Age 7 intelligence and paternal education appear best predictors of educational attainment: The Port Pirie Cohort Study

References

• Ackerman, P. L., Chamorro‐premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2011). Trait complexes and academic achievement: Old and new ways of examining personality in educational contexts. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(1), 27–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. E. (1939). The limitations of infant and preschool tests in the measurement of intelligence. Journal of Psychology, 8, 351–373.
   Google Scholar
• Baghurst, P. A., Oldfield, R., Wigg, N., Mcmichael, A., Robertson, E., & Vimpani, G. (1985). Some characteristics and correlates of blood lead in early childhood: Preliminary results from the Port Pirie Study. Environmental Research, 38(1), 24–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baghurst, P. A., Mcmichael, A. J., Wigg, N. R., Vimpani, G. V., Robertson, E. F., Roberts, R. J., & Tong, S.‐L. (1992). Environmental exposure to lead and children's intelligence at the age of seven years. New England Journal of Medicine, 327(18), 1279–1284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels, M., Rietveld, M. J. H., Van baal, G. C. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on the development of intelligence. Behavioral Genetics, 32(4), 237–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batty, G. D., Kivimaki, M., & Deary, I. J. (2010). Intelligence, education, and mortality. British Medical Journal, 340, c563.
   Google Scholar
• Bayley, N. (1933). Mental growth during the first three years. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 14, 1–92.
   Google Scholar
• Bayley, N. (1955). On the growth of intelligence. American Psychologist, 10(12), 805–818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayley, N. (1969). Bayley scales of infant development. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Benyamin, B., Pourcain, B., Davis, O. S., Davies, G., Hansell, N. K., Brion, M. J., … Visscher, P. M. (2013). Childhood intelligence is heritable, highly polygenic and associated with FNBP1L. Molecular Psychiatry, 19, 253–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C.‐S., Bell, C., Haynes, O. M., Slater, A., Golding, J., … ALSPAC Study Team. (2006). Stability in cognition across early childhood: A developmental cascade. Psychological Science, 17(2), 151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau, N., Chilcoat, H. D., Susser, E. S., Matte, T., Liang, K.‐Y., & Peterson, E. L. (2001). Stability and change in children's intelligence quotient scores: A comparison of two socioeconomically disparate communities. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154(8), 711–717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvin, C., Deary, I., Webbink, D., Smith, P., Fernandes, C., Lee, S., & Visscher, P. (2012). Multivariate genetic analyses of cognition and academic achievement from two population samples of 174,000 and 166,000 school children. Behavioral Genetics, 42(5), 699–710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandola, T., Deary, I. J., Blane, D., & Batty, G. D. (2006). Childhood IQ in relation to obesity and weight gain in adult life: The National Child Development (1958) Study. International Journla of Obesity, 30(9), 1422–1432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clouston, S. A., Kuh, D., Herd, P., Elliott, J., Richards, M., & Hofer, S. M. (2012). Benefits of educational attainment on adult fluid cognition: International evidence from three birth cohorts. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(6), 1729–1736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel, A. (1984). The measurement of social class. Community Health Studies, 8(2), 218–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deary, I. J. (2012). Intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 453–482.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deary, I. J., & Johnson, W. (2010). Intelligence and education: Causal perceptions drive analytic processes and therefore conclusions. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39(5), 1362–1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007). Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence, 35(1), 13–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Der, G., Batty, G. D., & Deary, I. J. (2006). Effect of breast feeding on intelligence in children: Prospective study, sibling pairs analysis, and meta‐analysis. British Medical Journal, 333(7575), 945.
   Google Scholar
• EClipSE. (2010). Education, the brain and dementia: Neuroprotection or compensation? Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 133(8), 2210–2216.
   Google Scholar
• Fergusson, D. M., John horwood, L., & Ridder, E. M. (2005). Show me the child at seven II: Childhood intelligence and later outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(8), 850–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham, A., & Moutafi, J. (2012). Personality, age, and fluid intelligence. Australian Journal of Psychology, 64, 128–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale, C., Batty, G. D., & Deary, I. J. (2008). Locus of control at age 10 years and health outcomes and behaviors at age 30 years: The 1970 British Cohort Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(4), 397–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale, C., Johnson, W., Deary, I., Schoon, I., & Batty, G. (2009). Intelligence in girls and their subsequent smoking behaviour as mothers: The 1958 National Child Development Study and the 1970 British Cohort Study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38(1), 173–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hack, M., Taylor, H. G., Drotar, D., Schluchter, M., Cartar, L., Wilson‐costello, D., … Marrow, M. (2005). Poor predictive validity of the Bayley scales of infant development for cognitive function of extremely low birth weight children at school age. Pediatrics, 116(2), 333–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger‐johnson, G., Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., & von Stumm, S. (2011). Childhood socioeconomic status and adult health: Comparing formative and reflective models in the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s Study (prospective cohort study). Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65(11), 1024–1029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, W., Gow, A. J., Corley, J., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2010). Location in cognitive and residential space at age 70 reflects a lifelong trait over parental and environmental circumstances: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Intelligence, 38(4), 402–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopp, C. B., & Mccall, R. B. (1982). Predicting later mental performance for normal, at‐risk, and handicapped infants. Life‐span Development and Behavior, 4, 33–61.
   Google Scholar
• Lager, A., Bremberg, S., & Vågerö, D. (2009). The association of early IQ and education with mortality: 65 year longitudinal study in Malmö (p. 339). Sweden: British Medical Journal.
