Ex vivo evaluation of the influence of pH on the ophthalmic safety, antibacterial efficacy and storage stability of povidone‐iodine

References

• Isenberg SJ. The ocular application of povidone‐iodine. Community Eye Health 2003; 16: 30–31.
   Google Scholar
• Chaplin S. Topical antibacterial and antiviral agents: prescribing and resistance. Prescriber 2016; 27: 29–36.
   Google Scholar
• Yin VT, Weisbrod DJ, Eng KT et al. Antibiotic resistance of ocular surface flora with repeated use of a topical antibiotic after intravitreal injection. JAMA Ophthalmol 2013; 131: 456–461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzybowski A, Brona P, Kim SJ. Microbial flora and resistance in ophthalmology: a review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255: 851–862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P, Myers WG. The use of povidone–iodine in ophthalmology. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2018; 29: 19–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansmann F, Below H, Kramer A et al. Prospective study to determine the penetration of iodide into the anterior chamber following preoperative application of topical 1.25% povidone‐iodine. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245: 789–793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melki SA, Safar A, Yaghouti F et al. Effect of topical povidone‐iodine versus topical ofloxacin on experimental staphylococcus keratitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000; 238: 459–462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Khun D, Kumarasinghe GL et al. Ex vivo evaluation of the stability, safety and antibacterial efficacy of an extemporaneous povidone‐iodine preparation for ophthalmic applications. Clin Exp Optom 2019; 102: 583–589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siggia S. The chemistry of polyvinylpyrrolidone‐iodine. J Am Pharm Assoc 1957; 46: 201–204.
   Google Scholar
• Koerner JC, George MJ, Meyer DR et al. Povidone‐iodine concentration and dosing in cataract surgery. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63: 862–868.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abelson MB, Udell IJ, Weston JH. Normal human tear pH by direct measurement. Arch Ophthalmol 1981; 99: 301.
   Google Scholar
• Lim LT, Ah‐kee EY, Collins CE. Common eye drops and their implications for pH measurements in the management of chemical eye injuries. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7: 1067–1068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuerer N, Stein E, Inic‐kanada A et al. Implications for ophthalmic formulations: ocular buffers show varied cytotoxic impact on human corneal–Limbal and human Conjunctival epithelial cells. Cornea 2017; 36: 712–718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal P, Scherer D, Günther B et al. Semifluorinated alkane based systems for enhanced corneal penetration of poorly soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 2018; 538: 119–129.
   Google Scholar
• Abdelkader H, Ismail S, Hussein A et al. Conjunctival and corneal tolerability assessment of ocular naltrexone niosomes and their ingredients on the hen’s egg chorioallantoic membrane and excised bovine cornea models. Int J Pharm 2012; 432: 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Bruner LH, Kain DJ, Roberts DA et al. Evaluation of seven in vitro alternatives for ocular safety testing. Toxicol Sci 1991; 17: 136–149.
   Google Scholar
• Wiegand I, Hilpert K, Hancock RE. Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances. Nat Protoc 2008; 3: 163–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney L, Fullard R. Ocular irritation and environmental pH. Aust J Optom 1979; 62: 335–336.
   Google Scholar
• Dutescu RM, Panfil C, Schrage N. Osmolarity of prevalent eye drops, side effects, and therapeutic approaches. Cornea 2015; 34: 560–566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcculley JP. Ocular hydrofluoric acid burns: animal model, mechanism of injury and therapy. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1990; 88: 649–684.
   Google Scholar
• Suhonen P, Järvinen T, Lehmussaari K et al. Ocular absorption and irritation of pilocarpine prodrug is modified with buffer, polymer, and cyclodextrin in the eyedrop. Pharm Res 1995; 12: 529–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu Y‐C, Nomura S, Krusé CW. Some bactericidal and virucidal properties of iodine not affecting infectious RNA and DNA. Am J Epidemiol 1965; 82: 317–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klebanoff SJ. Iodination of bacteria: a bactericidal mechanism. J Exp Med 1967; 126: 1063–1078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas EL, Aune TM. Cofactor role of iodide in peroxidase antimicrobial action against Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1978; 13: 1000–1005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennen R, Setlow B, Davis K et al. Mechanisms of killing of spores of Bacillus subtilis by iodine, glutaraldehyde and nitrous acid. J Appl Microbiol 2000; 89: 330–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson K, Iredale T. The photodecomposition of iodoform and of the alkyl and alkylene iodides. Trans Faraday Soc 1936; 32: 571–576.
   Google Scholar