610
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited review

The functional impact of amblyopia

Pages 443-450 | Received 11 Jun 2017, Accepted 08 Jan 2018, Published online: 15 Apr 2021

REFERENCES

  • Robaei D, Huynh S, Kifley A et al. Correctable and non‐correctable visual impairment in a population‐based sample of 12‐year‐old Australian children. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142: 112–118.
  • Birch EE. Amblyopia and binocular vision. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 33: 67–84.
  • Simons K. Old age and the functional consequences of amblyopia. J AAPOS 2008; 12: 429–430.
  • Webber A, Wood J. Amblyopia: prevalence, natural history, functional effects and treatment. Clin Exp Optom 2005; 88: 365–375.
  • Snowden SK, Stewart‐brown SL. Preschool vision screening. Health Technol Assess: NHS R&D HTA Program 1997; 1: 1–85.
  • Webber AL, Wood JM, Thompson B. Fine motor skills of children with amblyopia improve following binocular treatment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57: 4713–4720.
  • Grant S, Suttle C, Melmoth DR et al. Age‐ and stereovision‐dependent eye‐hand coordination deficits in children with amblyopia and abnormal binocularity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55: 5687–57015.
  • Ciuffreda K, Levi DM, Selenow A. Amblyopia Basic and Clinical Aspects. Stoneham, MA: Butterworth‐Heinemann, 1991.
  • Attebo K, Mitchell P, Cumming R et al. Prevalence and causes of amblyopia in an adult population. Ophthalmology 1998; 105: 154–159.
  • Levi DM, Carkeet A. Amblyopia: a consequence of abnormal visual development. In: Simons K, ed. Early Visual Development Normal and Abnormal. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1993. pp. 391–408.
  • Mckee SP, Levi DM, Movshon JA. The pattern of visual deficits in amblyopia. J Vis 2003; 3: 380–405.
  • Carlton J, Karnon J, Czoski‐murray C et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of screening programmes for amblyopia and strabismus in children up to the age of 4‐5 years: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2008; 12: 1–230.
  • Rahi J, Cumberland PM, Peckham CS. Does amblyopia affect educational, health and social outcomes? Findings from 1958 British birth cohort. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 332: 820–825.
  • Grant S, Melmoth D, Morgan M et al. Prehension deficits in amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 1139–1148.
  • Clarke M, Wright C, Hrisos S et al. Randomised controlled trial of treatment of unilateral visual impairment detected at preschool vision screening. BMJ 2003; 327: 1251–1254.
  • Simons KA, Preslan M. Natural history of amblyopia untreated owing to lack of compliance. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83: 582–587.
  • Simons K. Amblyopia characterization, treatment, and prophylaxis. Surv Ophthalmol 2005; 50: 123–166.
  • Meier K, Giaschi D. Unilateral amblyopia affects two eyes: fellow eye deficits in amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58: 1779–1800.
  • Levi DM. Visual processing in amblyopia: human studies. Strabismus 2006; 14: 11–19.
  • Barrett BT, Pacey IE, Bradley A et al. Nonveridical visual perception in human amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 1555–1567.
  • Levi DM, Knill DC, Bavelier D. Stereopsis and amblyopia: a mini‐review. Vision Res 2015; 114: 17–30.
  • Wallace D, Lazar E, Melia M et al. Stereoacuity in children with anisometropic amblyopia. J AAPOS 2011; 15: 455–461.
  • Rubin GS, Munoz B, Bandeen‐roche K et al. Monocular versus binocular visual acuity as measures of vision impairment and predictors of visual disability. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 3327–3334.
  • Grant S, Moseley MJ. Amblyopia and real‐world visuomotor tasks. Strabismus 2011; 19: 119–128.
  • Ukai K, Ishii M, Ishikawa S. A quasi‐static study of accommodation in amblyopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1986; 6: 287–295.
  • Manh V, Chen AM, Tarczy‐hornoch K et al. Accommodative performance of children with unilateral amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56: 1193–1207.
  • Gonzalez EG, Wong AM, Niechwiej‐szwedo E et al. Eye position stability in amblyopia and in normal binocular vision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53: 5386–5394.
  • Birch EE, Subramanian V, Weakley DR. Fixation instability in anisometropic children with reduced stereopsis. J AAPOS 2013; 17: 287–290.
  • Subramanian V, Jost RM, Birch EE. A quantitative study of fixation stability in amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54: 1998–2003.
  • Chung ST, Kumar G, Li RW et al. Characteristics of fixational eye movements in amblyopia: limitations on fixation stability and acuity? Vision Res 2015; 114: 87–99.
  • Niechwiej‐szwedo E, Goltz HC, Chandrakumar M et al. Effects of anisometropic amblyopia on visuomotor behavior, I: saccadic eye movements. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: 6348–6354.
