A dynamical systems model of the limiting oxygen index test: II. Retardancy due to char formation and addition of inert fillers

References

• Troitzsch , J . 1990 . International Plastics Flammability Handbook. Principles-Regulations-Testing and Approval , 2nd edn , Munich : Hanser .
   Google Scholar
• Horrocks , A R , Tunc , M and Price , D . 1989 . The burning behaviour of textiles and its assessment by oxygen-index methods . Textile Progr. , 18 : 1 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Fenimore , C P . 1975 . “ Candle-type test for flammability of polymers ” . In Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials , Edited by: Lewin , M , Atlas , S M and Pearce , E M . Vol. 1 , 371 – 97 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Emmons , H W . 1974 . Fire and fire protection . Sci. Am. , 231 : 21 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rychlý , J and Rychlá , L . 1986 . Effect of flame retardants on polyolefines . Fire Mater. , 10 : 7 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Búcsi , A and Rychlý , J . 1992 . A theoretical approach to understanding the connection between ignitability and flammability parameters of organic polymers . Polym. Degradation Stab. , 38 : 33 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rychlý , J and Costa , L . 1995 . Modelling of polymer ignition and burning adopted for cone calorimeter measurements: the correlation between the rate of heat release and oxygen index . Fire Mater. , 19 : 215 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Rychlý , J and Rychlá , L . 1996 . Modelling of heat-release rate-time curves from cone calorimeter for burning of polymers with intumescence additives . Polym. Degradation Stab. , 54 : 249 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , M I . 1998 . Ignition mechanisms of thermally thin thermoplastics in the cone calorimeter . Proc. R. Soc. A , 454 : 789 – 814 .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , M I , Sidhu , H S , Weber , R O and Mercer , G N . 2001 . A dynamical systems model of the limiting oxygen index test . J. Aust. Math. Soc. , B to be published
   Google Scholar
• Kashiwagi , T . Polymer combustion and flammability-role of the condensed phase . 25th Int. Symp. on Combustion . pp. 1423 – 37 . Pittsburgh, PA : Combustion Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , C E Jr , Ketchum , D E and Mountain , W P . 1988 . Thermal conductivity of intumescent chars . J. Fire Sci. , 6 : 390 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camino , G , Cota , L , Casorati , E , Bertelli , G and Locatelli , R . 1988 . The oxygen index method in fire retardance studies of polymeric materials . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 35 : 1863 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , M I , Brindley , J and McIntosh , A C . 2000 . A critical mass flux model for char formation. I Non-competitive char formation in thermally thin samples . J. Appl. Math. Decis. Sci. , to be published
   Google Scholar
• Kandola , B , Horrocks , A R , Price , D and Coleman , G C . 1996 . Flame retardant treatments of cellulose and their mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis . J. Macromol. Sci., Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. C , 36 : 721 – 794 .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , M I , Brindley , J and McIntosh , A C . 1995 . The dependence of critical heat flux on fuel and additive properties: A critical mass flux model . Fire Safety, J. , 24 : 107 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , M I , Brindley , J and McIntosh , A C . 1996 . Ignition properties of thermally thin thermoplastics-the effectiveness of inert additives in reducing flammability . Polym. Degradation Stab. , 54 : 255 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drysdale , D . 1999 . An Introduction to Fire Dynamics , 2nd edn , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Doedel , E , Wang , X and Fairgrieve , T . 1994 . “ AUTO 94 software for continuation and bifurcation problems in ordinary differential equations ” . In Applied Mathematics Report , 91125 Pasadena, CA : California Institute of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Weil , E D , Zhu , W , Patel , N and Mukhopadhyay , S M . 1996 . A systems approach to flame retardancy and comments on modes of action . Polym. Degradation Stab. , 54 : 125 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , B F and Roberts , M J . 1988 . Analysis of chemical kinetic systems over the entire parameter space, I. The Sal'nikov thermokinetic oscillator . Proc. R. Soc. A , 416 : 391 – 402 .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , B F and Roberts , M J . 1988 . Analysis of chemical kinetic systems over the entire parameter space II. Isothermal oscillators . Proc. R. Soc. A , 416 : 403 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , F J and Price , K R . 1968 . Flammability of expoxy resins . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 12 : 143 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenimore , C P and Martin , F J . 1972 . “ Burning of polymers ” . In The Mechanisms of Pyrolysis, Oxidation and Burning of Organic Materials (National Bureau of Standards Special Publication vol 357) , Edited by: Wall , L A . 159 – 70 . Washington, DC : US Govt Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• van Krevelen , D W . 1975 . Some basic aspects of flame resistance of polymeric materials . Polymer , 16 : 615 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkie , C A , Suzuki , M , Dong , X , Deacon , C , Chandrasiri , J A and Xue , T J . 1996 . Grafting to achieve flame retardancy . Polym. Degradation Stab. , 54 : 117 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar