Characteristics of 244 patients with keratoconus seen in an optometric contact lens practice

References

• Krachmer JH, Feder RS, Belin MW. Keratoconus and related non‐inflammatory corneal thinning disorders. Surv Ophthalmol 1984; 28: 293–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz YS. Keratoconus. Surv Ophthalmol 1998; 42: 297–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertan A, Muftuoglu O. Keratoconus clinical findings according to different age and gender groups. Cornea 2008; 27: 1109–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuft SJ, Moodaley LC, Gregory WM, Davison CR, Buckley RJ. Prognostic factors for the progression of keratoconus. Ophthalmology 1994; 101: 439–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobbe M, Guillon M. Corneal wavefront aberration measurements to detect keratoconus patients. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2005; 28: 57–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jafri B, Li X, Yang H, Rabinowitz YS. Higher order wavefront aberrations and topography in early and suspected keratoconus. J Refract Surg 2007; 23: 774–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jinabhai A, Radhakrishnan H, O'donnell C. Visual acuity and ocular aberrations with different rigid gas permeable lens fittings in keratoconus. Eye Contact Lens 2010; 36: 233–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantanelli S, Macrae S, Jeong TM, Yoon G. Characterizing the wave aberration in eyes with keratoconus or penetrating keratoplasty using a high‐dynamic range wavefront sensor. Ophthalmology 2007; 114: 2013–2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon‐shaag A, Millodot M, Ifrah R, Shneor E. Aberrations and topography in normal, keratoconus‐suspect and keratoconic eyes. Optom Vis Sci 2012; 89: 411–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millodot M, Owens H. Sensitivity and fragility in keratoconus. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1983; 61: 908–917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdalla YF, Elsahn AF, Hammersmith KM, Cohen EJ. SynergEyes lenses for keratoconus. Cornea 2010; 29: 5–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilgin LK, Yilmaz S, Araz B, Yuksel SB, Sezen T. 30 years of contact lens prescribing for keratoconic patients in Turkey. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2009; 32: 16–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews MJ, Driebe WT Jr, Stern GA. The clinical management of keratoconus: a 6 year retrospective study. CLAO J 1994; 20: 194–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lass JH, Lembach RG, Park SB, Hom DL, Fritz ME, Svilar GM, Nuamah IF et al. Clinical management of keratoconus. A multicenter analysis. Ophthalmology 1990; 97: 433–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim N, Vogt U. Characteristics and functional outcomes of 130 patients with keratoconus attending a specialist contact lens clinic. Eye (Lond) 2002; 16: 54–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero‐jimenez M, Santodomingo‐rubido J, Wolffsohn JS. Keratoconus: a review. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2010; 33: 157–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severinsky B, Millodot M. Current applications and efficacy of scleral contact lenses—a retrospective study. J Optom 2010; 3: 158–163.
   Google Scholar
• Zadnik K, Barr JT, Edrington TB, Everett DF, Jameson M, Mcmahon TT, Shin JA et al. Baseline findings in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 2537–2546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon MO, Steger‐may K, Szczotka‐flynn L, Riley C, Joslin CE, Weissman BA, Fink BA et al. Baseline factors predictive of incident penetrating keratoplasty in keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142: 923–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens H, Gamble G. A profile of keratoconus in New Zealand. Cornea 2003; 22: 122–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colin J, Cochener B, Savary G, Malet F. Correcting keratoconus with intracorneal rings. J Cataract Refract Surg 2000; 26: 1117–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snibson GR. Collagen cross‐linking: a new treatment paradigm in corneal disease—a review. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2010; 38: 141–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards M, Mcghee CN, Dean S. The genetics of keratoconus. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2001; 29: 345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs DS, Dohlman CH. Is keratoconus genetic? Int Ophthalmol Clin 1993; 33: 249–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabinowitz YS. The genetics of keratoconus. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2003; 16: 607–620, vii.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang Y, Rabinowitz YS, Rotter JI, Yang H. Genetic epidemiological study of keratoconus: evidence for major gene determination. Am J Med Genet 2000; 93: 403–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenney MC, Brown DJ. The cascade hypothesis of keratoconus. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2003; 26: 139–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon‐shaag A, Millodot M, Shneor E. The epidemiology and etiology of keratoconus. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012; 1: 7–15.
   Google Scholar
• Georgiou T, Funnell CL, Cassels‐brown A, O'conor R. Influence of ethnic origin on the incidence of keratoconus and associated atopic disease in Asians and white patients. Eye (Lond) 2004; 18: 379–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millodot M, Shneor E, Albou S, Atlani E, Gordon‐shaag A. Prevalence and associated factors of keratoconus in Jerusalem: a cross‐sectional study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2011; 18: 91–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson AR, Soneji B, Sarvananthan N, Sandford‐smith JH. Does ethnic origin influence the incidence or severity of keratoconus? Eye (Lond) 2000; 14: 625–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe U, Fujiki K, Ogawa A, Ueda S, Kanai A. [Prevalence of keratoconus patients in Japan]. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1985; 89: 407–411.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies PD, Lobascher D, Menon JA, Rahi AH, Ruben M. Immunological studies in keratoconus. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1976; 96: 173–178.
