Amblyopia: site unseen

REFERENCES

• Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint. J Neurophysiol 1965; 28: 1041–1059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker FH, Grigg P. von Noorden GK. Effects of visual deprivation and strabismus on the response of neurones in the visual cortex of the monkey, including studies on striate and prestriate cortex of the normal animal. Brain Res 1974; 66: 185–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Noorden GK, Crawford MLJ. Form deprivation without light deprivation produces the visual deprivation syndrome in Macaca mulatta. Brain Res 1977; 129: 37–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore C., Garey LJ, Vital‐durant F. The physiological effects of monocular deprivation and their reversal in the monkey's visual cortex. J Physiol 1978; 283: 223–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enroth‐cugell C., Robson JG. The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat. J Physiol 1966; 187: 517–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda H., Wright MJ. Is amblyopia due to inappropriate stimulation of the ‘sustained’ pathway during development. Br J Ophthalmol 1974; 58: 165–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda H., Wright MJ. Properties of LGN cells in kittens reared with convergent squint: a neurophysiological demonstration of amblyopia. Exp Brain Res 1976; 25: 63–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda H., Tremain KE. Amblyopia occurs in retinal ganglion cells in cats reared with convergent squint without alternating fixation. Exp Brain Res 1979; 35: 559–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda H., Tremain KE. Different causes for amblyopia and loss of binocularity in squinting kittens. J Physiol 1977; 269: 26–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda H., Tremain KE, Einon G. Loss of spatial resolution of lateral geniculate nucleus neurones in kittens raised with convergent squint produced at different stages of development. Exp Brain Res 1978; 31: 207–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson SG, Ikeda H. Behavioural studies of spatial vision in cats reared with convergent squint: Is amblyopia due to arrest of development Exp Brain Res 1978; 34: 11–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman SM, Stone J. Physiological normality of the retina in visually deprived cats. Brain Res 1973; 60: 224–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratz KE, Mangel SC, Lehmkuhle S., Sherman SM. Retinal X‐ and Y‐cells in monocularly lid sutured cats: normality of spatial and temporal properties. Brain Res 1979; 172: 545–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derrington AM, Hawken MJ. Spatial and temporal properties of cat geniculate neurones after prolonged deprivation. J Physiol 1981; 314: 107–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda H., Tremain KE. Amblyopia resulting from penalization: neurophysiological studies of cats reared with atropinisation of one or both eyes. Br J Ophlhalmol 1978; 62: 21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arden GB, Vaegan, Hogg CR, Powell D., Carter RM. Pattern ERGs are abnormal in most amblyopes. Trans Ophthalmol Soc 1980; 308: 82–83.
   Google Scholar
• Riggs LA, Johnson EP, Schick AML. Electrical responses of the human eye to moving stimulus patterns. Science 1964; 144, 567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker CL, Hess RF, Olsen BT, Zrenner E. Current source density analysis of the linear and non‐linear components of the primate electroretinogram. J Physiol 1988; 407: 155–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viswanathan S., Frishman LJ, Robson JG. The uniform field and pattern erg in Macaques with experimental glaucoma: Removal of spike activity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 2797–2810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess RE, Baker CL. Human pattern‐evoked electroretinogram. J Neurophysiol 1984; 51: 939–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker L., Hess RF. Linear and non‐linear components of the human electroretinogram. J Neurophysiol 1984; 51: 952–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess RF, Baker CL, Zrenner E., Schwarzer J. Differences between electroretinograms of cat and primate. J Neurophysiol 1986; 56: 747–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess RF, Baker CL. Assessment of retinal function in severely amblyopic individuals. Vision Res 1984; 24: 1367–1376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess RF, Baker CL, Verhoeve JN, Keesey UT, France TD. The pattern evoked electroretinogram: Its variability in normals and its relationship to amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985; 26: 1610–1623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland BG, Mitchell DEM, Gillard‐crewther S., Crewther DP. Visual resolution of ganglion cells in monocularly‐deprived cats. Brain Res 1980; 192: 261–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland BG, Crewther DP, Crewther SG, Mitchell DEM. Normality of spatial resolution of retinal ganglion cells in cats with strabismic amblyopia. J Physiol 1982; 326: 235–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland BG, Harding TH, Keesey UT. Visual resolution and receptive field size: examination of two kinds of cat retinal ganglion cells. Science 1979; 205: 1015–1017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crewther DP, Crewther SG, Cleland BG. Is the retina sensitive to the effects of prolonged blur Exp Brain Res 1985; 58: 427–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore C., Vital‐durant F. Effects of visual deprivation on the development of the monkey's lateral geniculate nucleus. J Physiol 1986; 380: 493–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutter EE. The field topography of ERG components in man. I: The photopic luminance response. Vision Res 1922; 32: 433–446.
   Google Scholar
• Cowey A., Stoerig P., Perry HV. Transneuronal retrograde degeneration of retinal ganglion cells after damage to striate cortex in Macaque monkeys: selective loss of P beta cells. J Neurosci 1989; 29: 65–80.
   Google Scholar
• Ungerleider L., Mishkin M. T. In: Ingle DJ, Mansfield RJW, Goodale MS eds. Analysis of Visual Behaviour. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Newsome WT, Pare EB. A selective impairment of motion perception following lesions of the middle temporal visual area (MT). J Neurosci 1988; 8: 2201–2211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zihl J., von Cramon D., Mai N. Selective disturbance of movement vision after bilateral brain damage. Brain 1983; 106: 313–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess F., Baker CL, Zihl J. The ‘motion‐blind’ patient: low‐level spatial and temporal filters. J Neurosci 1989; 9: 1628–1640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker CL, Hess RF, Zihl J. Residual motion perception in a ‘motion‐blind’ patient, assessed with limited‐lifetime random dot stimuli. J Neurosci 1991; 11: 454–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauling L., Coryell CD. The magnetic properties and structure of hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin and carbonmonooxyhemo‐globin. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1936; 22: 210–216.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwong KK et al. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation, Proc Natl Acad Sci 1992; 89: 5675–5679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura K. et al. Reduced activity in the extra‐striate visual cortex of individuals with strabismic amblyopia, Neurosci Let 1997; 225: 173–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sireteanu R., Tonhausen N., Mickli L., Zanella FF, Singer W. Cortical site of amblyopic deficit in strabismic and anisome‐tropic subjects. Invest Ophlhalmol Vis Sci (Suppl) 1998; 39: s909.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes GR, Hess RF, Dumoulin SO, Achtman RL, Pike GB. The cortical deficit in humans with strabismic amblyopia. J Physiol 2001; 533: 281–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sereno MI et al. Borders of multiple visual areas in humans revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Science 1995; 68: 889–893.
   Google Scholar
• Dumoulin SO et al. Volumetric retinotopic mapping without cortical surface reconstruction. Neuro Image 2000; 11: s613.
   Google Scholar