  • Niechwiej‐szwedo E, Chandrakumar M, Goltz HC et al. Effects of strabismic amblyopia and strabismus without amblyopia on visuomotor behavior, I: saccadic eye movements. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53: 7458–7468.
  • Ciuffreda KJ, Kenyon RV, Stark L. Abnormal saccadic substitution during small‐amplitude pursuit tracking in amblyopic eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1979; 18: 506–516.
  • Raashid RA, Liu IZ, Blakeman A et al. The initiation of smooth pursuit is delayed in anisometropic amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57: 1757–1764.
  • Perdziak M, Witkowska DK, Gryncewicz W et al. Not only amblyopic but also dominant eye in subjects with strabismus show increased saccadic latency. J Vis 2016; 16: 12.
  • Wilson GA, Welch D. Does amblyopia have a functional impact? Findings from the Dunedin multidisciplinary health and development study. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2013; 41: 127–134.
  • Rahi J, Logan S, Timms C et al. Risk, causes, and outcomes of visual impairment after loss of vision in the non‐amblyopic eye: a population‐based study. Lancet 2002; 360: 597–602.
  • Chua B, Mitchell P. Consequences of amblyopia on education, occupation, and long term vision loss. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 1119–1121.
  • van Leeuwen R, Eijkemans MJ, Vingerling JR et al. Risk of bilateral visual impairment in individuals with amblyopia: the Rotterdam study. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 1450–1451.
  • Packwood EA, Cruz OA, Rychwalski PJ et al. The psychosocial effects of amblyopia study. J AAPOS 1999; 3: 15–17.
  • Campbell LR, Charney E. Factors associated with delay in diagnosis of childhood amblyopia. Pediatrics 1991; 87: 178–185.
  • Satterfield D, Keltner JL, Morrison TL. Psychosocial aspects of strabismus study. Arch Ophthalmol 1993; 111: 1100–1105.
  • Gresset JA, Meyer FM. Risk of accidents among elderly car drivers with visual acuity equal to 6/12 or 6/15 and lack of binocular vision. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1994; 14: 33–37.
  • Oladehinde MK, Adeoye AO, Adegbehingbe BO et al. Visual functions of commercial drivers in relation to road accidents in Nigeria. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2007; 11: 71–75.
  • Bauer A, Dietz K, Kolling G et al. The relevance of stereopsis for motorists: a pilot study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001; 239: 400–406.
  • Mcknight AJ, Shinar D, Hilburn B. The visual and driving performance of monocular and binocular heavy‐duty truck drivers. Accid Anal Prev 1991; 23: 225–237.
  • Adams G, Karas M. Effect of amblyopia on employment prospects. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83: 378c.
  • Good GW, Weaver JL, Augsburger AR. Determination and application of vision standards in industry. Am J Ind Med 1996; 30: 633–640.
  • Kumaran SE, Khadka J, Baker R et al. Patient‐reported outcome measures in amblyopia and strabismus: a systematic review. Clin Exp Optom 2018; 101: 460–484.
  • Bokhary KA, Suttle C, Alotaibi AG et al. Development and validation of the 21‐item children's vision for living scale (CVLS) by Rasch analysis. Clin Exp Optom 2013; 96: 566–576.
  • Uusitalo RJ, Brans T, Pessi T et al. Evaluating cataract surgery gains by assessing patients' quality of life using the VF‐7. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999; 25: 989–994.
  • Koklanis K, Georgievski Z, Brassington K et al. The prevalence of specific reading disability in an amblyopic population. A preliminary report. Binoc Vis Strab Quarterly 2006; 21: 27–32.
  • Ciuffreda KJ, Tannen B. Eye movements during reading. In: Sasser M, ed. Eye Movement Basics for the Clinician. St Louis, MO: Mosby‐Year Book, Inc, 1995. pp. 161–183.
  • Kanonidou E, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I. Reading strategies in mild to moderate strabismic amblyopia: an eye movement investigation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: 3502–3508.
  • Stifter E, Burggasser G, Hirmann E et al. Monocular and binocular reading performance in children with microstrabismic amblyopia. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89: 1324–1329.
  • Kelly KR, Jost RM, De la cruz A et al. Amblyopic children read more slowly than controls under natural, binocular reading conditions. J AAPOS 2015; 19: 515–520.
  • Coulter RA, Shallo‐hoffmann J. The presumed influence of attention on accuracy in the developmental eye movement (developmental eye movement test) test. Optom Vis Sci 2000; 77: 428–432.
  • Eden GF, Stein JF, Wood HM et al. Differences in eye movements and reading problems in dyslexic and normal children. Vision Res 1993; 34: 1345–1358.
  • Maples WC. Visual factors that significantly impact academic performance. Optometry (St Louis, MO) 2003; 74: 35–49.
  • Kulp MT, Schmidt PP. The relation of clinical saccadic eye movement testing to reading in kindergarten and first graders. Optom Vis Sci 1997; 74: 37–42.
