34
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

The Belgammel Ram, a Hellenistic‐Roman Bronze Proembolion Found off the Coast of Libya: test analysis of function, date and metallurgy, with a digital reference archive

, , , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 60-75 | Received 06 Dec 2012, Accepted 06 Dec 2012, Published online: 15 Apr 2021

References

  • Barker, G., Basell, L., Brooks, I., Burn, L., Cartwright, C., Cole, F., Davison, J., Farr, L., Grün, R., Hamilton, R., Hunt, C., Inglis, R., Jacobs, Z., Leitch, V., Morales, J., Morley, I., Morley, M., Pawley, S., Pryor, A. Reynolds, T., el‐Rishi, H., Roberts, R., Simpson, D., Stimpson, C., Touati, M. and van der Veen, M., 2008, The Cyrenaican Prehistory Project 2008: the second season of investigations of the Haua Fteah cave and its landscape, and further results from the initial (2007) fieldwork, Libyan Studies 39, 175–221.
  • Barr‐sharrar, B., 1994, The bronze appliques, in G. Hellenkemper Salies (ed.), Das Wrack. Der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia, 1. 559–572. Cologne.
  • Batten, D. J., 1982, Palynofacies, palaeoenvironments and petroleum, Journal of Micropalaeontology 1, 104–114.
  • Bayley, J. and Budd, P., 1998, The clay moulds, in H. E. M. Cool and C. Philo (eds), Roman Castleford. Excavations 1974–85. Volume I: the small finds. West Yorkshire Archaeology Service, Wakefield.
  • Beltrame, C., 2002, Vita di bordo in età romana. Rome.
  • Ben‐eli, A. L. (ed.), 1975, Ships and Parts of Ships on Ancient Coins I. Haifa.
  • Buccellato, C.A. and Tusa, S., 2009, Il rostro, in M.L. Famà (ed.), Il Museo Regionale ‘A.Pepoli’ di Trapani Le collezioni archeologiche, 333–334. Bari.
  • Caruso, F., Saladino, M.L., Spinella, A., Di stefano, C., Tisseyre, P., Tusa, S., Caponetti, E., 2011, Physico‐chemical characterization of the Acqualadrone rostrum, Archaeometry 53, 3: 547–562
  • Casson, L., 1995, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. 2nd edn, Princeton.
  • Casson, L. and Steffy, J. R., 1991, The Athlit Ram. College Station, TX.
  • Chardron‐picault, P. and Pernot, M., 1999, Un Quartier Antique d'Artisanat Métallurgique à Autun. Paris.
  • Craddock, P. T., 1977, The composition of the copper alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Civilisations 2: The Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic Greeks, Journal of Archaeological Science 4, 103–123.
  • Croudace, I. W., Taylor, R. N., Pearce, R., Bates, J., and Flemming, N.C., (forthcoming), Microanalytical, textural and lead isotope characterization of the Belgammel Ram, a Hellenistic Roman naval ram, Journal of Archaeological Science.
  • DRASSM, 2005, Bilan Scientifique du Département des Recherches Archéologiques Sous‐Marines 2003. Paris/Marseilles.
  • Earl, G. P., Beale, G., Martinez, K. and Pagi, H., 2010a, Polynomial texture mapping and related imaging technologies for the recording, analysis and presentation of archaeological materials, 218–23 in: Mills, J.P., Barber, D.M., Miller, P.T., and Newton, I. (ed.), ISPRS Commission V Midterm Symposium, Newcastle, UK, Newcastle.
  • Earl, G. P., Martinez, K. and Malzbender, T., 2010b, Archaeological Applications of Polynomial Texture Mapping: Analysis, Conservation and Representation, Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 2040–2050.
  • Ermeti, A. L., 1981, Il Monument Navale. Testo e Tavole. Vol. III.1 of L'Agora di Cirene 9, Rome.
  • Gautron, P., Krivanek, J., Pattanaik, S. and Bouatouch, K., 2004, A novel hemispherical basis for accurate and efficient rendering, 321–330, in: Jensen, H.W., and Keller, A., (ed.). Rendering Techniques 2004, Eurographics symposium on Rendering, Norrkoping, Sweden.
  • Gianfrotta, P. A. and Pomey, P., 1981, Archeologia Subacquea. Milan.
  • Gilbertson, D. D. and Hunt, C. O., 1996, Romano‐Libyan Agriculture: Walls and Floodwater Farming. in G. Barker, D. Gilbertson, B. Jones and D. Mattingley (eds), Farming the Desert: The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey, Vol. 1. UNESCO, Tripoli and Paris: 191–225.
  • Gilbertson, D. D., Hunt, C. O. and Smithson, P.,A., 1996, Quaternary Geomorphology and Palaeoecology, in G. barker, D. Gilbertson, B. Jones and D. Mattingley (eds), Farming the Desert: The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey, Vol. 1. UNESCO, Tripoli and Paris: 49–82.
  • Hale, J. R., 2009, Lords of the Sea. New York.
  • Happa, J., Mudge, M., Debattista, K., Artusi, A., Gonçalves, A. and Chalmers, A., 2010, Illuminating the past: state of the art, Virtual Reality 14.3, 155–182.
  • Hunt, C. O., 1985, Recent advances in pollen extraction techniques: a brief review, in N. Fieller, D. Gilbertson and N. Ralph (eds), Palaeobiological Investigations, 181–187. BAR S266, Oxford.
  • Hunt, C. O., 1994, Palynomorph taphonomy in the fluvial environment: an example from the Palaeolithic site at High Lodge, Mildenhall, UK, in O. K. Davis (ed.), Aspects of Archaeological Palynology: Methodology and Applications, 115–126. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Contributions Series, 29, College Station, TX.
  • Hunt, C. O. and Coles, G. M., 1988, The application of palynofacies analysis to geoarchaeology, in E. A. Slater and J. O. Tate (eds), Science and Archaeology, 473–484. BAR Brit. Ser. 196, Oxford.