   Google Scholar
• Gasset AR, Hinson WA, Frias JL. Keratoconus and atopic diseases. Ann Ophthalmol 1978; 10: 991–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison RJ, Klouda PT, Easty DL, Manku M, Charles J, Stewart CM. Association between keratoconus and atopy. Br J Ophthalmol 1989; 73: 816–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya V, Karakaya M, Utine CA, Albayrak S, Oge OF, Yilmaz OF. Evaluation of the corneal topographic characteristics of keratoconus with orbscan II in patients with and without atopy. Cornea 2007; 26: 945–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahi A, Davies P, Ruben M, Lobascher D, Menon J. Keratoconus and coexisting atopic disease. Br J Ophthalmol 1977; 61: 761–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann PG, Waldron HE. Keratoconus: the clinical spectrum. J Am Optom Assoc 1986; 57: 204–209.
   Google Scholar
• Galin MA, Berger R. Atopy and keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol 1958; 45: 904–906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth HL, Keirland RR. The natural history of atopic dermatitis. A 20‐year follow‐up study. Arch Dermatol 1964; 89: 209–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bawazeer AM, Hodge WG, Lorimer B. Atopy and keratoconus: a multivariate analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84: 834–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowell FC, Carroll JM. A study of the occurrence of atopic traits in patients with keratoconus. J Allergy 1970; 46: 32–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wachtmeister L, Ingemansson SO, Möller E. Atopy and HLA antigens in patients with keratoconus. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1982; 60: 113–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcmonnies CW, Boneham GC. Keratoconus, allergy, itch, eye‐rubbing and hand‐dominance. Clin Exp Optom 2003; 86: 376–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weed KH, Macewen CJ, Giles T, Low J, Mcghee CN. The Dundee University Scottish Keratoconus study: demographics, corneal signs, associated diseases and eye rubbing. Eye (Lond) 2008; 22: 534–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assiri AA, Yousuf BI, Quantock AJ, Murphy PJ. Incidence and severity of keratoconus in Asir province, Saudi Arabia. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89: 1403–1406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas JB, Nangia V, Matin A, Kulkarni M, Bhojwani K. Prevalence and associations of keratoconus in rural Maharashtra in central India: the central India eye and medical study. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 148: 760–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahadevan R, Arumugam AO, Arunachalam V, Kumaresan B. Keratoconus—a review from a tertiary eye‐care center. J Optom 2009; 2: 166–172.
   Google Scholar
• Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 1 January 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Rennert G, Peterburg Y. Prevalence of selected chronic diseases in Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 2001; 3: 404–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoerl E, Raiskup‐wolf F, Kuhlisch E, Pillunat LE. Cigarette smoking is negatively associated with keratoconus. J Refract Surg 2008; 24: S737–S740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahar E, Lorber M. Prevalence of self‐reported allergic conditions in an adult population in Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 2001; 3: 190–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihalainen A. Clinical and epidemiological features of keratoconus genetic and external factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. Acta Ophthalmol Suppl 1986; 178: 1–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amsler M. Quelques données du probléme. Bull Soc Belge Ophthalmol 1961; 129: 435–441.
   Google Scholar
• Laqua H. [Hereditary diseases in keratoconus]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 1971; 159: 609–6018.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas CI. The Cornea. Springfield, IL, US: Thomas, 1955.
   Google Scholar
• Eggink FAGJ, Pinckers AJLG, van Puyenbroek EP. Keratoconus, a retrospective study. Cont Lens J 1988; 16: 204–206.
   Google Scholar
• Karseras AG, Ruben M. Aetiology of keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol 1976; 60: 522–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemet AY, Vinker S, Bahar I, Kaiserman I. The association of keratoconus with immune disorders. Cornea 2010; 29: 1261–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeman PW. Eczema and keratoconus. Br Med J 1965; 2: 977–979.
   Google Scholar
• Seiler T, Huhle S, Spoerl E, Kunath H. Manifest diabetes and keratoconus: a retrospective case‐control study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000; 238: 822–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szczotka‐flynn L, Slaughter M, Mcmahon T, Barr J, Edrington T, Fink B, Lass J et al. Disease severity and family history in keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92: 1108–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby D, Jackson AP, Karbani G, Crow YJ. Mental retardation, keratoconus, febrile seizures and sinoatrial block: a previously undescribed autosomal recessive disorder. Clin Genet 2005; 67: 448–449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen K, Hjortdal J, Aagaard NE, Ehlers N. Incidence and prevalence of keratoconus in Denmark. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2007; 85: 890–892.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorskova EN, Sevost'ianov EN. [Epidemiology of keratoconus in the Urals]. Vestn Oftalmol 1998; 114: 38–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kennedy RH, Bourne WM, Dyer JA. A 48‐year clinical and epidemiologic study of keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol 1986; 101: 267–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljubic AD. Keratoconus and its prevalence in Macedonia. Maced J Med Sci 2011; 2: 58–62.
   Google Scholar
• Buddi R, Lin B, Atilano SR, Zorapapel NC, Kenney MC, Brown DJ. Evidence of oxidative stress in human corneal diseases. J Histochem Cytochem 2002; 50: 341–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behndig A, Karlsson K, Johansson BO, Brannstrom T, Marklund SL. Superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in the normal and diseased human cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 2293–2296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newkirk KM, Chandler HL, Parent AE, Young DC, Colitz CM, Wilkie DA, Kusewitt DF. Ultraviolet radiation‐induced corneal degeneration in 129 mice. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35: 819–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettenati MJ, Sweatt AJ, Lantz P, Stanton CA, Reynolds J, Rao PN, Davis RM. The human cornea has a high incidence of acquired chromosome abnormalities. Hum Genet 1997; 101: 26–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens H, Watters G, Gamble G. Effect of SoftPerm lens wear on corneal thickness and topography: a comparison between keratoconic and normal corneae. CLAO J 2002; 28: 83–87.
   Google Scholar