References
References
- Sumer , B M and Oguz , B . 1978 . Particle motions near the bottom in turbulent flow in an open channel . J. Fluid Mech. , 86 : 109 – 27 .
- Sumer , B M and Deigaard , R . 1981 . Particle motions near the bottom in turbulent flow in an open channel. Part 2 . J. Fluid Mech. , 109 : 311 – 37 .
- Rashidi , M , Hetsroni , G and Banerjee , S . 1990 . Particle - turbulence interaction in a boundary layer . Int. J. Multiphase Flow , 16 : 935 – 49 .
- Niño , Y and Garcia , M H . 1996 . Experiments on particle - turbulence interactions in the near-wall region of an open channel flow: implications for sediment transport . J. Fluid Mech. , 326 : 285 – 319 .
- Kiger , K T and Pan , C . 2000 . PIV technique for the simultaneous measurement of dilute two-phase flows . J. Fluids Eng. , 122 : 811 – 8 .
- Moser , R D , Kim , J and Mansour , N N . 1999 . Direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow up to Re,τ = 590 . Phys. Fluids , 11 : 943 – 5 .
- Krogstad , P A , Antonia , R A and Browne , L W B . 1992 . Comparison between rough- and smooth-wall turbulent boundary layers . J. Fluid Mech. , 245 : 599 – 617 .
- Tachie , M F , Bergstrom , D J and Balachandar , R . 2000 . Rough wall turbulent boundary layers in shallow open channel flow . J. Fluids Eng. , 122 : 533 – 40 .
- Kaftori , D , Hetsroni , G and Banerjee , S . 1995 . The effect of particles on wall turbulence . Int. J. Multiphase Flow , 24 : 359 – 86 .
- Rouse , H . 1937 . Modern conceptions of the mechanics of turbulence . Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. , 102 : 436
- Chien N Wan A 1999 Mechanics of Sediment Transport Reston VA ASCE
- Best , J , Bennett , S , Bridge , J and Leeder , M . 1997 . Turbulence modulation and particle velocities over flat sand beds at low transport rates . J. Hydr. Eng. , 123 : 1118 – 29 .
- Kaftori , D , Hetsroni , G and Banerjee , S . 1995 . Particle behavior in the turbulent boundary layer. II. Velocity and distribution profiles . Phys. Fluids , 7 : 1107 – 21 .
- Tanière , A , Oesterlé , B and Monnier , J C . 1997 . On the behaviour of solid particles in a horizontal boundary layer with turbulence and saltation effects . Exp. Fluids , 23 : 263 – 71 .
- Tsuji , Y and Morikawa , Y . 1982 . LDV measurements of an air - solid two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe . J. Fluid Mech. , 120 : 385 – 409 .
- Sommerfeld M Lain S Kussin J 2001 Analysis of transport effects of turbulent gas - particle flow in a horizontal channel Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Multiphase Flow (New Orleans, 2001)
- Kulick , J D , Fessler , J R and Eaton , J K . 1994 . Particle response and turbulence modification in fully developed channel flow . J. Fluid Mech. , 277 : 109 – 34 .
- Wang , L-P and Maxey , M R . 1993 . Settling velocity and concentration distribution of heavy particles in homogeneous isotropic turbulence . J. Fluid Mech. , 256 : 27 – 68 .
- Grass , A J . 1971 . Structural features of turbulent flow over smooth and rough boundaries . J. Fluid Mech. , 50 : 233 – 55 .
- Adrian , R J , Christensen , K T and Liu , Z-C . 2000 . Analysis and interpretation of instantaneous turbulent velocity fields . Exp. Fluids , 29 : 275 – 90 .
- Adrian , R J , Meinhart , C D and Tomkins , C D . 2000 . Vortex organization in the outer region of the turbulent boundary layer . J. Fluid Mech. , 422 : 1 – 54 .
- Yang , W , Meng , H and Sheng , J . 2001 . Dynamics of hairpin vortices generated by a mixing tab in a channel flow . Exp. Fluids , 30 : 705 – 22 .