39
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Paper

The influence on unaided vision of age, pupil diameter and sphero‐cylindrical refractive error

, MCOptom DOptom, , DPhil & , MCOptom PhD
Pages 328-335 | Received 24 Mar 2015, Accepted 28 Jun 2015, Published online: 15 Apr 2021

References

  • Raasch T. Spherocylindrical refractive errors and visual acuity. Optom Vis Sci 1995; 72: 272–275.
  • Smith G. Relation between spherical refractive error and visual acuity. Optom Vis Sci 1991; 68: 591–598.
  • Pincus MH. Unaided visual acuities correlated with refractive errors. Am J Ophthalmol 1946; 29: 853–858.
  • Rabbetts RB. Bennett and Rabbetts’ Clinical Visual Optics. 4th ed. London: Butterworth‐Heinemann, 2007.
  • Thibos L, Wheeler W, Horner D. Power vectors: an application of Fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error. Optom Vis Sci 1997; 74: 367–375.
  • Pan CW, Klein BE, Cotch MF, Shrager S, Klein R, Folsom A et al. Racial variations in the prevalence of refractive errors in the United States: the multi‐ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Ophthalmol 2013; 155: 1129–1138.
  • Elliott DB, Cox MJ. A clinical assessment of the +1.00 blur test. Optom Pract 2004; 5: 189–193.
  • Patel PJ, Chen FK, Rubin GS, Tufail A. Intersession repeatability of visual acuity scores in age‐related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 4347–4352.
  • Twa MD, Bailey MD, Hayes J, Bullimore M. Estimation of pupil size by digital photography. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30: 381–389.
  • Sheedy J, Schanz P, Bullimore M. Evaluation of an automated subjective refractor. Optom Vis Sci 2004; 81: 334–340.
  • Cubbidge R. Technological advances in test charts. Optician 2009; 9: 14–16.
  • Armstrong RA. Statistical guidelines for the analysis of data obtained from one or both eyes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013; 33: 7–14.
  • Elliott DB. Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care. 3rd ed. London: Butterworth‐Heinemann, 2007.
  • Elliott DB, Sheridan M. The use of accurate visual acuity measurements in clinical anti‐cataract formulation trials. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1988; 8: 397–401.
  • Vanden bosch ME, Wall M. Visual acuity scored by the letter‐by‐letter or probit methods has lower retest variability than the line assignment method. Eye (Lond) 1997; 11: 411–417.
  • Carkeet A. Modelling logMAR visual acuity scores: effects of termination rules and alternative forced‐choice options. Optom Vis Sci 2001; 78: 529–538.
  • Bailey IL, Lovie‐kitchin JE. Visual acuity testing: from the laboratory to the clinic. Vision Res 2013; 90: 2–9.
  • Atchison DA, Mathur A. Visual acuity with astigmatic blur. Optom Vis Sci 2011; 88: 798–805.
  • Lovie‐kitchin JE, Brown B. Repeatability and intercorrelations of standard vision tests as a function of age. Optom Vis Sci 2000; 77: 412–420.
  • Raasch TW, Bailey IL, Bullimore MA. Repeatability of visual acuity measurement. Optom Vis Sci 1998; 75: 342–348.
  • Seddon JM, Sahagian CR, Glynn RJ, Sperduto RD, Gragoudas ES, the Eye Disorders Case‐Control Study Group. Evaluation of an iris color classification system. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990; 31: 1592–1598.
  • Pointer JS. Visual acuity in practice: inter‐eye and gender‐based differences. Optom Pract 2014; 15: 1–8.
  • Rosenfield M, Chiu NN. Repeatability of subjective and objective refraction. Optom Vis Sci 1995; 72: 577–579.
  • Logan NS, Davies LN, Mallen EA, Gilmartin B. Ametropia and ocular biometry in a U.K. university student population. Optom Vis Sci 2005; 82: 261–266.
  • Dunstone D, Armstrong R, Dunne M. Survey of habits and attitudes to retinoscopy by optometrists in the UK. Optom Pract 2013; 14: 45–54.
  • Guillon M, Maissa C. Dry eye symptomatology of soft contact lens wearers and nonwearers. Optom Vis Sci 2005; 82: 829–834.
  • Armstrong RA, Eperjesi F. Data methods in optometry part 7: multiple linear regression. Optom Today 2007; 29 June: 46–50.
  • Read SA, Collins MJ, Carney LG. The influence of eyelid morphology on normal corneal shape. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 112–119.
  • Vinas M, de Gracia P, Dorronsoro C, Sawides L, Marin G, Hernández M, Marcos S. Astigmatism impact on visual performance: meridional and adaptational effects. Optom Vis Sci 2013; 90: 1430–1442.
  • Kobashi H, Kamiya K, Kamiya S, Kawamorita T, Uozato H. Effect of axis orientation on visual performance in astigmatic eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg 2012; 38: 1352–1359.
  • Little JA, Molloy J, Saunders KJ. The differing impact of induced astigmatic blur on crowded and uncrowded paediatric visual acuity chart results. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2012; 32: 492–500.
  • Wolffsohn JS, Bhogal G, Shah S. Effect of uncorrected astigmatism on vision. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011; 37: 454–460.
  • Atchison DA, Guo H, Charman WN, Fisher SW. Blur limits for defocus, astigmatism and trefoil. Vision Res 2009; 49: 2393–2403.
  • Remón L, Tornel M, Furlan WD. Visual acuity in simple myopic astigmatism: influence of cylinder axis. Optom Vis Sci 2006; 83: 311–315.
  • Ohlendorf A, Tabernero J, Schaeffel F. Visual acuity with simulated and real astigmatic defocus. Optom Vis Sci 2011; 88: 562–569.
  • Nischler C, Michael R, Wintersteller C, Marvan P, van Rijn LJ, Coppens JE et al. Iris color and visual functions. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 251: 195–202.
  • Carkeet A, Lee L, Kerr JR, Keung MM. The slope of the psychometric function for Bailey‐Lovie letter charts: defocus effects and implications for modeling letter‐by‐letter scores. Optom Vis Sci 2001; 78: 113–121.
  • Rosser DA, Murdoch IE, Cousens SN. The effect of optical defocus on the test‐retest variability of visual acuity measurements. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 1076–1079.
  • Mackenzie GE. Reproducibility of sphero‐cylindrical prescriptions. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008; 28: 143–150.
  • Bullimore MA, Fusaro RE, Adams CW. The repeatability of automated and clinician refraction. Optom Vis Sci 1998; 75: 617–622.
  • Tucker J, Charman WN. The depth‐of‐focus of the human eye for Snellen letters. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1975; 52: 3–21.
  • Kamiya K, Kobashi H, Shimizu K, Kawamorita T, Uozato H. Effect of pupil size on uncorrected visual acuity in astigmatic eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 2012; 96: 267–270.
  • Atchison DA, Smith G, Efron N. The effect of pupil size on visual acuity in uncorrected and corrected myopia. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1979; 56: 315–323.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.