  • Hunt, C. O., Andrews, M. V. and Gilbertson, D. D., 1985, Late Quaternary freshwater dinoflagellate cysts from the British Isles, Journal of Micropalaeontology 4, 101–109.
  • Hunt, C. O., El‐rishi, H. A. and Hassan, A. T., 2002, Reconnaissance investigation of the palynology of Holocene wadi deposits in Cyrenaica, Libya, Libyan Studies 33, 1–7.
  • Hunt, C. O., Gilbertson, D. D., van der Veen, M., Jenkinson, R. D., Yates, J. and Buckland, P. C., 1987, UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey XVI: The palaeoecology and agriculture of the abandonment phase at Gsur MM10, Wadi Mimoun, in the Tripolitanian Pre‐Desert, Libyan Studies 18, 1–13.
  • Hunt, C. O., Rushworth, G., Gilbertson, D. D. and Mattingley, D. J., 2001, Romano‐Libyan dryland animal husbandry and landscape: pollen and palynofacies analyses of coprolites from a farm in the Wadi el‐Amud, Tripolitania, Journal of Archaeological Science 28, 351–363.
  • Linder, E. and Ramon, Y., 1981, A Bronze Ram from the Sea off Athlit, Israel. Archaeology 34, Nov‐Dec. 62–64.
  • Malzbender, T., Gelb, D. and Wolters, H., 2001, Polynomial texture maps, in L. Pocock (ed.) Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. ACM, New York, p. 519–528. Doi. 10.1145/383259.383320
  • Mattusch, C. C., 1977, Bronze‐ and ironworking in the area of the Athenian agora, Hesperia 46, 340–379.
  • Morrison, J. S., 1996, Greek and Roman Oared Warships 399–30 BC. Oxford.
  • Murray, W., 1985, The weight of Trireme Rams and the price of bronze in fourth‐century Athens, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 26, 141–150.
  • Murray, W., 1988, The spoils of Actium, Archaeology 41.5, 28–35.
  • Murray, W., 1991, The provenience and date: the evidence of the symbols, in L. Casson and J. R. Steffy (eds), The Athlit Ram, 51–66. College Station TX.
  • Murray, W., 1996, Polyremes from the Battle of Actium: some construction details, in H. Tzala (ed.), Tropis IV, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, 1991, 335–350. Athens.
  • Murray, W. and Petsas, Ph. M., 1989, Octavian's campsite memorial for the Actian War, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 79.4, 1–172.
  • Murray, W., 2011, The Age of Titans: The Rise and Fall of the Great Hellenistic Navies. Oxford University Press, New York. p. 356.
  • Nicholls, R. V., 1971, The Trinity College collection and other recent loans at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Archaeological Reports for 1970–71, 77–85.
  • Oron, A., 2001, The Athlit Ram: Classical and Hellenistic Bronze Casting technology. Master's thesis, Texas A & M University. http://nautarch.tamu.edu/pdf‐files/Oron‐MA2001.pdf
  • Oron, A., 2006, The Athlit Ram bronze casting reconsidered: scientific and technical re‐examination, Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 63–76.
  • Parker, A. J., 1992, Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman Provinces. BAR S580, Oxford.
  • Petrovszky, R., 1994, Die Bronzegefäße, in G. Hellenkemper Salies (ed.), Das Wrack. Der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia 1, 663–700. Cologne.
  • Polunin, O. and Huxley, A., 1987, Flowers of the Mediterranean. London.
  • Pridemore, M. G., 1996, The form, function, and interrelationships of naval rams: a study of naval rams from antiquity, unpublished MA dissertation, Texas A & M University, http://nautarch.tamu.edu/Theses/pdf‐files/Pridemore‐MA1996.pdf.
  • Rabeisen, E., 1990, La production d'équipement de cavalerie au 1er s. après J.‐C. à Alesia (Alise–Sainte–Reine, Côte–d'Or, France), Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 1, 73–98.
  • Reimer, P., Baillie, M., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J., Bertrand, C., Blackwell, P., Buck, C., Burr, G., Cutler, K., Damon, P., Edwards, R., Fairbanks, R., Friedrich, M., Guilderson, T., Hughen, K., Kromer, B., Mccormac, F., Manning, S., Bronk ramsey, C., Reimer, R., Remmele, S., Southon, J., Stuiver, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F., van der Plicht, J. and Weyhenmeyer C., 2004, IntCal04 Terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration 0–26 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46, 1029–1058.
  • Riha, E. and Stern, W. B., 1982, Die römischen Löffel aus August und Kaiseraugust. Forschungen in Augst, band 5. Augst.
  • Scott, D.A., 1991, Metallurgy and microstructure of ancient and historic metals. Getty Conservation Centre, Los Angeles.
  • Stace, C. A., 1999, Field Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge.
  • Tusa, S. and Buccellato, C., 2008, Il rostro delle Egadi, in AA.VV., La felicità di un ritorno Arma dei Carabinieri, Guardia di Finanza e Polizia di Stato, un impegno costante per restituire l'Arte rubata all'Umanità. Recuperare per tramandare, 67. Roma.
  • Tusa, S. and Buccellato, C., 2010, Il rostro delle Egadi, in A. Mormino et al. (eds), L'Arma per l'Arte. Beni Culturali di Sicilia recuperati dal Nucleo Carbinieri Tutela Patrimonio Culturale, 111–113. Palermo.
  • Ucelli, G., 1950, Le Navi di Nemi. 2nd edn, Rome.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.