  • Kapoula Z, Bucci MP, Eggert T et al. Impairment of the binocular coordination of saccades in strabismus. Vision Res 1997; 37: 2757–2766.
  • Tassinari JT, De land PN. Developmental eye movement test: reliability and symptomatology. Optometry (St Louis, MO) 2005; 76: 387–399.
  • Webber AL, Wood JM, Gole GA et al. The effect of amblyopia on the developmental eye movement test in children. Optom Vis Sci 2009; 86: 760–766.
  • Levi DM, Song S, Pelli DS. Amblyopic reading is crowded. J Vis 2007; 7: 1–17.
  • Hrisos S, Clarke M, Wright C. Visuo‐Motor Skills in Pre‐School Children with a Unilateral Visual Acuity Deficit. Hawaii: AAPOS, 2003.
  • O'connor AR, Birch EE, Anderson S et al. The functional significance of stereopsis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: 2019–2023.
  • Webber AL, Wood JM, Gole GA et al. The effect of amblyopia on fine motor skills in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 594–603.
  • Suttle CM, Melmoth DR, Finlay AL et al. Eye‐hand coordination skills in children with and without amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 1851–1864.
  • Mazyn L, Lenoir M, Montagne G et al. Stereo vision enhances the learning of a catching skill. Exp Brain Res 2007; 179: 723–726.
  • Hrisos S, Clarke MP, Kelly T et al. Unilateral visual impairment and neuro‐developmental performance in pre‐school children. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90: 836–838.
  • Caputo R, Tinelli F, Bancale A et al. Motor coordination in children with congenital strabismus: effects of late surgery. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2007; 11: 285–291.
  • Rogers GL, Chazan S, Fellows R. Strabismus surgery and its effect upon infant development in congenital esotropia. Ophthalmology 1982; 89: 479–483.
  • O'connor AR, Birch EE, Anderson S et al. Relationship between binocular vision, visual acuity, and fine motor skills. Optom Vis Sci 2010; 87: 942–947.
  • Kelly KR, Jost RM, De la cruz A et al. Slow reading in children with anisometropic amblyopia is associated with fixation instability and increased saccades. J AAPOS 2017; 21: 447–451.e441.
  • Niechwiej‐szwedo E, Goltz HC, Chandrakumar M et al. Effects of anisometropic amblyopia on visuomotor behavior, part 2: visually guided reaching. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 795–803.
  • Niechwiej‐szwedo E, Goltz HC, Chandrakumar M et al. Effects of anisometropic amblyopia on visuomotor behavior, III: temporal eye‐hand coordination during reaching. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 5853–5861.
  • Niechwiej‐szwedo E, Goltz HC, Chandrakumar M et al. Effects of strabismic amblyopia and strabismus without amblyopia on visuomotor behavior: III. Temporal eye‐hand coordination during reaching. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55: 7831–7838.
  • Niechwiej‐szwedo E, Goltz HC, Chandrakumar M et al. Effects of strabismic amblyopia on visuomotor behavior: part II. Visually guided reaching. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55: 3857–3865.
  • Niechwiej‐szwedo E, Goltz HC, Colpa L et al. Effects of reduced acuity and stereo acuity on saccades and reaching movements in adults with amblyopia and strabismus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58: 914–921.
  • Kelly KR, Morale SE, Felius J et al. Amblyopia disrupts the development of eye‐hand coordination. J AAPOS 2016; 20: e18.
  • Drover JR, Stager DR Sr, Morale SE et al. Improvement in motor development following surgery for infantile esotropia. J AAPOS 2008; 12: 136–140.
  • Anderson SJ, Swettenham JB. Neuroimaging in human amblyopia. Strabismus 2006; 14: 21–35.
  • Simmers AJ, Ledgeway T, Hess RF et al. Deficits to global motion processing in human amblypia. Vision Res 2003; 43: 729–738.
  • Hess RF, Thompson B, Gole GA et al. The amblyopic deficit and its relationship to geniculo‐cortical processing streams. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104: 475–483.
  • Farzin F, Norcia AM. Impaired visual decision‐making in individuals with amblyopia. J Vis 2011; 11: 1–10.
  • Ho CS, Paul PS, Asirvatham A et al. Abnormal spatial selection and tracking in children with amblyopia. Vision Res 2006; 46: 3274–3283.
  • Webber AL, Black A, Hoang S et al. Amblyopia Affects Visual Attention, Visual Search and Scanning in Children. Anaheim, CA: American Academy of Optometry, 2016.
  • Bennett DM, Gordon G, Dutton GN. The useful field of view test, normative data in children of school age. Optom Vis Sci 2009; 86: 717–721.
  • Membreno JH, Brown MM, Brown GC et al. A cost‐utility analysis of therapy for amblyopia. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 2265–2271.
  • Konig H‐H, Barry J‐C. Cost effectiveness of treatment for amblyopia: an analysis based on a probabilistic Markov model. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 606–612.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.