin pathway gene clusters in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995; 61: 2365–2371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J., Bhatnagar D., Cleveland T. E., Nierman W. C. Aspergillus flavus EST technology and its applications for eliminating aflatoxin contamination. Mycopathologia 2002; 155: 6
   Google Scholar
• Yu J. Genetics and biochemistry of mycotoxin synthesis. Handbook of Fungal Biotechnology2nd ed., D. K. Arora. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 2002, (In press)
   Google Scholar
• Zorner P. S. Antimicrobial peptide technology to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases of crops. Mycopathologia 2002; 155: 99
   Google Scholar