Contested Space, Contested Livelihoods: A Review of Mongolia's Pastureland Management and Land‐Tenure Reform

References

• Agrawal, A., and C. C. Gibson. 1999. Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation. World Development 27 (4): 629–649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. 2007. Amnesty International Report 2007 – Mongolia, 23 May 2007. [www.amnesty.org/en/region/Mongolia/report-2007].
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, K. E. 2011. Communal Tenure and the Governance of Common Resources in Asia: Lessons and Experiences in Selected Countries. FAO Land Tenure Working Paper 20. United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson and Anderson LLP. 2010. Land Law of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Anderson and Anderson LLP. [Formerly at www.anallp.com/land-law-of-mongolia/].
   Google Scholar
• Barcus, H.R., and C. Werner. 2017. Migration Decision Making and Immobility Among Rural Ethnic Minorities: The Case of the Mongolian‐Kazakh Diaspora. Globalizations 14 (2): 32–50.
   Google Scholar
• Barcus, H.R. and Cynthia Werner. 2010. The Kazakhs of Western Mongolia: Transnational Migration from 1990–2008. Asian Ethnicity 11 (2): 209–228.
   Google Scholar
• Batgargal, Z. 1994. Desertification in Mongolia. RALA Report No. 200. [http://forum.mn/res_mat/Desertification%20in%20Mongolia.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• Bawden, C. 1968. Modern History of Mongolia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie, P. 2006. Is Small Really Beautiful? Community‐based Natural Resource Management in Malawi and Botswana. World Development 34 (11): 1942–1957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruun, O. 2006. Precious Steppe. New York: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bruun, O., and L. Narangoa. 2006. A New Moment in Mongol History: The Rise of the Cosmopolitan City. In Mongols from Country to City, edited by L. Narangoa and O. Bruun, 1–20. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campi, A. 2006. The Rise of Cities in Nomadic Mongolia. In Mongols from Country to City, edited by L. Narangoa and O. Bruun, 21–55. Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.
   Google Scholar
• CAO (The Office of the Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman of the IFC). 2013. “Mongolia/ Oyu Tolgoi‐01/Southern Gobi”. [www.cao-ombudsman.org/cases/case_detail.aspx?id=191].
   Google Scholar
• Chuluun, T., and D. Ojima. 2002. Land Use Change and Carbon Cycle in Arid and Semi‐arid Lands of East and Central Asia. Science in China (Series C) 45: 48–54.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, S., L. Wen, S. Liu, X. Zhang, J. P. Lassoie, S. Yi, X. Li, J. Li, and Y. Li. 2011. Vulnerability of Worldwide Pastoralism to Global Changes and Interdisciplinary Strategies for Sustainable Pastoralism. Ecology and Society 16 (2): 10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressler, W., B. Büscher, M. Schoon, D. Brockington, T. Hayes, C. A. Kull, J. Mccarthy, and K. Shrestha. 2010. From Hope to Crisis and Back Again: A Critical History of the Global CBNRM Narrative. Environmental Conservation 37 (1): 5–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez‐gimenez, M. E. 1999. Sustaining the Steppes: A Geographical History of Pastoral Land Use in Mongolia. Geographical Review 89 (3): 315–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez‐gimenez, M. E. 2006. Land Use and Land Tenure in Mongolia: A Brief History and Current Issues. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS‐P‐39: 30–36.
   Google Scholar
• Fratkin, E., and R. Mearns. 2003. Sustainability and Pastoral Livelihoods: Lessons from East African Maasai and Mongolia. Human Organization 62 (2): 112–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoM (Government of Mongolia). 1992. Constitution of Mongolia. Ulaanbaater, Mongolia.
   Google Scholar
• GoM (Government of Mongolia). 2002. Law of Mongolia on Land. 7 June 2002. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
   Google Scholar
• Goyal, H. D. 1999. A Development Perspective on Mongolia. Asian Survey 39 (4): 633–655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanstad, T., and J. Duncan. 2001. Land Reform in Mongolia: Observations and Recommendations. Seattle, Wash.: Rural Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey, C., and D. Sneath. 1999. End of Nomadism. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• IFC (International Finance Corporation). 2013. Oyu Tologi LLC Summary of Investment Information. [http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/ProjectDisplay/SII29007].
   Google Scholar
• IFC‐ESA (International Finance Corporation). 2012. IFC’ Proposed Financing for Oyu Tolgoi. ESIA, Herders, CAO. [http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/industry_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/industries/oil,+gas+and+mining/sectors/mining/oyutogloic1c].
   Google Scholar
• Janes, C. R. 2010. Failed Development and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Central Asia: Implications for Food Security and Health. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 22: 236S–245S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khazanov, A. M. 2013. Contemporary Pastoralism: Old Problems, New Challenges. In Modern Pastoralism and Conservation: Old Problems, New Challenges, edited by T. Sternberg and D. Chatty, 5–23. Cambridge, U.K.: The White Horse Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mearns, R. 1993a. Territoriality and Land Tenure among Mongolian Pastoralists: Variation, Continuity and Change. Nomadic Peoples 33: 73–103.
   Google Scholar
• Mearns, R. 1993b. Pastoral Institutions, Land Tenure and Land Policy Reform in Post‐socialist Mongolia. Policy Alternatives for Livestock Development in Mongolia (PALD): A Research and Training Project. Research Report No. 3. Sussex, UK: Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Mearns, R. 1996a. Community Collective Action and Common Grazing: The Case of Post‐socialist Mongolia. The Journal of Development Studies 23 (3): 297–339.
   Google Scholar
• Mearns, R. 1996b. Environmental Entitlements: Pastoral Natural Resource Management in Mongolia. Cahiers des Sciences Humaines. 32 (1): 105–131.
   Google Scholar
• Mearns, R. 2004. Decentralization, Rural Livelihoods, and Pasture‐land Management in Post‐socialist Mongolia. European Journal of Development Research 16 (1): 133–152.
   Google Scholar
• Myadar, O. 2009. Nomads in a Fenced Land: Land Reform in Post‐socialist Mongolia. Asia Pacific Law and Policy Journal 11 (1): 161–203.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, G., and P. E. Hetz. 2004. Property Rights and Land Privatization: Issues for Success in Mongolia. A Report Submitted to USAID/Mongolia: USAID.
   Google Scholar
• Narangoa, L. 2012. Mongolia in 2011 Resources Bring Friends and Wealth. Asian Survey 52 (1): 81–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Open Society Forum. 2004. The Future of Nomadic Pastoralism in Mongolia: Public Perception Survey. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Open Society Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. 2009. A General Framework for Analysing Sustainability of Social‐ecological Systems. Science 325 (5939): 419–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins, P. 2012. Political Ecology, 2nd ed. Oxford, U.K.: Wiley‐Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Rossabi, M. 2005. Modern Mongolia: From Khans to Commissars to Capitalists. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ruhrmann, G., and J. Becker. 2003. Review of the Environmental and Social Policies and Practices for Mining in Mongolia. World Bank Contract #7121407 + 7124078. Cologne, Germany: Rheinbraun Engineering.
   Google Scholar
• Sikor, T., and D. Müller. 2009. The Limits of State‐led Land Reform: An Introduction. World Development 37 (8): 1307–1316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneath, D. 2003. Land Use, the Environment and Development in Post‐socialist Mongolia. Oxford Development Studies 31 (4): 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Sneath, D. 2006. The Rural and the Urban in Pastoral Mongolia. In Mongols from Country to City, edited by L. Narangoa and O. Bruun, 140–161. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sneath, D. 2010. Political Mobilization and the Construction of Collective Identity in Mongolia. Central Asian Survey 29 (3): 251–267.
   Google Scholar
• Tuinhof, A., and N. Buyanhisnig. 2010. Groundwater Assessment of the Southern Gobi Region. Mongolia Discussion Papers, East Asia and Pacific Sustainable Development Department. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Tumenbayar, N. 2002. Herders’ Property Rights vs. Mining in Mongolia. Paper prepared for Environmental Conflict Resolution Seminar, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, Providence, R.I. [http://www.uvm.edu/~shali/Mining%20Mongolia%20paper.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• UN (United Nations) Mongolia Country Team. 2010. Mongolia: Dzud Appeal. New York: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• UPR (Universal Periodic Review). 2011. United Nations Human Rights Council, Universal Periodic Review, Mongolia. A/HRC/16/5. 4 January 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Upton, C. 2009. “Custom” and Contestation: Land Reform in Post‐socialist Mongolia. World Development 37 (8): 1400–1410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of State. 2013. 2013 Investment Climate Statement. Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs. April. [http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204697.htm].
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Treasury. 2013. U.S. Position Paper: Mongolia—Oyu Tolgoi Mining Project. 28 February 2013. [www.treasury.gov/resource-center/international/development-banks/Documents/OT%20Position%20for%20Web%20Posting%20Feb%2028.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• Xiaoyi, W., and M. E. Fernandez‐gimenez. 2012. The Market, the State and the Environment: Implications for Community‐Based Rangeland Management. In Restoring Community Connections to the Land: Building Resilience Through Community‐Based Rangeland Management in China and Mongolia, edited by M. E. Fernandez‐gimenez, X. Wang, B. Baival, J. A. Klein, and R. Reid, 209–217. Cambridge, Mass.: CAB International.
   Google Scholar