The slow violence of life without cash: borders, state restrictions, and exclusion in the U.K. and Australia ⋆Footnote^⋆

⋆ In grateful acknowledgement of the time and energy of the Aboriginal justice organisations in the Northern Territory with whom I worked, to Karen Culcasi and Emily Skop for organizing this special issue, to David Kaplan and the helpful anonymous reviewers at the Geographical Review for their attention to detail and overarching narratives, to Lauren Martin and Deirdre Conlon for a precious ongoing collaboration, and to members of the Politics State Space research cluster in the Geography Department at Durham University who responded to a version of this paper.

References

• Aalbers, M. B. 2017. Geographies of Mortgage Markets. In Handbook on the Geographies of Money and Finance, edited by R. Martin and J. Pollard, 298–311. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Altman, J. 2016. Blind‐sided by Basics: Three Perspectives on Income Management in an Aboriginal Community in the Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Social Issues 51: 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2016.tb01245.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlant, L. 2007. Slow Death. Critical Inquiry 33 (summer): 754–80.
   Google Scholar
• Bielefield, S. 2012. Compulsory Income Management and Indigenous Australians: Delivering Social Justice or Furthering Colonial Domination? UNSW Law Journal 35 (2): 522–62.
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, T. 2015. London's ‘Ghosts’: The Capital and the U.K. Policy of Destitution of Refused Asylum‐Seekers. In London the Promised Land Revisited: The Changing Face of the London Migrant Landscape in the Early 21st Century, edited by A. J. Kerhsen, 77–96. London: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Cahill, C., D. A. Gutierrez, and Q. Cerecer. 2016. A Dialectic of Dreams and Dispossession: The School‐to‐Sweatshop Pipeline. Cultural Geographies 23 (1): 121–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnet, P., C. Blanchard, and J. Ellis. 2014. The Azure Payment Card: The Humanitarian Cost of a Cashless System. London: British Red Cross.
   Google Scholar
• Casas‐cortes, M., S. Cobarrubias, N. De genova, G. Garelli, G. Grappi, C. Heller, S. Hess and others 2015. New Keywords: Migration and Borders. Cultural Studies 29 (1): 55–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coddington, K. 2017a. Voice under scrutiny: Feminist Methods, Anticolonial Responses, and New Methodological Tools. The Professional Geographer 69 (2): 314–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coddington, K. 2017b. The Re‐emergence of Wardship: Aboriginal Australians and the Promise of Citizenship. Political Geography 61: 67–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, M. 2017. ‘Ration Days Again’: Cashless Welfare Card Ignites Shame. The Guardian, January 8.
   Google Scholar
• Dee, M. 2013. Welfare Surveillance, Income Management and New Paternalism in Australia. Surveillance & Society 11 (3): 272–86.
   Google Scholar
• De genova, N., G. Garelli, and M. Tazzioli. 2018. The Autonomy of Migration within the Crises. South Atlantic Quarterly 112 (2): 239–265.
   Google Scholar
• Deleeuw, S. 2016. Tender Grounds: Intimate Visceral Violence and British Columbia's Colonial Geographies. Political Geography 52: 14–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, P. 2009. Return to Ration Days: The NT Intervention Grass‐Roots Experience and Resistance. Sydney: Jumbuunna Indigenous House of Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Golash‐boza, T. 2009. The Immigration Industrial Complex: Why We Enforce Immigration Policies Destined to Fail. Sociology Compass 3 (2): 295–309.
   Google Scholar
• Graves, S. M. 2003. Landscapes of Predation, Landscapes of Neglect: A Location Analysis of Payday Lenders and Banks. The Professional Geographer 55 (3): 303–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, O. 2017. Briefing Paper: Number SN01403: Asylum Statistics. Vol. August 17. House of Commons Library.
   Google Scholar
• Heaslip, G., G. Kovács, and I. Haavisto. 2018. Cash‐based Response in Relief: The Impact for Humanitarian Logistics. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 8 (1): 87–106. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-08-2017-0043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway, S. R. 1998. Exploring the Neighborhood Contingency of Race Discrimination in Mortgage Lending in Columbus, Ohio. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (2): 252–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, A., and L. Williams. 2012. Immigration Detention in the Community: Research on the Experiences of Migrants Released From Detention Centres in the U.K. Population, Space and Place 18: 741–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, E. 2016. Neoliberal Subjectivities and the Behavioural Focus on Income Management. The Australian Journal of Social Issues 51 (4): 503–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kublitz, A. 2015. The Ongoing Catastrophe: Erosion of Life in the Danish Camps. Journal of Refugee Studies 29 (2): 229–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lattas, A., and B. Morris. 2010. Embeded Anthropology and the Intervention. Arena Magazine 107 (Aug‐Sept): 15–20.
   Google Scholar
• Le espiritu, Y. 2014. Body Counts: The Vietnam War and Militarized Refugees. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leyshon, A., S. French, and P. Signoretta. 2008. Financial Exclusion and the Geography of Bank and Building Society Branch Closure in Britain. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 33 (4): 447–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lori, N. A. 2017. Statelessness’,In‐between'Statuses, and Precarious Citizenship. In The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship, edited by A. Shachar, R. Bauböck, I. Bloemraad, and M. Vink, 743–766. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Manderson, D. 2008. Not Yet: Aboriginal People and the Deferral of the Rule of Law. Arena Journal. 29/30: 219–272.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, L. 2017. Discretion, Contracting and Commodification: Privitization of US Immigration Detention as a Technology of Government. In Intimate Economies of Immigration Detention: Critical Perspectives, edited by D. Conlon and N. Hiemstra. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mendes, P., J. Waugh, and C. Flynn. 2014. Income Management in Australia: A Critical Examination of the Evidence. International Journal of Social Welfare 23: 362–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngai, M. M. 2007. Birthright Citizenship and the Alien Citizen. Fordham Law Review 75 (5): 2521–2530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon, R. 2011. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pain, R., and C. Cahill. 2016. Geographies of Slow Violence. Retrieved from https://ecologicalhumanities.wordpress.com/2016/09/20/geographies-of-slow-violence-cfp-aag-2017/, 1 September 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Pallister‐wilkins, P. 2017. Humanitarian Rescue/ Sovereign Capture and the Policing of Possible Responses to Violent Borders. Global Policy 8 (1): 19–24.
   Google Scholar
• Pasternak, S. 2016. The Fiscal Body of Sovereignty: To ‘Make Live’ in Indian Country. Settler Colonial Studies 6 (4): 317–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascucci, E. 2017. The Humanitarian Infrastructure and the Question of Over‐research: Reflections on Fieldwork in the Refugee Crises in the Middle East and North Africa. Area 49 (2): 249–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, L. 2017. Growing Up Under the Nt Intervention: 10 Years Later, What Has Changed? ABC News, June 26.
   Google Scholar
• Peck, J. 1998. Workfare in the Sun: Politics, Representation, and Method in U.S. Welfare‐to‐Work Strategies. Political Geography 17 (5): 535–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pether, P. 2010. Reading the Northern Territory ‘Intervention’ From the Margins: Notes Toward a Feminist Social Psychoanalytic Ethics of Governmentality. Australian Feminist Law Journal 33: 19–36.
   Google Scholar
• Pulido, L. 2017. Geographies of Race and Ethnicity III: Settler Colonialism and Nonnative People of Color. Progress in Human Geography 42 (2): 309–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radcliffe, S. A. 2017. Geography and Indigeneity I: Indigeneity, Coloniality and Knowledge. Progress in Human Geography 41 (2): 220–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, S. 2010. Your Inflexible Friend: The Cost of Living Without Cash. London: Asylum Support Partnership.
   Google Scholar
• Rothwell, N. 2016. Cashless Welfare Card for Draws on Bankrupt Indigenous Policy. The Australian, February 16.
   Google Scholar
• Rowse, T. 2002. White Flour, White Power: From Rations to Citizenship in Central Australia. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sandvik, K., M. Gabrielsen jumbert, J. Karlsrud, and M. Kaufmann. 2014. Humanitarian Technology: A Critical Research Agenda. International Review of the Red Cross 96 (893): 219–242. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383114000344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC). 2014. Income Management in the Northern Territory ‐ Report Back to Communities. Canberra: Australian National University.
   Google Scholar
• Wadiwel, D., and D. Tedmanson. 2013. Food in Australia's Northern Territory Emergency Response: A Foucauldian Perspective on the Biopolitics of New Race/ Pleasure Wars. In Geographies of Race and Food: Fields, Bodies, Markets, edited by R. Slocum and A. Saldanha. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Walters, W. 2011. Foucault and Frontiers: Notes on the Birth of the Humanitarian Border. In Governmentality: Current Issues and Future Challenges, edited by U. Bröckling, S. Krassman, and T. Lemke, 146–172. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J. 2015. From Humanitarian Exceptionalism to Contingent Care: Care and Enforcement at the Humanitarian Border. Political Geography 47: 11–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, L. 2015. From Immigration Detention to Destitution. Criminal Justice Matters 99 (1): 12–13.
   Google Scholar