   Google Scholar
• Lager, A., Modin, B. E., De stavola, B. L., & Vågerö, D. H. (2012). Social origin, schooling and individual change in intelligence during childhood influence long‐term mortality: A 68‐year follow‐up study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(2), 398–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor, D., Clark, H., Davey smith, G., & Leon, D. A. (2006). Childhood intelligence, educational attainment and adult body mass index: Findings from a prospective cohort and within sibling‐pairs analysis. International Journal of Obesity, 30(12), 1758–1765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor, D., David, B., Clark, H., Mcintyre, S., & Leon, D. (2008). Association of childhood intelligence with risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: Findings from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 23(10), 695–706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mccall, R. B. (1977). Childhood IQ's as predictors of adult educational and occupational status. Science, 197(4302), 482–483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcfarlane, A. C., Searle, A. K., Van hooff, M., Baghurst, P. A., Sawyer, M. G., Galletly, C., … Clark, L. S. (2013). Prospective associations between childhood low‐level lead exposure and adult mental health problems: The Port Pirie cohort study. Neurotoxicology, 39(0), 11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Mcmichael, A. J., Baghurst, P. A., Robertson, E. F., Vimpani, G. V., & Wigg, N. R. (1985). The Port Pirie cohort study. Blood lead concentrations in early childhood. Medical Journal of Australia, 143(11), 499–503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcmichael, A. J., Baghurst, P. A., Wigg, N. R., Vimpani, G. V., Robertson, E. F., & Roberts, R. J. (1988). Port Pirie Cohort Study: Environmental exposure to lead and children's abilities at the age of four years. New England Journal of Medicine, 319(8), 468–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcarthy, D. (1972). Manual for the McCarthy scales of children's abilities. New York: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harkness, A. R., & Silva, P. A. (1993). The natural history of change in intellectual performance: Who changes? How much? Is it meaningful? Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Discipline, 34(4), 455–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paile‐hyvärinen, M., Kajantie, E., Räikkönen, K., Henriksson, M., Leskinen, J., Laaksonen, I., … Eriksson, J. G. (2009). Intellectual ability in early adulthood and type 2 diabetes in later life. Acta Diabetologica, 46(3), 249–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, R. M., Heron, J., Melotti, R., Joinson, C., Stein, A., Ramchandani, P. G., & Evans, J. (2011). The association between observed non‐verbal maternal responses at 12 months and later infant development at 18 months and IQ at 4 years: A longitudinal study. Infant Behavior and Development, 34(4), 525–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrill, S. A., Hewitt, J. K., Cherny, S. S., Lipton, P. A., Plomin, R., Corley, R., & Defries, J. C. (2004). Genetic and environmental contributions to general cognitive ability through the first 16 years of life. Developmental Psychology, 40(5), 805–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plassman, B. L., Welsh, K. A., Helms, M., Brandt, J., Page, W. F., & Breitner, J. C. S. (1995). Intelligence and education as predictors of cognitive state in late life: A 50‐year follow‐up. Neurology, 45(8), 8 1446–8 1450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, M., Black, S., Mishra, G., Gale, C. R., Deary, I. J., & Batty, D. G. (2009). IQ in childhood and the metabolic syndrome in middle age: Extended follow‐up of the 1946 British Birth Cohort Study. Intelligence, 37(6), 567–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanson, A., Smart, D., & Misson, S. (2011). Children's socio‐emotional, physical, and cognitive outcomes: Do they share the same drivers? Australian Journal of Psychology, 63, 56–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmand, B., Smit, J. H., Geerlings, M. I., & Lindeboom, J. (1997). The effects of intelligence and education on the development of dementia. A test of the brain reserve hypothesis. Psychological Medicine, 27(06), 1337–1344.
   Google Scholar
• Slominski, L., Sameroff, A., Rosenblum, K., & Kasser, T. (2011). Longitudinal predictors of adult socioeconomic attainment: The roles of socioeconomic status, academic competence, and mental health. Development and Psychopathology, 23(01), 315–324.
   Google Scholar
• Strenze, T. (2007). Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta‐analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence, 35(5), 401–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, S., Baghurst, P., Mcmichael, A., Sawyer, M., & Mudge, J. (1996). Lifetime exposure to environmental lead and children's intelligence at 11–13 years: The Port Pirie cohort study. British Medical Journal, 312(7046), 1569–1575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, S., Baghurst, P. A., Sawyer, M. G., Burns, J., & Mcmichael, A. J. (1998). Declining blood lead levels and changes in cognitive function during childhood: The Port Pirie Cohort Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(22), 1915–1919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vimpani, G., Mcmichael, A., Robertson, E., & Wigg, N. (1985). The Port Pirie Study: A prospective study of pregnancy outcome and early childhood growth and development in a lead‐exposed community—Protocol and status report. Environmental Research, 38(1), 19–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1974). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Revised. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. S., Hebert, L. E., Scherr, P. A., Barnes, L. L., Mendes de leon, C. F., & Evans, D. A. (2009). Educational attainment and cognitive decline in old age. Neurology, 72(5), 460–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrulich, M., Brunner, M., Stadler, G., Schalke, D., Keller, U., Chmiel, M., & Martin, R. (2013). Childhood intelligence and adult health: The mediating roles of education and socioeconomic status. Intelligence, 41(5), 490–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Z. B., Han, S. P., Cao, X. G., & Guo, X. R. (2010). Intelligence in relation to obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 11(9), 656–670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar