Choroidal detachments: what do optometrists need to know?

REFERENCES

• Alm A, Bill A. Ocular and optic nerve blood flow at normal and increased intraocular pressures in monkeys (Macaca irus): a study with radioactively labelled microspheres including flow determinations in brain and some other tissues. Exp Eye Res 1973; 15: 15–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickla D, Wallman J. The multifunctional choroid. Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 29: 144–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olver J. Functional anatomy of the choroidal circulation: methyl methacrylate casting of human choroid. Eye 1990; 4: 262–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bill A, Tornquist P, Alm A. Permeability of the intraocular blood vessels. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1980; 100: 332–336.
   Google Scholar
• Remington L. Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System, 3rd ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Moisseiev E, Loewenstein A, Yiu G. The suprachoroidal space: from potential space to a space with potential. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10: 173–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koseki T. Ultrastructural studies of the lamina suprachoroidea in the human eye. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1992; 96: 757–766.
   Google Scholar
• Sugita A, Inokuchi T. Lymphatic sinus‐like structures in the choroid. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1992; 36: 436–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs W, Krebs I. Ultrastructural evidence for lymphatic capillaries in the primate retina. Arch Ophthalmol 1988; 106: 1615–1616.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koina M, Baxter L, Adamson S et al. Evidence for lymphatics in the developing and adult human choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56: 1310–1327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yucel Y, Johnston M, Ly T et al. Identification of lymphatics in the ciliary body of the human eye: a novel "uveolymphatic" outflow pathway. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89: 810–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elagouz M, Stanescu‐segall D, Jackson T. Uveal effusion syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol 2010; 55: 134–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson T, Hussain A, Morley A et al. Scleral hydraulic conductivity and macromolecular diffusion in patients with uveal effusion syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 5033–5040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan M, Baskaran R. Management of postoperative choroidal detachment. Indian J Ophthalmol 1985; 33: 217–220.
   Google Scholar
• Saxena R, Kumar D. Choroidal detachment (a clinico‐aetiopathological study). Indian J Ophthalmol 1983; 31: 238–241.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy A, Salim S. Diagnosis and management of choroidal effusions. EyeNet Magazine 2012; November: 47–49.
   Google Scholar
• Bowling B. Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology A Systemic Approach, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Ltd, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Uyama M, Takahashi K, Kozaki J et al. Uveal effusion syndrome: clinical features, surgical treatment, histologic examination of the sclera, and pathophysiology. Ophthalmology 2000; 107: 441–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison J. Acute intraoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage in extracapsular cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 1986; 12: 606–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubaker R, Pederson J. Cilichoroidal detachment. Surv Ophthalmol 1983; 27: 281–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah P, Yohendran J, Hunyor A et al. Uveal effusion: Clinical features, management and visual outcomes in a retrospective case series. J Glaucoma 2016; 25: e329–e35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maumenee A, Schwartz M. Acute intraoperative choroidal effusion. Am J Ophthalmol 1985; 100: 147–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer C, Peyman G, Hill J. Expulsive choroidal hemorrhage in rabbits: a histopathologic study. Acta Ophthalmol 1989; 107: 1648–1653.
   Google Scholar
• Wolter J, Garfinkel R. Ciliochoroidal effusion as precursor of suprachoroidal hemorrhage: a pathologic study. Ophthalmic Surg 1988; 19: 344–349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu T, Green R. Suprachoroidal hemorrhage. Surv Ophthalmol 1999; 43: 471–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fannin L, Schiffman J, Budenz D. Risk factors for hypotony maculopathy. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 1185–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah S, Jain A, Tsui I et al. Optos Optomap Panoramic 200MA imaging of a serous choroidal detachment responsive to furosemide. Sem Ophthalmol 2009; 24: 40–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrieber C, Liu Y. Choroidal effusions after glaucoma surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2015; 26: 134–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuo Y, Sakamoto T, Yamashita T et al. Comparison of choridal thickness of normal eyes obtained by two different spectral domain OCT instruments and one swept source OCT instrument. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54: 7630–7636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavinsky F, Lavinsky D. Novel perspectives on swept‐source optical coherence tomography. Int J Retin Vitr 2016; 2: 25.
   Google Scholar
• Adhi M, Liu J, Qavi A et al. Choroidal analysis in healthy eyes using swept source optical coherence tomography compared to spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 157: 1272–1281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalewska Z, Michalewski J, Nawrocka Z et al. Suprachoroidal layer and suprachoroidal space delineating the outer margin of the choroid in swept‐source optical coherence tomography. Retina 2015; 35: 244–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yiu G, Pecen P, Sarin N et al. Characterization of the choroid‐scleral junction and suprachoroidal layer in healthy individuals on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. JAMA Ophthalmol 2014; 132: 174–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Li J, Tian H et al. Uveal effusion following acute primary angle‐closure: a retrospective case series. Int J Opthalmol 2017; 10: 406–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You Y, Zhu L, Wen J et al. Ultrasound biomicroscopic evaluation of uveal effusion in acute primary angle closure. J Glaucoma 2015; 24: 656–661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam A, Sambursky R, Maguire J. Measurement of scleral thickness in uveal effusion syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 140: 329–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebmann J. Uveal effusion syndrome. J Glaucoma 1996; 5: 63–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'heineachain R. Choroidal detachment. Even severe cases of complication can benefit from treatment. Eurotimes 2011; 16: 26.
   Google Scholar
• Bindlish R, Condon G, Schlosser J et al. Efficacy and safety of mitomycin‐C in primary trabeculectomy: a five‐year follow up. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 1336–1341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healey P, Herndon L, Smiddy W. Management of suprachoroidal hemorrhage. J Glaucoma 2007; 16: 577–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupin T, Juzych M, Shin D et al. Adjunctive mitomycin C in primary trabeculectomy in phakic eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 1995; 119: 30–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashide T, Ohkubo S, Sugimoto Y et al. Persistent hypotony after trabeculectomy: incidence and associated factors in the Collaborative Bleb‐Related Infection Incidence and Treatment Study. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2016; 60: 309–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haga A, Inatani M, Shobayashi K et al. Risk factors for choroidal detachment after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C. Clin Ophthalmol 2013; 7: 1417–1421.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Budenz D, Barton K, Feuer W et al. Treatment outcomes in the Ahem Baerveldt Comparison Study after 1 year of follow‐up. Ophthalmology 2011; 118: 443–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law S, Song B, Yu F et al. Hemorrhagic complications from glaucoma surgery in patients on anticoagulation therapy or antiplatelet therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 145: 736–746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichhpujani P. Management of choroidal detachment and shallow anterior chamber. J Curr Glaucoma Prac 2011; 5: 39–43.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen H, Nork T. Massive spontaneous suprachoroidal hemorrhage in a young woman with cystic fibrosis and diabetes mellitus on anticoagulants. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2012; 6: 216–218.
   Google Scholar
• Coban D, Erol M, Yucel O. Hemorrhagic choroidal detachment after use of anti‐glaucomatous eye drops: case report. Arg Bras Oftalmol 2013; 76: 309–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakakura S, Noguchi A, Tabuchi H et al. Bimatoprost‐induced late‐onset choroidal detachment after trabeculectomy. Medicine 2017; 96: 1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen Q. Avoiding and managing complications of glaucoma drainage implants. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2004; 15: 147–150.
   Google Scholar
• Olayanju J, Hassan M, Hodge D et al. Trabeculectomy‐related complications in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1985 through 2010. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015; 133: 574–580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg S, Gallily R, Bishara S et al. Dorzolamide‐induced choroidal detachment in a surgically untreated eye. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 138: 285–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sari A, Onol M, Ozdek S et al. Effect of mitomycin C on ciliary body and intraocular pressuer with various application depths: an experimental study. Clin Experiment Ophthalnmol 2005; 33: 169–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schraermeyer U, Diestelhorst M, Bieker A et al. Morphologic proof of the toxicity of mitomycin C on the ciliary body in relation to different application methods. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1999; 237: 593–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matlach J, Panidou E, Grehn F et al. Large‐area versus small‐area application of mitomycin C during trabeculectomy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2013; 23: 670–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Chen H, Qi Y et al. Surgical results of Ahmed valve implantation combined with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for preventing choroidal detachment. BMC Ophthalmol 2015; 15: 13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gedde S, Herndon L, Brandt J et al. Surgical complications in the tube versus trabeculectomy study during the first year of follow‐up. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143: 23–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gedde S, Herndon L, Brandt J et al. Postoperative complications in the Tube Versus Trabeculectomy (TVT) study during five years of follow‐up. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 153: 804–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaziri K, Schwartz S, Kishor K et al. Incidence of postoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage after glaucoma surgeries in the United States. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 2: 579–584.
   Google Scholar
• Yalvac I, Satana B, Ozkan G et al. Management of glaucoma in patients with nanophthalmos. Eye 2008; 22: 838–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharan S, Grigg J, Higgins R. Nanophthalmos: ultrasound biomicroscopy and Pentacam assessment of angle structures before and after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32: 1052–1055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steijns D, Bijlsma W, Van der lelij A. Cataract surgery in patients with nanophthalmos. Ophthalmology 2013; 120: 266–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu W, Dawson D, Sugar A et al. Cataract surgery in patients with nanophthalmos: results and complications. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30: 584–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abtahi M, Abtahi S, Fazel F et al. Topiramate and the vision: a systematic review. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6: 117–131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Llovet‐rausell A, Ruiz tolosa F, Kudsieh B. Severe ocular side effects with acetazolamide: a case report. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2016; 91: 543–546.
   Google Scholar
• de Rojas V, Gonzalez‐lopez F, Baviera J. Acetazolamide‐induced bilateral choroidal effusion following insertion of a phakic implantable collamer lens. J Refract Surg 2013; 29: 570–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malagola R, Giannotti R, Pattavin L et al. Acute cilio‐choroidal effusion due to acetazolamide: unusual posterior involvement. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 7: 33–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancino R, Varesi C, Cerulli A et al. Acute bilateral angle‐closure glaucoma and choroidal effusion associated with acetazolamide administration after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011; 37: 415–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig J, Ong T, Louis D et al. Mechanism of topiramate‐induced acute‐onset myopia and angle closure glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 137: 193–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehghani A, Abtahi M, Abtahi S et al. Massive bilateral choroidal detachment induced by administration of topiramate. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2011; 2: 251–255.
   Google Scholar
• Quagliato L, Barella K, Abreu neto J et al. Topiramate‐associated acute, bilateral, angle‐closure glaucoma: case report. Arg Bras Oftalmol 2013; 76: 48–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Guzman M, Thiagalingam S, Ong P et al. Bilateral acute angle closure caused by supraciliary effusions associated with venlafaxine intake. Med J Aus 2005; 182: 121–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valeshabad A, Mieler W, Setlur V et al. Posterior segment toxicity following gemcitabine and docetaxel chemotherapy. Optom Vis Sci 2015; 92: e110–e3.
   Google Scholar
• Lipa R, Sanchez M, Ordovas C et al. Circumscribed cilichoroidal effusion presenting as acute angle closure attack. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2017; 12: 117–119.
   Google Scholar
• Andreatta W, Shah P. Reversible hypotony and choroidal effusion following the use of pergolide for Parkinson's disease. Semin Ophthalmol 2013; 30: 423–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon S, Park D, Shin J. Bilateral transient myopia, angle‐closure glaucoma, and choroidal detachment induced by methazolamide. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2012; 56: 515–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerimoglu H, Zengin N, Ozturk B et al. Unilateral chemosis, acute onset myopia and choroidal detachment following the use of tamsulosin. Acta Ophthalmol 2010; 88: e20–e1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubbers S, Japing W. Unilateral choroidal detachment following the use of tamsulosin. Can J Ophthalmol 2017; 52: e75–e7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postel E, Assalian A, Epstein D. Drug‐induced transient myopia and angle‐closure glaucoma associated with supraciliary choroidal effusion. Am J Ophthalmol 1996; 122: 110–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vegh M, Hari‐kovacs A, Rez K et al. Indapamide‐induced transient myopia with supraciliary effusion: case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2013; 13: 58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcclintock M, Maccumber M. Lowered intraocular pressuer in a glaucoma patient after intravitreal injection of ocriplasmin. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 23: 1995–1998.
   Google Scholar
• Takusagawa H, Hunter R, Jue A et al. Bilateral uveal effusion and angle‐closure glaucoma associated with bupropion use. Arch Ophthalmol 2012; 130: 120–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandrakis G, Chaudhry N, Liggett P et al. Spontaneous suprawchoroidal hemorrhage in age‐related macular degeneration presenting as angle closure glaucoma. Retina 1998; 18: 485–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan C, Wong H, Lim B et al. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy causing massive suprachoroidal haemorrhage. Eye 2007; 21: 132–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sponsel W, Gray W, Scribbick F et al. Blunt eye trauma: empirical histopathologic paintball impact thresholds in fresh mounted porcine eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 5157–5166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng J, Bauza A, Langer P et al. A 10‐year review of open‐globe trauma in elderly patients at an urban hospital. Retina 2015; 35: 105–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almendarez J, Vargas D, Gonzalez C et al. Ultrasound findings in ocular trauma. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2016; 90: 572–577.
   Google Scholar
• Read S, Cavuoto K. Traumatic open globe injury in young pediatric patients: characterization of a novel prognostic score. J AAPOS 2016; 20: 141–144.
   Google Scholar
• Gass J, Jallow S. Idiopathic serous detachment of the choroid, ciliary body, and retina (uveal effusion syndrome). Ophthalmology 1982; 89: 1018–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gass J. Uveal effusion syndrome: a new hypothesis concerning pathogenesis and technique of surgical treatment. Retina 1983; 3: 159–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson M, Gass J. Surgical management of the idiopathic uveal effusion syndrome. Ophthalmology 1990; 97: 778–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schepens C, Brockhurst R. Uveal Effusion. I. Clinical picture. Arch Ophthalmol 1963; 70: 189–201.
   Google Scholar
• Pederson J, Gaasterland D, Maclellan H. Uveoscleral aqueous outflow in the rhesus monkey: importance of uveal reabsorption. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977; 16: 1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockhurst R. Vortex vein decompression for nanophthalmic uveal effusion. Arch Ophthalmol 1980; 98: 1987–1990.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yue B, Duvall J, Goldberg M et al. Nanophthalmic sclera: morphologic and tissue culture studies. Ophthalmology 1986; 93: 554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward R, Gragoudas E, Pon D et al. Abnormal scleral findings in uveal effusion syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1988; 106: 139–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levick J. Flow through interstitium and other fibrous matrices. Q J Exp Physiol 1987; 72: 409–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson T, Hussain A, Salisbury J et al. Transscleral albumin diffusion and suprachoroidal albumin concentration in uveal effusion syndrome. Retina 2012; 32: 177–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin R, Mieler W. Management of retinal complications following glaucoma surgery. 2007. [Cited 2017 Nov 10]. Available at: https://www.retinalphysician.com/issues/2007/april‐2007/management‐of‐retinal‐complications‐following‐glau
   Google Scholar
• Ku W, Lin Y, Chuang L et al. Choroidal detachment after filtration surgery. Chang Gung Med J 2005; 28: 151–158.
   Google Scholar
• Altan C, Ozturker C, Bayraktar S et al. Post‐trabeculectomy choroidal detachment: not an adverse prognostic sign for either visual acuity or surgical success. Eur J Ophthalmol 2008; 18: 771–777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Optometric Association. Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the Adult Patient with Cataract. St. Louis: American Optometric Association, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Kahook M, Noecker R. Why do choroidals form, and how do you treat them? 2007. [Cited 2017 Oct 23]. Available at: http://glaucomatoday.com/2007/10/GT0907_07.php/
   Google Scholar
• Leeungurasatien T, Khunsongkiet P, Pathanapitoon K et al. Incidence of short‐term complications and associated factors after primary trabeculectomy in Chiang Mai University Hospital. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 64: 737–742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro de barros D, Navarro J, Mantravadi A et al. The early flat anterior chamber after trabeculectomy: a randomized prospective study of 3 methds of management. J Glaucoma 2009; 18: 13–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang P, Liu X, Zhou H et al. Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada disease presenting as acute angle closure glaucoma at onset. Clin Experiment Ophthalnmol 2011; 39: 639–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wudunn D, Ryser D, Cantor L. Surgical drainage of choroidal effusions following glaucoma surgery. J Glaucoma 2005; 14: 103–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulewski M, Kracher G, Gottsch J et al. Use of the disposable contact lens as a bandage contact lens. Arch Ophthalmol 1991; 109: 318.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham D, Whitley W. How to handle wound leakage. 2013. [Cited 2017 Oct 27]. Available at: https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/how-to-handle-wound-leakage
   Google Scholar
• Abrams G, Thomas M, Williams G et al. Management of postoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage with continuous‐infusion air pump. Arch Ophthalmol 1986; 104: 1455–1458.
   Google Scholar
• Lakhanpal V, Schocket S, Elman M et al. A new modified vitreoretinal surgical approach in the management of massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage. Ophthalmology 1989; 96: 793–800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gressel M, Parrish R II, Heuer D. Delayed nonexpulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 1757–1760.
   Google Scholar
• Frenkel R, Shin D. Prevention and management of delated suprachoroidal hemorrhage after filtration surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 1986; 104: 1459–1463.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu T, Cano M, Green R. Massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage with central retinal apposition. Ophthalmology 1991; 109: 1575–1581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfingst A. Expulsive choroidal hemorrhage complicating cataract surgery. South Med J 1936; 29: 323–328.
   Google Scholar
• Kong M, Kim J, Kim S et al. Full‐thickness sclerotomy for uveal effusion syndrome. Korean J Ophthalmol 2013; 27: 294–298.
   Google Scholar
• Weinreb R. Enhancement of scleral macromolecular permeability with prostaglandins. Trans Ophthalmol Soc 2001; 99: 319–343.
   Google Scholar
• Moldow B, Sander B, Larsen M et al. Effects of acetazolamide on passive and active transport of fluorescein across the normal BRB. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40: 1770–1775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar